Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0 - Capa.pdf: 49375 bytes, checksum: a82e2fca3ff3a4c1780c4fe39da86057 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The TIG welding process (Tungsten Inert Gas), also known as GTAW (Gas Tungsten ArcWelding), is the most commonly used process for welding of thin plates where there is a need for an excellent control of the temperature applied on the piece. This paper presents a study carried out in partnership between the Department of Graduate Studies in Scienceand Materials Engineering and the Department of Industrial Engineering and Stamping of WEG Equipamentos Elétricos S.A Motors Division. It elaborates on the use of the experimental methodology DOE to investigate the influence of TIG welding process parameters, electrical current, welding speed and flow of the shielding gas on the quality of a piece fabricated with silicon electrical steel - ABNT 50F 466M, best known for its 50A 400 specification on the JIS standard. The first step of the study was the designing of the experiment to obtain welded pieces with different combinations of the parameters above mentioned and enable the evaluation of mechanical strength, fillet weld size, hardness and metallographic analysis of the test specimens. The information obtained with analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA) showed that the change in the levels of electrical current and welding speed promotes significant changes in final results. Furthermore, the different rates of gas flow tested caused no differences in response variables of the study. As a result, it was also possible to determine the combinations of these parameters that ensure the required quality and provide increased productivity, energy saving and reduced consumption of the shielding gas. / O processo de soldagem TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas), também conhecido como GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), é o processo mais utilizado para a soldagem de chapas finas onde um excelente controle do aporte térmico à peça é necessário. Nesta dissertação é presentado um estudo realizado em parceria entre o Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e engenharia dos Materiais e os Departamentos de Engenharia Industrial e Estamparia da WEG Equipamentos Elétricos S.A. - Motores. Esse estudo envolveu a utilização da metodologia de delineamento experimental DOE para investigar a influência dos parâmetros do processo de soldagem TIG, corrente elétrica, velocidade de deslocamento da tocha e vazão do gás de proteção, na qualidade de uma peça fabricada com aço elétrico silicioso ABNT 50F 466M, mais conhecido pela classificação 50A 400 da norma JIS. Inicialmente foi elaborado o planejamento do experimento a fim de obter peças soldadas com diferentes combinações dos parâmetros acima mencionados e possibilitar a avaliação da resistência mecânica, dimensão dos cordões de solda, dureza e análise metalográfica dos corpos de prova. Os resultados obtidos, com o auxílio da técnica de análise de variância (ANOVA), mostraram que mudanças nos níveis de corrente e na velocidade de soldagem promoveram alterações significativas nos resultados. Por outro lado, as diferentes taxas de vazão de gás testadas não provocaram diferenças nas variáveis de resposta do estudo. Também foi possível determinar as combinações desses parâmetros que garantem a qualidade requerida e proporcionam aumento de produtividade, economia de energia elétrica e redução no consumo de gás de proteção.

