The purpose of this research is to identify the need of Smart Grid Technologies in communication between industrial plants with co-generation capability and the electric utilities in providing the most optimum scheme for buying and selling of electricity in such a way that the fuel consumption is minimized, reliability is increased, and time to restore the system is reduced. A typical industrial plant load profile based on statistical mean and variance of industrial plants' load requirement is developed, and used in determining the minimum cost of producing the next megawatt-hours by a typical electric utility. The 24-hour load profile and optimal power flow program are used to simulate the IEEE 39 Bus Test System. The methodology for the use of smart grid technology in fuel saving is documented in the thesis. The results obtained from this research shall be extended to include several industrial plants served by electric utilities in future work by the UNO research team.

Foi observado que para execução do planejamento diário, no qual há o envolvimento de diversas equipes como operação, perfuração e atividade de apoio, despende-se muito tempo para determinação dos alvos de produção. Em contrapartida, a maior parte das minas de grande porte utilizam sistemas de gerenciamento de equipamentos que são capazes de fornecer dados para tratamento e transformação em informação que poderiam auxiliar nesse planejamento, no entanto na maioria dos casos esses dados são pouco conhecidos e utilizados. Este estudo faz a estimativa de indicadores de desempenho de lavra, oriundos do banco de dados do sistema de Despacho, que podem ser utilizados no planejamento diário (tipo Line-Up aplicado na mina do Sossego, em Canaã dos Carajás - Pará). Metodologicamente, para atingir o proposto, foram realizadas as etapas de análise do Banco de Dados (BD) do sistema de Despacho, descrição do Line-Up da mina do Sossego, análise do contexto operacional entre os dois sistemas: Line-Up e Despacho, estimativa dos indicadores e definição de um cálculo de aderência ao Line-Up. Esse estudo demostra que a partir da coleta e sistematização dos dados é possível tornar as informações contidas no BD do Despacho mais conhecidas e utilizadas na programação diária, permitindo que a utilização dessas informações auxilie na gestão do planejamento de curto prazo, reduzindo o tempo de execução da programação diária e tornando o processo de avaliação da aderência ao Line-Up mais rápido e menos subjetivo. Os dados utilizados para esse estudo são do banco de dados do sistema de despacho da Mina do Sossego (local de exemplo de aplicação). / Daily planning execution, which calls for several teams such as operation, drilling and support to be engaged, has been observed to be a rather time-consuming activity in order for production targets to be determined. On the other hand, most of large-size mine sites make use of equipment management systems capable of providing data to be treated and eventually made into information that may assist such planning efforts. However, such data are mostly scarcely known and used. This paper provides the estimation of mine performance indicators stemming from Dispatch system database that may come in handy for daily planning efforts (Line-Up type, applied to Sossego mine site, in Canaã dos Carajás, state of Pará, Brazil). Methodologically speaking, in order for proposed outcomes to be attained, Dispatch system database has been analyzed, Sossego mine site Line-Up has been described, operational context underlying both systems, Line-Up and Dispatch, has been analyzed, indicators have been estimated, and a Line-Up adherence calculation has been defined. The present paper indicates that, based on data gathering and systematization, information from Dispatch database can be made well known and used during daily scheduling efforts, thus allowing for such information to assist short-term plan management, daily scheduling performance timeframe to be cut down on, and Line-Up adherence assessment process to be faster and less subjective. Data used for this paper come from Sossego mine site dispatch system database (example of local application).

