The need for efficient, sustainable, and planned utilization of resources is ever more critical. In the U.S. alone, buildings consume 34.8 Quadrillion (1015) BTU of energy annually at a cost of $1.4 Trillion. Of this energy 58% is utilized for heating and air conditioning. Several building energy analysis tools have been developed to assess energy demands and lifecycle energy costs in buildings. Such analyses are also essential for an efficient HVAC design that overcomes the pitfalls of an under/over-designed system. DOE-2 is among the most widely known full building energy analysis models. It also constitutes the simulation engine of other prominent software such as eQUEST, EnergyPro, PowerDOE. Therefore, it is essential that DOE-2 energy simulations be characterized by high accuracy. Infiltration is an uncontrolled process through which outside air leaks into a building. Studies have estimated infiltration to account for up to 50% of a building’s energy demand. This, considered alongside the annual cost of buildings energy consumption, reveals the costs of air infiltration. It also stresses the need that prominent building energy simulation engines accurately account for its impact. In this research the relative accuracy of current air infiltration calculation methods is evaluated against an intricate Multiphysics Hygrothermal CFD building envelope analysis. The full-scale CFD analysis is based on a meticulous representation of cracking in building envelopes and on real-life conditions. The research found that even the most advanced current infiltration methods, including in DOE-2, are at up to 96.13% relative error versus CFD analysis. An Enhanced Model for Combined Heat and Air Infiltration Simulation was developed. The model resulted in 91.6% improvement in relative accuracy over current models. It reduces error versus CFD analysis to less than 4.5% while requiring less than 1% of the time required for such a complex hygrothermal analysis. The algorithm used in our model was demonstrated to be easy to integrate into DOE-2 and other engines as a standalone method for evaluating infiltration heat loads. This will vastly increase the accuracy of such simulation engines while maintaining their speed and ease of use characteristics that make them very widely used in building design.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Suboptimal dosing of anti-microbial agents increases the likelihood of therapeutic failure and resistance. Dosing optimization, while an attractive approach to combat these issues, is difficult to implement due to the different pharmacokinetics of each individual. These limitations highlight the inadequacies of a “standardized” dosing strategy. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) provides a tailored treatment for individuals while avoiding adverse side effects from compounds with a narrow therapeutic window where elevated concentrations of a drug cause organ toxicity. This strategy involves accurately measuring the concentration of the analyte and interpreting the results based on pharmacokinetic parameters. Clinicians then draw conclusions regarding dose adjustment for their patient. However, TDM is expensive and difficult to perform because measurements occur in biofluids. Rapid and robust methods are necessary to quantify antimicrobial agents at the institutional level to guide patient care toward improved outcomes in serious infection. Paper spray ionization (PS), an emerging ambient ionization technique for clinical settings, demonstrations a wide versatility both in analyte variety and applications. This technique offers a rapid, accurate method to analyze these compounds with low rates of false positives even when multiplexing. The work herein explains the method development of assays for TDM of various antimicrobial agents. Chapters two and three describe ways to improve the quantitative capability of paper spray through substrate pre-treatment, modification, and manipulation of key factors. Chapter four describes real-world applications for paper spray utility in clinical settings with the cross-validation of antifungal agents against a “gold standard” method. The final chapter, while not clinical based, describes the method development process for a LC-MS/MS assay to detect urobilinoids in fly guts.

This diploma theses raises the issue of internal tension in two-component outer lense, which are made by injection of polycarbonate. The theses gives a more detail view on treatment of the lenses in heating ovens. Heating ovens have been used for decreasing the internal tension in lenses. The subject of the experiment is to determine the influences of the adjustable parameters of the heating oven. The Experiment will be taken by DoE method. The influence of the adjustable parameters is researched and compared among the two types of outer lense with different type of design.

The thesis deals with the control of the weight of soft cheeses during molding on a manual line. The theoretical part describes the classification of cheeses into groups, the basic characteristics of soft cheeses and their representatives. Furthemore, the whole technology of soft cheese production is processed and the effects on curd formation and factors influencing the weight of cheeses during molding are explained. The theoretical part ends with the basics of statistics for data processing. Basic measuring techniques (dry matter measurement, pH measurement, measurement of temperature and weight) were selected to determine the technological parameters (pH of whey, pH, dry matter and temperature of cheese grain, weight of cheese etc.) to describe the quality of grain in the experimental part of the thesis. The Design of Experiments method was used to find the optimal setting of the molding machine. Three partial experiments were designed and done. Results were verified in real production. The pH of whey was chosen to describe the grain quality. Two factors have been discovered that have a significant effect on the weigh of cheeses during molding, namely the position of the operator during molding and the amount of whey flowing into the forms with the cheese grain. The proposed molding modifications were successfully tested in production and no statistical difference was found between the weight of cheeses formed with the new setting of molding machine.