O interesse em estudar o cultivo das células de inseto está relacionado entre outros usos a sua utilização na produção de biopesticidas. Há muitos anos os pesticidas químicos vêm contribuindo no controle de pragas na agricultura. Entretanto, o uso desses compostos prolongadamente tem resultado na seleção de insetos resistentes e em poluição ambiental. Diante disso, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento dos bioinseticidas. No Brasil, o baculovírus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) foi o principal agente de controle biológico da praga da soja Anticarsia gemmatalis. Assim, estudos que viabilizem a produção desses vírus in vitro possibilitariam uma produção mais controlada e de melhor qualidade desses biopesticidas. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a suscetibilidade à infecção por AgMNPV de diferentes linhagens celulares de Sf21 e o crescimento dessas células em diferentes sistemas: cultivos em schotts, em spinner e em biorreator, variando-se a idade do inóculo (IA) e a concentração celular inicial (X0). Constatou-se variação no perfil de infecção das linhagens, sendo as linhagens mais adequadas para a produção de bioinseticida as linhagens de Sf21 denominadas EMBRAPA, UFRN e GibcoG, uma vez que estas apresentaram mais do que 40 % das células com poliedros em cultivos em suspensão, enquanto a linhagem denominada GibcoSF teve menos de 2 % das células infectadas com poliedros. Ao se estudar o efeito do número de subcultivos na morfologia e crescimento celular, foi averiguado um aumento no diâmetro de 10 % e no volume de 26 % das células UFRN em relação às células GibcoSF. Além disso, o crescimento das células UFRN foi 49% menor do que das células GibcoSF. Quando realizado o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) para se analisar o efeito da IA e a X0 na taxa de crescimento específica máxima (?max) e na concentração celular máxima (Xvmax) em cultivos em schott com células UFRN, obteve-se um modelo empírico. Quando analisadas as variáveis IA e X0 separadamente, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as respostas Xvmax e ?max em relação a X0. Para a IA, entretanto, obteve-se os resultados mais satisfatórios para os inóculos com IA de 72 e 96 horas: Xvmax de 5,97.106 cel/mL e 5,99.106 cel/mL, e ?max de 0,70 dia-1 e 0,63 dia-1, respectivamente. Nos cultivos em spinner com células UFRN, foi observada a formação de grumos, o que levou a Xvmax de 2,00.106 cel/mL. No cultivo em biorreator com células UFRN, foi obtido um Xvmax de 6,21.106 cel/mL, ?max de 0,70 dia-1, Qo2 na fase exponencial de 67,3 ± 3,6 .10-18 molO2/cel/s, rendimento de glicose em célula igual a 1,0.109 cel/g de glicose e um rendimento de glutamina em células de 3,0.109 cel/mL. Comprovou-se, portanto, a existência de alterações na infecção entre diferentes linhagens de Sf21; a importância do estado fisiológico da célula nos subcultivos, a ocorrência de mudanças no crescimento celular de acordo com os sistemas de cultivo e o efeito do número de subcultivos na morfologia e crescimento de células Sf21. / Investigate the cultivation of insect cells is related to its use in the production of biopesticides among others. For many years, chemical pesticides have contributed in pest control in agriculture. However, the use of these compounds for prolonged periods has resulted in the selection of resistant insects and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary the development and improvement of biopesticides. In Brazil, the baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) is the main biological control agent of the plague of soy Anticarsia gemmatalis. Thus, studies that enhance the production of these viruses in vitro would allow a more controlled production and better quality of biopesticides. In the present research, it was investigated the susceptibility of different Sf21 cell lines to infection by AgMNPV and the growth of these cells in different systems: cultivations in schotts, in spinner flasks and in bioreactor, varying the inoculum age (IA) and initial cell concentration (X0). Variation was observed in the lineage\'s infection profile. The most appropriate lineage for the production of biopesticida where the ones denominated EMBRAPA, UFRN and GibcoG, since these showed more than 40% of the infected cells with polyhedra, while the one denominated GibcoSF had less than 2% of the infected cells with polyhedra. When studying the effect of the number of subcultures in morphology and in cell growth, an increase of 10% of the diameter and 26% in the volume of the UFRN cells was observed compared to the GibcoSF cells. Moreover, the cell growth of UFRN was 49% lower than the GibcoSF\'s. When performed the Rotational Central Composite Design (RCCD) to analyze the effect of IA and X0, the maximum specific growth rate (?max) and the maximum cell concentration (Xvmax) in cultures in schott with UFRN cells, it was obtained an empirical model. When the IA and X0 were separately analysed, it was not found significant differences for Xvmax and ?max in relation to X0. For IA, however, it was achieved the most satisfactory results for inocula with IA of 72 and 96 hours: Xvmax equals to 5.97x106 cells/mL and to 5.99x106 cells/ml, and ?max of 0.70 day-1 and 0.63 day-1, respectively. Cultures in spinner with UFRN cells clumped what led to Xvmax of 2.00x106 cells/mL. In cultivation in bioreactor with UFRN cells, was reached Xvmax of 6.21x106 cells/mL, ?max of 0.70 day-1, Qo2 in the exponential phase of 67.3 ± 3.6x10-18 molO2/cell/s, glucose to the cell yield equal to 1.0x109 cell/g of glucose and glutamine to cell yield of 3.0x109 cell/g of glutamine. It was shown, therefore, the existence of the infection alterations among different lineages of Sf21, the importance of the physiological state of the cell for the subcultivation, the occurrence of changes in cell growth according to the cultivation systems and the effect of the number of subcultivation in morphology and in growth of Sf21 cells.