Vários países ao redor do mundo têm procurado cada vez mais diversificar suas matrizes elétricas com o objetivo de diminuir a dependência de combustíveis fósseis e reduzir as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo agravamento do efeito estufa na atmosfera. Com isso, tem crescido a participação de algumas fontes renováveis de energia que, até duas décadas atrás, não ocupavam lugar de destaque na matriz elétrica mundial, como por exemplo, a energia eólica. O gás natural, embora seja um recurso fóssil, é considerado menos poluente e este tem substituído os derivados de petróleo em várias aplicações, entre elas na geração de eletricidade. O Peru, no intuito de atender a sua demanda crescente por eletricidade, vem buscando novas alternativas energéticas, como por exemplo, a energia eólica e, em maior escala, a termeletricidade com o uso do gás natural, cuja disponibilidade aumentou consideravelmente após o início da exploração das jazidas de Camisea. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar, tanto em um cenário de curto prazo como de longo prazo, o impacto de uma maior inserção da energia eólica e a expansão das térmicas a gás natural na operação econômica do sistema hidrotérmico Peruano. Esta avaliação é realizada com base na análise das seguintes figuras de mérito: custo marginal de operação (CMO), custo de operação do sistema, deslocamento de geração térmica e perfil de despacho de geração das unidades geradoras (MWh). Foram realizadas simulações do sistema elétrico peruano com e sem participação da geração eólica e a partir dos resultados obtidos, efetuou-se uma análise comparativa com base nos cenários propostos. Para efetuar as simulações foi utilizada a ferramenta computacional denominada PERSEO. Este programa, utilizado pelo setor Elétrico Peruano, permite simular o sistema hidrotérmico com característica de representação de um sistema multi-reservatório, multi-nodal e multi-cenário utilizando programação dinâmica estocástica. O trabalho também apresenta as principais características do Setor Elétrico Peruano enfocando sua evolução, desafios e plano de expansão, onde, com base neste se elaborou as simulações propostas. Os resultados obtidos com a inserção da geração eólica, baseados nas premissas e cenários propostos, foram considerados positivos. Houve uma diminuição média anual de 18% nos custos marginais de operação, o que representa uma diminuição nos custos de operação em torno de US$ 28 milhões ao ano, ou seja, 4% do total. Com relação à geração térmica a gás natural, o impacto da maior inserção desta no sistema também foi positivo, com redução dos custos de operação do sistema e deslocamento de geração térmica mais poluente (óleo combustível e carvão mineral). Adicionalmente efetuou-se uma análise do potencial de complementaridade da geração eólica e hídrica e do plano de expansão da geração hídrica com exportação de energia elétrica para o Brasil. / Several countries around the world have increasingly sought to diversify their electrical matrix in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce emissions of gases responsible for worsening greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. As a result, has grown the participation of some renewable energy sources that until two decades ago did not occupied a prominent place in the world energy matrix, such as wind power. The Natural gas, although it is a fossil resource, is considered less pollutant and it has replaced petroleum products in various applications among them in the generation of electricity. The Peru, in order to meet its growing demand for electricity, has been seeking new alternatives between them wind power, and on a larger scale, thermoelectricity with the use of natural gas whose availability has increased considerably since the beginning of the exploitation of the fields of Camisea. This study has the objective of evaluate, both in a short-term outlook and long-term the impact of a greater insertion of wind energy and expansion of natural gas thermal on the economic operation of the hydrothermal Peruvian system. This evaluation is performed based on the analysis of the following arguments of merit: the marginal cost of operation (CMO), cost of system operation, displacement of thermal generation and profile and generation dispatch of generating units (MWh). Simulations of Peruvian electric system \"with\" and \"without\" participation of wind generation were realized and from the results obtained, it was performed a comparative analysis based on the proposed scenarios. To effectuate the simulations, it was used a computational tool called PERSEO. This program, used by the Peruvian electricity sector, allows simulating the hydrothermal system with features of a representation of system multi-reservoir, multi-nodal and multi-scenario using stochastic dynamic programming. The study also presents the main characteristics of the Peruvian Electric Sector focusing on its evolution, challenges and expansion plan, where, based on this proposal were elaborated the simulations. The results obtained with the insertion the wind generation, based on premises and proposed scenarios, were considered positive. There was an average annual decline of 18% in the marginal costs of operation, which represents a decrease in operating costs around U.S. $ 28 million a year, i.e. 4% of the total. With respect to natural gas thermal generation, the impact of greater insertion of this in the system was also positive, with reduction the cost system operation and displacement of more polluting thermal generation (fuel oil and coal). Additionally it was performed an analysis of the complementarity potential of generation wind and hydro and of the plan for expansion of hydro power with electrical energy export to Brazil.