This work deals with problems aging of unipolar transistors. In theoretical parts are described the mechanisms which causing aging unipolar transistors and way leading to the restriction the change of parameters in time. The measurement and data evaluation was built on theoretical knowledge. The model of aging FET is a result of this works; it is creating extraction of data from measured data. Finally, the degradation constants are evaluation from this data. This FET aging model is easy to use in simulators of electronics circuits including aging simulations (e.g. ELDO).

In this thesis, the design of experiment is studied. Firstly, a theoretic background in mathematical statistics necessary for understanding is built (chapter 2). The design of experiment is then presented in chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 is divided into several subchapters in which its brief history is provided as well as its complex theoretic description (basic principles, steps for planning, etc.). Chapter 4 deals with particular types of the design of experiment (Factorial experiments or Response surface design). Simple examples are provided to illustrate the theory in chapters 3 and 4. Last part of the thesis is strictly practical and focuses on an application of the theory for particular data sets and its evaluation (chapter 5).

In this thesis, support structures of a polymer powder based process called XXXXXXXX™ are examined. These structures are crucial for most additive manufacturing processes. The effects of several factors on five industrially important characteristics of support structures are examined by use of the Design of Experiment (DoE) method. It describes the planning as well as the analysis of the experiments. The experiments are planned in a fractional factorial 211-5 design with 64 specimens, resulting in a resolution of IV. The analysis of the data is done by use of the ANOVA method, with which the significance of effects and interaction effects are checked. / I detta examensarbete undersöks stödstrukturer för en polymer-pulverbaserad process kallad XXXXXXXX. Dessa strukturer är väsentliga för de flesta aditiv tillverkning. Med hjälp av metoden "Design of Experiment" (DoE) undersöks effekten av flera faktorer på fem industriellt viktiga egenskaper för stödstrukturer. DoE beskriver både planeringen och analysen av experiment. Experimenten planeras i en fraktionerad faktoriell 211-5 design med 64 provexemplar vilket resulterar i en upplösning av IV. Dataanalysen genomförs med hjälp av ANOVA-metoden, med vilken signifikansen av effekter och interaktionseffekter kan undersökas.

Extended plasticity mechanisms (EPM) allow a metal to undergo extended plastic deformation without failure. These mechanisms are responsible for the extended plastic deformation characteristic of hot working processes. In this thesis it is shown that electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is capable of detecting EPM artifacts in the final microstructure of AISI 304L stainless steel (304L). Results also indicate that dislocation cells form in hot worked AISI 304L stainless steel. Additionally, in this study EBSD data collection and analysis is used with a design of experiments approach to model the presence of EPM artifacts in the final microstructure of friction stir welded 304L. Texture analysis of the welded material reveals a dominant shear deformation texture and a lack of the rotated cube texture. The shear deformation texture is characteristic of dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), while the rotated cube texture is characteristic of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). The texture analysis results indicate that dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) play a role in the final microstructure of the welded material, while DDRX does not. Design of experiments was used to find the relationships between the fraction of cell boundaries and spindle speed, travel speed, location in the stir zone, and tool temperature. The regression analyses reported that predicted fraction of cell boundaries were relatively high (approximately 0.70 or more) and changed by less that 20% in the stir zone and 10% in the TMAZ. The relatively high predictions indicate that in FSW 304L DRV dominates and limited CDRX occurs. The small changes in predictions across the experimental space indicate that the effects, while statistically significant, are not practically significant. Finally, an alternate tool temperature basis was developed, which provides a valid method for selecting welds which should have constant tool temperature.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer energy-efficient lighting and are widely adopted. However, LED drivers that regulate power can fail when subjected to voltage disturbances on the electrical grid. This research investigates how components within LED drivers durability when undergoing voltage impulses and swells using simulation-based methods. An LED driver circuit was modeled in LTspice circuit simulation software. Impulses from 35-65V and equivalent voltage swells were applied to the simulated driver. The electrical stresses on components were statistically analyzed using the design of experiments and general full factorial. This methodology identified the most vulnerable components and their common durability/failure mechanisms during impulse and swell events. The findings provide insights into design changes that harden drivers against grid disturbances. This study determines that higher capacitor voltage ratings improved voltage impulse and swell withstand. Additionally, adding a surge suppression diode across the LED minimized diode reverse breakdown during swells. This simulation-based approach enables the informed design of robust LED drivers that can withstand electrical grid perturbations through strategic hardening of the most vulnerable components. The methodology and findings provide a framework for the reliability optimization of LED drivers and other power electronic systems exposed to power quality disturbances.Keywords: LED driver, voltage disturbance, component failure, circuit simulation, design of experiments (DOE), general full factorial.

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