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Cdt1 is a conserved and essential eukaryotic protein that is required for the licensing step of DNA replication. In order to control replication licensing and ensure a single round of DNA replication occurs per cell cycle, Cdt1 is subject to strict regulation. In Metazoa and S. pombe, Cdt1 is targeted for ubiquitylation and proteolysis in S phase and after DNA damage by the CRL4Cdt2 ubiquitin ligase. CRL4Cdt2 is activated in Metazoa by an unusual mechanism that requires an interaction between the substrate and chromatin-loaded proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). This study addressed the involvement of PCNA in S. pombe Cdt1 proteolysis. A mutational analysis was undertaken to establish whether the Cdt1-PCNA interaction is conserved in S. pombe and the extent to which it regulates CRL4Cdt2-dependent turnover of the protein. S. pombe Cdt1 was shown to interact with PCNA in vivo and two variant PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) motifs were identified in the protein. The two motifs function near-redundantly to promote both the Cdt1-PCNA interaction and the CRL4Cdt2-dependent proteolysis of Cdt1 in S phase and after DNA damage. The mutational analysis also resulted in the characterisation of two in-frame AUG codons in the cdt1+ reading frame. The second in-frame AUG codon was shown to be the principal initiator codon and was required to maintain wildtype Cdt1 protein levels and cell viability. CRL4Cdt2 is emerging as an important regulator of proteins that are involved in the control of cell cycle progression and the maintenance of genome stability. However, there are a number of outstanding questions regarding the mechanism and regulation of CRL4Cdt2. In order to address these questions, a genomics approach was taken to identify novel genes involved in Cdt1 regulation. A screen of non-essential S. pombe genes identified 17 candidate genes that, when inactivated, caused up-regulation of Cdt1. Unexpectedly, deletion of genes involved in homologous recombination resulted in a Rad3-dependent up-regulation of Cdt1. Further work is required to establish the biological significance of this finding.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Microbiology, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-102).

La chromatine chez les eucaryotes, porte des informations génétiques et épigénétiques. Les mécanismes garantissant le maintien de ces informations lors de la division cellulaire ou la réparation de l’ADN sont encore mal connus et ils constituent l’enjeu principal du projet de thèse. Plus particulièrement, l’objectif du projet de thèse est de chercher à comprendre comment les chaperons d’histones coordonnent leur action avec des partenaires associés à la fourche de réplication pour conserver les marques épigénétiques portées par les histones parentales et les reporter sur les histones nouvellement synthétisées. Cette thèse décrit précisément comment ASF1 (Anti Silencing Function 1) coopère avec le complexe CAF-1 (Chromatin Assembly Factor 1) et la sous-unité de l’hélicase réplicative MCM2 (Mini Chromosome Maintenance 2), pour la prise en charge des H3-H4 dans la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN.La thèse s’intéresse également à la régulation de l’activité de ces chaperons d’histones par des kinases activées suite à des stress réplicatifs ou des dommages de l’ADN. En particulier nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre comment l’ajout de groupements phosphate sur ASF1 par une enzyme appelée TLK (Tousled Like Kinase) module son activité au cours du cycle cellulaire et en réponse aux dommages de l’ADN. La caractérisation de l'importance des sites phosphorylés sur les propriétés de liaison du chaperon, permet de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par différent forme d’ASF1 dans l’assemblage des histones sur l’ADN et le maintien des informations épigénétiques. Le travail de thèse contient d’analyses biochimiques et structurales par une combinaison de techniques (SEC-MALS, AUC, ITC, RMN, cristallographie des rayons X) et d’analyses fonctionnelles sur des modèles cellulaires. / In eukaryotes, chromatin carries both, the genetic and epigenetic information. Mechanisms implicated in maintenance of these information during cell division or DNA repair remain poorly understood and they constitute the main issue of this thesis project. More specifically, the goal of the project is to understand how histone chaperones coordinate their action with partners associated with the replication fork to recognize and preserve the epigenetic marks carried by parental histones and to copy on the newly synthesized histones. The work unravels how ASF1 (Anti-Silencing Function 1) cooperates with the CAF-1 complex (Chromatin Assembly Factor 1) and with the replicative helicase subunit MCM2 (Mini Chromosome Maintenance 2), for the management of H3-H4 histones in DNA replication and repair.Moreover, this thesis investigates the regulation of histone chaperones activities by kinases activated after a replicative stress or DNA damage. In particular, we analyzed the consequences of ASF1 phosphorylation by the enzyme called TLK (Tousled like kinase). The activity of TLK is modulated during the cell cycle and after DNA damage. Characterization of the importance of phosphorylated sites on the chaperone binding properties, allows a better understanding of the role played by different forms of ASF1 in the assembly of histones on DNA and maintenance of epigenetic information. The thesis work included biochemical and structural analysis with a combination of different techniques (SEC-MALS, AUC, ITC, NMR, X-ray crystallography) and functional analysis in cellular models.

Topoisomerase 2α (Topo2α) is an essential protein with DNA decatenating enzymatic properties, indispensable for chromosome decatenation and segregation. It is a target for a plethora of antitumour drugs and Topo2α protein levels have been associated with the success of treatment, but also drug resistance and secondary malignancies. Although unique in its ability to resolve catenated chromosomes, the role of Topo2α in other steps of DNA metabolism, such as DNA replication elongation and termination have been elusive. A thorough understanding of the role of Topo2α in the cell will not only allow for increased insight into the mechanisms it is involved in, but it will also shed light on proteins and pathways that can act as back-up in its absence, and therefore hopefully expand the basis on which to improve treatment options. Through a synthetic lethal interaction (SLI) screen with an siRNA library targeting 200 DNA repair and signalling genes, Topo2α emerged as being synthetic lethal to Werner protein (WRN), a RecQ helicase involved in maintaining genome integrity mainly in S phase, and the loss of which leads to Werner Syndrome (WS), a segmental progeroid syndrome. The screen was performed in WRN deficient cells, with the initial aim to find proteins that act to buffer against loss of viability, which is the central idea in the concept of synthetic lethality in the absence of WRN. The screen revealed an SLI between WRN and Topo2α and although we were unable to fully validate this, it spurred the question of Topo2α’s role in DNA replication. The findings in this thesis suggest that Topo2α is not required for DNA elongation and timely completion of S phase, and that simultaneous loss of the closely related isoform Topo2β does not affect replication, suggesting that these proteins do not act in parallel back-up pathways during replication. Interestingly, cells accumulate in the polyploid fraction after both depletion and inhibition of Topo2α, albeit with different kinetics. The mechanistic basis of this phenotype remains to be understood through further research, but it is highly interesting as aneuplidity and polyploidy are implicated in the initial stages of tumour development.