Vários países ao redor do mundo têm procurado cada vez mais diversificar suas matrizes elétricas com o objetivo de diminuir a dependência de combustíveis fósseis e reduzir as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo agravamento do efeito estufa na atmosfera. Com isso, tem crescido a participação de algumas fontes renováveis de energia que, até duas décadas atrás, não ocupavam lugar de destaque na matriz elétrica mundial, como por exemplo, a energia eólica. O gás natural, embora seja um recurso fóssil, é considerado menos poluente e este tem substituído os derivados de petróleo em várias aplicações, entre elas na geração de eletricidade. O Peru, no intuito de atender a sua demanda crescente por eletricidade, vem buscando novas alternativas energéticas, como por exemplo, a energia eólica e, em maior escala, a termeletricidade com o uso do gás natural, cuja disponibilidade aumentou consideravelmente após o início da exploração das jazidas de Camisea. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar, tanto em um cenário de curto prazo como de longo prazo, o impacto de uma maior inserção da energia eólica e a expansão das térmicas a gás natural na operação econômica do sistema hidrotérmico Peruano. Esta avaliação é realizada com base na análise das seguintes figuras de mérito: custo marginal de operação (CMO), custo de operação do sistema, deslocamento de geração térmica e perfil de despacho de geração das unidades geradoras (MWh). Foram realizadas simulações do sistema elétrico peruano com e sem participação da geração eólica e a partir dos resultados obtidos, efetuou-se uma análise comparativa com base nos cenários propostos. Para efetuar as simulações foi utilizada a ferramenta computacional denominada PERSEO. Este programa, utilizado pelo setor Elétrico Peruano, permite simular o sistema hidrotérmico com característica de representação de um sistema multi-reservatório, multi-nodal e multi-cenário utilizando programação dinâmica estocástica. O trabalho também apresenta as principais características do Setor Elétrico Peruano enfocando sua evolução, desafios e plano de expansão, onde, com base neste se elaborou as simulações propostas. Os resultados obtidos com a inserção da geração eólica, baseados nas premissas e cenários propostos, foram considerados positivos. Houve uma diminuição média anual de 18% nos custos marginais de operação, o que representa uma diminuição nos custos de operação em torno de US$ 28 milhões ao ano, ou seja, 4% do total. Com relação à geração térmica a gás natural, o impacto da maior inserção desta no sistema também foi positivo, com redução dos custos de operação do sistema e deslocamento de geração térmica mais poluente (óleo combustível e carvão mineral). Adicionalmente efetuou-se uma análise do potencial de complementaridade da geração eólica e hídrica e do plano de expansão da geração hídrica com exportação de energia elétrica para o Brasil. / Several countries around the world have increasingly sought to diversify their electrical matrix in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce emissions of gases responsible for worsening greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. As a result, has grown the participation of some renewable energy sources that until two decades ago did not occupied a prominent place in the world energy matrix, such as wind power. The Natural gas, although it is a fossil resource, is considered less pollutant and it has replaced petroleum products in various applications among them in the generation of electricity. The Peru, in order to meet its growing demand for electricity, has been seeking new alternatives between them wind power, and on a larger scale, thermoelectricity with the use of natural gas whose availability has increased considerably since the beginning of the exploitation of the fields of Camisea. This study has the objective of evaluate, both in a short-term outlook and long-term the impact of a greater insertion of wind energy and expansion of natural gas thermal on the economic operation of the hydrothermal Peruvian system. This evaluation is performed based on the analysis of the following arguments of merit: the marginal cost of operation (CMO), cost of system operation, displacement of thermal generation and profile and generation dispatch of generating units (MWh). Simulations of Peruvian electric system \"with\" and \"without\" participation of wind generation were realized and from the results obtained, it was performed a comparative analysis based on the proposed scenarios. To effectuate the simulations, it was used a computational tool called PERSEO. This program, used by the Peruvian electricity sector, allows simulating the hydrothermal system with features of a representation of system multi-reservoir, multi-nodal and multi-scenario using stochastic dynamic programming. The study also presents the main characteristics of the Peruvian Electric Sector focusing on its evolution, challenges and expansion plan, where, based on this proposal were elaborated the simulations. The results obtained with the insertion the wind generation, based on premises and proposed scenarios, were considered positive. There was an average annual decline of 18% in the marginal costs of operation, which represents a decrease in operating costs around U.S. $ 28 million a year, i.e. 4% of the total. With respect to natural gas thermal generation, the impact of greater insertion of this in the system was also positive, with reduction the cost system operation and displacement of more polluting thermal generation (fuel oil and coal). Additionally it was performed an analysis of the complementarity potential of generation wind and hydro and of the plan for expansion of hydro power with electrical energy export to Brazil.

Le milieu du XIXe siècle voit émerger un nouveau format d’écriture qui se répand rapidement dans les journaux : la dépêche télégraphique d’agence. Quel est cet objet inédit à l’apparence modeste mais qui pourrait bien avoir changé le journalisme ? Si les agences sont des acteurs économiques, qui entretiennent de surcroît des liens étroits avec le gouvernement, en Prusse comme en France, elles sont donc fort éloignées des idéaux journalistiques des hommes de presse du XVIIIe siècle. La dépêche télégraphique représente pourtant une manière d’écrire en journalisme qui peut être considérée comme novatrice et moderne. La dépêche télégraphique se situe à l’intersection de champs conflictuels, le politique, l’économie, le journalisme, et se développe dans un aller-retour entre l’international et le national, en tant qu’objet transculturel qui s’impose aux différents contextes culturels journalistiques. La conquête télégraphique de l’espace ainsi que l’accélération de la communication – sont les caractéristiques majeures du texte télégraphique. Pour cerner l’essence de la poétique télégraphique, nous explorons la relation singulière que les dépêches nouent entre les lieux et le temps sous différents angles, celui du territoire télégraphique et de la représentation de l’international, de l’imaginaire de la technique, ainsi que la circulation des informations agencières et de l’écriture en réseau. / In the mid-nineteenth century a new writing format emerged that quickly spread across the newspapers: the agencies’ telegraphic dispatch. What is this unprecedented, modest-looking object that would have such an impact on journalism? The news agencies are mainly economic actors whose sole purpose is the maximization of their profits, and who have close relationships with the governments in France and in Prussia. They are not even close to the journalistic ideals that were shared by eighteenth century media men. At the same time, the telegraphic dispatch represents a way of writing in journalism that can be considered as innovative and modern. The telegraphic dispatch is at the intersection of conflicting fields – politics, economics and journalism – and develops between the international and the national level, as a cross-cultural object that imposes itself on different journalistic cultural contexts. The telegraphic conquest of space as well as the acceleration of communication are the major features of the telegraphic text. The three parts of this thesis – writing the international, imagining the telegraph, organizing the network – discuss this relation between place and time from different perspectives. To approach the essence of the telegraphic poetics, we examine the dispatches from different angles: the telegraphic territory and the representation of what is supposed to be “international”, the imaginary of technology and the human’s interaction with it, as well as the circulation of the information and the writing procedures within the agencies’ network.