The use of turbocharged Diesel engines is nowadays a widespread practice in the automotive sector: heavy-duty vehicles like trucks or buses, in particular, are often equipped with turbocharged engines. An accurate study of the flow field developing inside both the main components of a turbocharger, i.e. compressor and turbine, is therefore necessary: the synergistic use of CFD simulations and experimental tests allows to fulfill this requirement. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the performance and the flow field that develops inside a centrifugal compressor for automotive turbochargers. The study is carried out by means of numerical simulations, both steady-state and transient, based on RANS models (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations). The code utilized for the numerical simulations is Ansys CFX.   The first part of the work is an engineering attempt to develop a CFD method for predicting the performance of a centrifugal compressor which is based solely on steady-state RANS models. The results obtained are then compared with experimental observations. The study continues with an analysis of the sensitivity of the developed CFD method to different parameters: influence of both position and model used for the rotor-stator interfaces and the axial tip-clearance on the global performances is studied and quantified.   In the second part, a design optimization study based on the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach is performed. In detail, transient RANS simulations are used to identify which geometry of the recirculation cavity hollowed inside the compressor shroud (ported shroud design) allows to mitigate the backflow that appears at low mass-flow rates. Backflow can be observed when the operational point of the compressor is suddenly moved from design to surge conditions. On actual heavy-duty vehicles, these conditions may arise when a rapid gear shift is performed. / Användningen av turboladdade dieselmotorer ärr numera utbredd inom bilindustrin: i synnerhet tunga fordon som lastbilar eller bussar ärr ofta utrustade med turbo-laddade motorer. En utförlig förståelse av flödesfältet som utvecklas innuti båda huvudkomponenterna hos en turboladdare, dvs kompressor och turbin, är därför nödvändig: den synergistiska användningen av CFD-simuleringar och experimentel-la tester möjliggör att detta krav uppfylls. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka prestanda och det flödesfält som utvecklas i en centrifugalkompressor för turboladdare. Studien utförs genom nu-meriska simuleringar, både steady state och transient, baserat på RANS-modeller (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes-ekvationer). Koden som används för de numeriska simuleringarna är Ansys CFX.   Den första delen av arbetet ¨ar ett försöka att utveckla en CFD-metod för att förutsäga prestanda för en centrifugalkompressor med hjälp av steady-state RANS-modeller. De erhållna resultaten jämförs sedan med experimentella observationer. Studien fortsätter med en analys av känsligheten hos den utvecklade CFD-metoden till olika parametrar: Inflytande av både position och modell som används för rotor-statorgränssnitt samt axiellt spel mellan rotor och hus på de globala prestationerna studeras och kvantifieras.   I andra delen utförs en designoptimeringsstudie baserad på Design of Experiments (DoE). I detalj används tidsupplösta RANS-simuleringar för att identifiera vilken utformning av ported shroud som minskar backflöde i kompressorn under en snabb minskning av massflöde och varvtal och därmed ger bättre prestanda i transient surge. På tunga fordon kan dessa förhållanden uppstå under växling.

The usage of statistical methods in the production industry has resulted in quality improvements for several organisations during the last decade. However, advanced statistical methods are still underutilised and underappreciated in quality improvement programs and projects in many companies. Therefore it is of interest to investigate how these methods can be used for quality improvements in the production industry. A case study was conducted at Teufelberger’s wire rope production plant in Wels, Austria. Wire rope type BS 909 was studied by utilising the arsenal of tools and methods that Six Sigma provides, with an emphasis on statistical methods -- especially Design of Experiments. Teufelberger is currently (2016) experiencing diameter issues along the rope and it has been found through customer reclamations and quality controls in the production that the variation in a production lot can be substantial. Furthermore, there is no master setting of process parameters and each operator has their own way of setting and adjusting them, as there are different ways to achieve a product which is within given tolerances. The purpose of this study is to investigate how statistical tools can be applied to minimise variance in a Teufelberger rope manufacturing process, by conducting a case study utilising the quality improvement methodology DMAIC. Experiments were conducted in the following four sub processes which produce input components used during the manufacturing of BS909: KL-A, KL-B, IL and Al. In KL-A the following main effects were identified as significant: Postformers Spin and Postformers Diameter. In KL-B the main effect Postformers Spin was significant. In IL the following main effects were identified as significant: Compacting device, Postformers Spin and Postformers Diameter. In AL the main effect Compacting device was significant. Based on the conclusion derived from analysing these experiments theoretical master setups were created in order to address the variance issue and standardise process parameters. Further verification testing must be conducted in order to verify and tune the proposed master setups before they can be utilised. / Det senaste årtiondet har användningen av statistiska metoder inom tillverkningsindustrin resulterat i kvalitetsförbättringar för flera organisationer men dessa metoder är fortfarande undervärderade och utnyttjas ej till fullo inom program och projekt för kvalitetsförbättringar. Därför är det av intresse att undersöka hur dessa metoder kan användas för kvalitetsförbättringar inom tillverkningsindustrin. Vid en av Teufelbergers produktionsanläggningar av stålvajrar i Wels, Österrike, har en fallstudie med kvalitetsförbättringsmetodiken DMAIC genomförts. Stålvajer typ BS 909 har studerats genom att använda den arsenal av verktyg och metoder som Six Sigma innefattar, med betoning på statistiska metoder och särskilt försöksplanering. Teufelberger hade för tillfället problem med främst diametern av stålvajern. Det har visat sig genom kundreklamationer och kvalitetskontroller i produktionen att variationen i en produktionsserie kan vara betydande. Dessutom finns det ej några dokumenterade optimala inställningar av processparametrar så varje maskinoperatör har sitt eget sätt att ställa in och justera processparametrarna. Detta är möjligt då det finns olika kombinationer av  parameterinställningar som kan ge en produkt som är inom givna toleranser. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur statistikverktyg kan användas för att minimera variansen i en tillverkningsprocess av stålvajer hos företaget Teufelberger, detta genom att utföra en fallstudie med kvalitetsförbättringsmetodiken DMAIC Experiment utfördes i följande fyra processer som producerar ingående komponenter som används vid tillverkningen av BS909: KL-A, KL-B, IL och Al. I processen för KL-A identifierades följande huvudeffekter som aktiva;  Postformers-Spin och Postformers-Diameter. Den enda huvudeffekt som identifierades vara aktiv för KL-B var Postformers-Spin. För IL var följande huvudeffekter aktiva: Compacting device, Postformers-Spin och Postformers-Diameter. I processen AL var endast huvudeffekten Compacting device aktiv. Baserat på det resultat som framkom vid analysen av dessa experiment har nya teoretiskt optimala inställningar beräknats, som förväntas minska variationen i responsvariabeln diameter. De nya rekommenderade inställningarna bör tills vidare kunna fungera som ny standard för produktionen, men verifieringsförsök bör ändå utföras för att bekräfta och finjustera  inställningarna.