The transportation sector is a largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the U.S., accounting for 28.6% of all 2016 emissions, the majority of which come from the passenger vehicle fleet [1,2]. One major technology that is being investigated by researchers, planners, and policy makers to help lower the emissions from the transportation sector is the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). The focus of this work is to investigate and model the impacts of increased levels of PEVs on the regional electric power grid and on the net change in CO2 emissions due to the decrease tailpipe emissions and the increase in electricity generation under current emissions caps. The study scope includes all of New England and New York state, modeled as one system of electricity supply and demand, which includes the estimated 2030 baseline demand and the cur- rent generation capacity plus increased renewable capacity to meet state Renewable Portfolio Standard targets for 2030. The models presented here include fully electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, public charging infrastructure scenarios, hourly charging demand, solar and wind generation and capacity factors, and real-world travel derived from the 2016-2017 National Household Travel Survey. We make certain assumptions, informed by the literature, with the goal of creating a modeling methodology to improve the estimation of hourly PEV charging demand for input into regional electric sector dispatch models. The methodology included novel stochastic processes, considered seasonal and weekday versus weekend differences in travel, and did not force the PEV battery state-of-charge to be full at any specific time of day. The results support the need for public charging infrastructure, specifically at workplaces, with the “work” infrastructure scenario shifting more of the unmanaged charging demand to daylight hours when solar generation could be utilized. Workplace charging accounted for 40% of all non-home charging demand in the scenario where charging infrastructure was “universally” available. Under the increased renewable fuel portfolio, the reduction in average CO2 emissions ranged from 90 to 92% for the vehicles converted from ICEV to PEV. The total emissions reduced for 15% PEV penetration and universally available charging infrastructure was 5.85 million metric tons, 5.27% of system-wide emissions. The results support the premise of plug-in electric vehicles being an important strategy for the reduction of CO2 emissions in our study region. Future investigation into the extent of reductions possible with both the optimization of charging schedules through pricing or other mechanisms and the modeling of grid level energy storage is warranted. Additional model development should include a sensitivity analysis of the PEV charging demand model parameters, and better data on the charging behavior of PEV owners as they continue to penetrate the market at higher rates.

經濟發展是各國無不竭盡心思的政策工作，但不論政策如何制定，人力配置都是至為重要，唯各行各業越分越細，各領域的知能亦日專業，勞動力的調度上，勞動力的調度上勢將益加靈活彈性，外包、派遣等新型態的非典型勞動出現，更使得就業市場多樣化，只是近年來在經濟活動的震盪下，派遣勞動力與其爭議之問題亦同時伴隨著增加，因此如何在政策與法制上找出解決勞動派遣所產生之爭議，是為本文之重點。 本文先討論勞動派遣之定義與分類，對派遣有較清楚的架構下，再分析各國在派遣制度中所發展出不同的模式，並就其優缺點提出比較看法，做為台灣面臨勞動派遣政策制定時的借鏡，最後根據台灣派遣最新之政策勞動基準法修正草案欲其將納入派遣專章，分析其是否能有效改善派遣所產生之爭議，並提出檢討與建議。 / Economic development is there to do all the policy work of the mind. Regardless of whether the formulation of policy, staffing is important. But the industry is divided into smaller. All fields of knowledge are more and more professional. Workforce scheduling on potential flexibility will benefit plus. Outsourcing、 dispatch and other new atypical labour, appear more makes job market diversification. But in recent years in the economic activities of turbulence by, contributing labor and dispatch of controversial issue will also be accompanied by an increase. So how in the policy and the legal system to find solutions to labor dispatch of dispute arising is the focus of this article. This article first discusses labor dispatch of definition and classification. Learn about labor dispatch framework, then the analysis of national which in labor dispatch system in the development of different models. Then proposed my comparative analysis of these views as Taiwan facing labor dispatch policies example. Finally, in accordance with the Taiwan to send the latest policy draft amendments to the labor standards law wants to send it will be included in the chapter. Analyze their effectiveness to improve the dispatch of the dispute and propose a review and recommendations.