As our electric power distribution infrastructure has aged, considerable investment has been applied to modernizing the electrical power grid through weatherization and in deployment of real-time monitoring systems. A key question is whether or not these investments are reducing the number and duration of power outages, leading to improved reliability. Statistical methods are applied to analyze electrical disturbance data (from the Department of Energy, DOE) and reliability index data (from state utility public service commission regulators) to detect signs of improvement. The number of installed smart meters provided by several utilities is used to determine whether the number of smart meters correlate with a reduction in outage frequency. Indication emerged that the number of power outages may be decreasing over time. The magnitude of power loss has decreased from 2003 to 2007, and behaves cyclically from 2008 to 2014, with a few outlier points in both groups. The duration also appears to be decreasing between 2003-2014. Large blackout events exceeding 5 GW continue to be rare, and certain power outage events are seasonally dependent. There was a linear relationship between the number of customers and the magnitude of a power outage event. However, no relationship was found between the magnitude of power outages and time to restore power. The frequency of outages maybe decreasing as the number of installed smart meters has increased. Recommendations for inclusion of additional metrics, changes to formatting and semantics of datasets currently provided by federal and state regulators are made to help aid researchers in performing more effective analysis. Confounding variables and lack of information that has made the analysis diffcult is also discussed.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2016-08-23T20:37:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Thiago_Petersen_versao_final.pdf: 4348289 bytes, checksum: 0e3660e9c3b7b38026e9591917fbdac7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T20:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Thiago_Petersen_versao_final.pdf: 4348289 bytes, checksum: 0e3660e9c3b7b38026e9591917fbdac7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Gymnotiformes is a fish order only present in the neotropical region, with the highest biodiversity in the amazon region. The most striking feature of this this group is the ability to generate and distinguish electric fields which working together make the Electrogenic and Electrosensory System. The Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) are highly accurate and coordinated by a Pacemaker Nucleus (PN) present in the fish’s medulla, which receives input to slow down or rise up your rhythm from two another brain regions. In electric fishes, the Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR) behavior begins when there is interference between the EOD signals, leading the individuals involved to adapt to the interfering signal. Microsternarchus is a fish genus from the order Gymnotiforms, presumably monotypic, classified how a pulse-electric-fish with at least 4 lineages and 8 sub-lineages with high molecular differences. In the presente study experiments to analyse and compare the JAR and other EOD modulations between two Microsternarchus lineages were been performed. No distinct lineages were be found among the tested fishes, only sub-lineages from the C lineage. The results suggest the two sub-lineages have diferences on your EODs and in your JAR models. The main differences between the sub-lineages were see in the frequencies related variables, males had higher number of chirps and some females showed abrupt interruptions in your EODs. This phase and frequency behaviours were then reported and described to the tested fishes in presence of interference stimulus and compared with the experimental models performed. Finally, the EOD modulations observed were been related to the neurophysiology of the PN from other species of Gymnotiforms. Conclusions: the lineages, as well as sex, have some measurable differences in their JAR models; the genus from this study presents a common JAR and EOD modulations to other genus from the order Gymnotiforms; and possibly share, in part, a PN control mechanisms with another pulser electric fishes and even wave electric fishes. / Gymnotiformes é uma ordem de peixes unicamente presentes na região neotropical, tendo o ápice de sua diversidade concentrado na região amazônica. A característica mais marcante deste grupo é a sua capacidade de gerar e perceber campos elétricos, sendo que, em conjunto, compõem o Sistema Eletrogênico e Eletrosensório. As descargas de Órgão Elétrico (DOE) são altamente precisas e coordenadas por um Núcleo Marca-passo (NM) presente na medula do peixe que, por sua vez, recebe informações para aumentar ou diminuir seu ritmo de outras duas regiões cerebrais. Em peixes elétricos, o comportamento de Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR) ocorre quando existe uma interferência entre as DOEs, levando os indivíduos envolvidos a se adaptar ao sinal interferente. Microsternarchus é um gênero da ordem Gymnotiformes, supostamente monotípico, classificado como peixe elétrico pulsador, apresentando pelo menos 4 linhagens e outras 8 sub-linhagens com elevadas diferenças moleculares. No presente trabalho foram realizados experimentos para se analisar e comparar o JAR e outras modulações da DOE entre duas linhagens de Microsternarchus. Não foram encontradas linhagens distintas entre os peixes experimentados, apenas sub-linhagens da linhagem C. Os resultados mostraram que as sub-linhagens se diferenciam em suas DOEs e mesmo em seus modelos de JARs. As principais diferenças entre as sub-linhagens foram vistas nas variáveis relacionadas às frequências, além de que machos apresentaram maior número de chirps e algumas fêmeas apresentaram interrupções abruptas em suas DOEs. Foram então relatados e descritos comportamentos de fase e de frequência para o JAR dos indivíduos experimentados, sendo estes comparados aos modelos experimentais realizados. Por fim, as modulações da DOE observadas foram relacionadas à neurofisiologia do controle do NM de outras espécies de Gymnotiformes. Concluiu-se, que: as linhagens, assim como o sexo, apresentam algumas diferenças mensuráveis em seus modelos de JARs; que o gênero estudado apresenta características em comum no JAR e nas suas modulações com outros gêneros da ordem Gymnotiformes; e que o gênero estudado compartilha, em parte, mecanismos de controle do NM com outros gêneros de peixes elétricos pulsadores e até mesmo onduladores.

<p>The aim was to develop, manufacture and evaluate diffractive lenses, or diffractive optical elements (DOE), for use in correlation with a camera to add perspective in pictures. The application is a miniaturized submarine developed in order to perform distant exploration and analysis in harsh and narrow environments. The idea is to project a laser pattern upon the observed structure and thereby add geometrical information to pictures acquired with an onboard CMOS camera. The design of the DOE-structures was simulated using the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). A set of prototype DOEs were realized using a series of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes, including photolithography, deposition and deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE). The projected patterns produced by the manufactured DOEs were found to agree with the simulated patterns except for the case where the DOE feature size was too small for the available process technology to handle. A post-processing software solution was developed to extract information from the pictures, called Laser Camera Measurement (LCM). The software returns the x, y and z coordinate of each laser spot in a picture and provides the ability to measure a live video stream from the camera. The accuracy of the measurement is dependent of the distance to the object. Some of the patterns showed very promising results, giving a 3-D resolution of ~0.6 cm, in each dot, at a distance of 1 m from the camera. Lengths can be resolved up til 3 m distance from the submarine.</p> / <p>Tillämpningen finns i en miniatyriserad ubåt framtagen för utforskning och analys av svåråtkomliga och trånga håligheter. Målet var att designa, tillverka och utvärdera en diffraktiv lins (DOE) för användning tillsammans med en kamera för att skapa perspektiv i bilder. Idén var att projicera ett lasermönster på objektet och därmed lägga till geometrisk information till bilderna tagna med CMOS kameran. Utformningen av DOE-strukturerna simulerades med the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). En uppsättning av prototyp DOE-linser tillverkades med hjälp av en serie mikrostrukturteknikprocesser, bland annat fotolitografi, deponering och plasmaetsning. Mönster projicerade med de tillverkade DOE-linserna stämde väl överens med önskade mönster, med undantag för de DOEs där strukturstorleken underskred processens begränsningar. En programvara, kallad Laser Camera Measurement (LCM), utvecklades för att extrahera information från bilderna. Programvaran returnerar x, y, och z koordinaterna för varje laserpunkt i en bild och ger möjlighet att mäta i en kontinuerlig videoström från kameran.  Mätosäkerheten är beroende av avståndet till objektet. Vissa mönster gav mycket lovande resultat, med en 3-D upplösning på ~0.6 cm, i varje punkt, på ett avstånd av 1 m från kameran. Längder kan upplösas upp till 3 m från kameran där ett så kallat far-field uppstår.</p> / DADU

A new approach to fuel cycle uncertainty analysis and optimization is presented that combines reactor physics information, spent fuel management, and economic forecasting, which may be used to investigate effects of decisions in the design of advanced nuclear fuel cycles. The Matlab-based simulation includes isotopic mass and integral decay heat data produced by reactor physics codes in the SCALE package (SAS2, ORIGEN-ARP, and ORIGEN-S). Reactor physics data for Light Water Reactor (LWR), and metal- and oxide-fueled Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Burner Reactor (LMFBR) designs are stored in databases that the code uses as needed. Detailed models of the once through and hybrid LWR-LMFBR fuel cycles have been developed for repository decay heat analysis, determination of levelized unit electric cost (LUEC), and reprocessing of spent fuel into fast reactor fuel or targets as a means of isotopic inventory minimization. The models may be run for single estimates based on best estimates of model parameters as either a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis or as