Optimal transmission switching (OTS) enables us to remove selected transmission lines from service as a cost reduction method. A mixed integer programming (MIP) model has been proposed to solve the OTS problem based on the direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) approximation. Previous studies indicated computational issues regarding the OTS problem and the need for a more accurate model. In order to resolve computational issues, especially in large real systems, the MIP model has been followed by some heuristics to find good, near optimal, solutions in a reasonable time. The line removal recommendations based on DCOPF approximations may result in poor choices to remove from service. We assess the quality of line removal recommendations that rely on DCOPF-based heuristics, by estimating actual cost reduction with the exact alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) model, using the IEEE 118-bus test system. We also define an ACOPF-based line-ranking procedure and compare the quality of its recommendations to those of a previously published DCOPF-based procedure. For the 118-bus system, the DCOPF-based line ranking produces poor quality results, especially when demand and congestion are very high, while the ACOPF-based heuristic produces very good quality recommendations for line removals, at the expense of much longer computation times. There is a need for approximations to the ACOPF that are accurate enough to produce good results for OTS heuristics, but fast enough for practical use for OTS decisions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important component of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) that causes global warming and sea-level rising. Thermal power plants dominate electric power generation in the world, and has been reported to be the major contributor of CO2 emission. To prevent the related global warming caused by GHG emission, carbon quota trading is implemented and becomes a gradually arising market. This thesis proposed a research focused on the relationship between the carbon trading scheme and dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem for the public utility. A model of the carbon trading market was investigated and introduced into DED problem incorporating wind and solar power plant. A refined particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, PSO with time-varying acceleration coefficients (PSO-TVAC), is applied to determine the DED strategy with the incorporation of independent power providers (IPPs) and green power plant. The model of the carbon trading was considered in the DED problem. Carbon reduction is treated as the inner-cost of utility, and the fictitious carbon quotas can be resold to the market, while the energy shortage can be satisfied by purchasing quotas from the market. In order to avoid premature convergence of the original PSO, the PSO-TVAC method is introduced to improve the searching efficiency.

The future smart grid is envisioned as a large scale cyber-physical system encompassing advanced power, computing, communications and control technologies. This work provides comprehensive accounts of the application with optimization methods, probability theory, commitment and dispatching technologies for addressing open problems in three emerging areas that pertain to the smart grid: unit commitment, service restoration problems in microgrid systems, and charging services for the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) markets. The work on the short-term scheduling problem in renewable-powered islanded microgrids is to determine the least-cost unit commitment (UC) and the associated dispatch, while meeting electricity load, environmental and system operating requirements. A novel probability-based concept, {\em probability of self-sufficiency}, is introduced to indicate the probability that the microgrid is capable of meeting local demand in a self-sufficient manner. Furthermore, we make the first attempt in approaching the mixed-integer UC problem from a convex optimization perspective, which leads to an analytical closed-form characterization of the optimal commitment and dispatch solutions. The extended research of the renewable-powered microgrid in the connection mode is the second part of this work. In this situation, the role of microgrid is changed to be either an electricity provider selling energy to the main grid or a consumer purchasing energy from the main grid. This interaction with the main grid completes work on the scheduling schemes. Third, a microgrid should be connected with the main grid most of the time. However, when a blackout of the main grid occurs, how to guarantee reliability in a microgrid as much as possible becomes an immediate question, which motivates us to investigate the service restoration in a microgrid, driven islanded by an unscheduled breakdown from the main grid. The objective is to determine the maximum of the expected restorative loads by choosing the best arrangement of the power network configurations immediately from the beginning of the breakdown all the way to the end of the island mode. Lastly, the work investigating the pricing strategy in future PHEV markets considers a monopoly market with two typical service classes. The unique characteristics of battery charging result in a piecewise linear quality of service model. Resorting to the concept of subdifferential, some theoretical results, including the existence and uniqueness of the subscriber equilibrium as well as the convergence of the corresponding subscriber dynamics are established. In the course of developing revenue-maximizing pricing strategies for both service classes, a general tradeoff has been identi ed between monetization and customer acquisition. / Graduate