an optimization using Genetic Algorithms (GA). Results from the LUEC calculations show the once through cycle has a bus bar cost of about $19.0mills/kWh (excluding repository and interim storage costs), and the hybrid cycle has a bus bar cost of about $26.5mills/kWh. Implementation of the hybrid cycle compared to the closed once through cycle yields an effective repository mass capacity increase by a percentage of about 30% to 60% through full reprocessing of LWR spent fuel compared to original mass definitions of the Yucca Mountain repository. The GA optimization routine allows the user to define any one of the variables present in the output structure as the fitness parameter; thus, optimization of any calculated value is possible, including economic cost, isotopic inventory, or required repository capacity. Optimization of the once through cycle with respect to LUEC gives a result of $19.2 mills/kWh when burn up approaches the upper limit of 60 GWd/t and delay time spent fuel cools after discharge approaches 200 years (including repository and interim storage costs).

The aim was to develop, manufacture and evaluate diffractive lenses, or diffractive optical elements (DOE), for use in correlation with a camera to add perspective in pictures. The application is a miniaturized submarine developed in order to perform distant exploration and analysis in harsh and narrow environments. The idea is to project a laser pattern upon the observed structure and thereby add geometrical information to pictures acquired with an onboard CMOS camera. The design of the DOE-structures was simulated using the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). A set of prototype DOEs were realized using a series of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes, including photolithography, deposition and deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE). The projected patterns produced by the manufactured DOEs were found to agree with the simulated patterns except for the case where the DOE feature size was too small for the available process technology to handle. A post-processing software solution was developed to extract information from the pictures, called Laser Camera Measurement (LCM). The software returns the x, y and z coordinate of each laser spot in a picture and provides the ability to measure a live video stream from the camera. The accuracy of the measurement is dependent of the distance to the object. Some of the patterns showed very promising results, giving a 3-D resolution of ~0.6 cm, in each dot, at a distance of 1 m from the camera. Lengths can be resolved up til 3 m distance from the submarine. / Tillämpningen finns i en miniatyriserad ubåt framtagen för utforskning och analys av svåråtkomliga och trånga håligheter. Målet var att designa, tillverka och utvärdera en diffraktiv lins (DOE) för användning tillsammans med en kamera för att skapa perspektiv i bilder. Idén var att projicera ett lasermönster på objektet och därmed lägga till geometrisk information till bilderna tagna med CMOS kameran. Utformningen av DOE-strukturerna simulerades med the optimal rotational angle method (ORA). En uppsättning av prototyp DOE-linser tillverkades med hjälp av en serie mikrostrukturteknikprocesser, bland annat fotolitografi, deponering och plasmaetsning. Mönster projicerade med de tillverkade DOE-linserna stämde väl överens med önskade mönster, med undantag för de DOEs där strukturstorleken underskred processens begränsningar. En programvara, kallad Laser Camera Measurement (LCM), utvecklades för att extrahera information från bilderna. Programvaran returnerar x, y, och z koordinaterna för varje laserpunkt i en bild och ger möjlighet att mäta i en kontinuerlig videoström från kameran.  Mätosäkerheten är beroende av avståndet till objektet. Vissa mönster gav mycket lovande resultat, med en 3-D upplösning på ~0.6 cm, i varje punkt, på ett avstånd av 1 m från kameran. Längder kan upplösas upp till 3 m från kameran där ett så kallat far-field uppstår. / DADU

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