This study explores the relation between Scandinavian donor private sector development and collaboration (PSD/PSC) policies and recipients of the support in Mozambique. It seeks to understand how such relations function in the complex local political and business environment. The study departs in theory regarding hybrid regimes and private sector development, and an analytical framework is designed as a model for relations based on theories on state-business relations and aid effectiveness. The material was gathered during a two-months field study where interviews were carried out with key actors of development cooperation such as embassy staff, fund managers and local entrepreneurs. The study finds that several PSC tools are shaped according to a western point of view and not always well adjusted to the local Mozambican context. It also finds that the design of the policies in many cases produces a high entrance barrier to Mozambican entrepreneurs, why most recipients are essentially foreign business people.

This thesis presents advancements in the chemistry of selenium-bearing pincer ligands with respect to their synthesis, metal association and reactivity in addition to the overall nature of selenium as a donor atom. The synthesis of a new disilylamido ligand HN(SiMe2CH2SePh)2 2.1 and its potassium salt 2.2 is reported. The attempted metal association of these species was unsuccessful with various transition metals. Multinuclear NMR data suggests coordination to silver(I), 2.3 and copper(I), 2.4 with dπ-dπ back donation from the metal to the selenium donors. It is suggested from this data that –SePh can potentially act as a π-acceptor ligand as well as a σ- donor with heavy d metals. Another explanation for the observed shielding is conformational restrictions introduced by chelation. The preparation of new selenium-bearing diarylamine compounds RN(C7H6SeMe)2 (R=H: 3.1; R= Me: 3.10; R= Boc 3.11) via aryllithium chemistry is reported. Unsuccessful attempts to synthesize the –SePh and –SetBu derivatives are described using: aryllithium chemistry, Buchwald-Hartwig Amination cross coupling and Pd-catalyzed C-Se cross coupling. When reacted with MCl2(COD) (M= Pd, Pt), compound 3.10 coordinates with PdII forming a bidentate complex 3.12, while 3.1 forms tridentate complexes with PdII and PtII. NMR spectroscopy suggests the formation of a silver(I) complex 3.1-Ag from 3.1 and AgOTf, but X-ray diffraction data is required to determine its coordination motif. The new ligands and complexes have been fully characterized by (1H, 13C, 77Se) NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structures are reported for 3.10, 3.12, 3.3 and 3.4. The NMR spectrum of 3.1-Ag exhibits a similar effect as the complexes of disilylamido ligands with suggested potential dπ-dπ back donation from the metal to the selenium donors. The catalytic ability of the new complex 3.3 has been tested in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction without notable improvements to existing catalysts. The instability of reactive intermediates may contribute to the low conversions or the size of the methyl group may decrease nanoparticle formation, a suggested active species. / October 2016

Student Number : 0311118P - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Arts / Land reform in Southern Africa has attracted a lot of attention from sovereign third world government and those of developed countries. This followed the invasion of commercial farms in Zimbabwe and has a bearing on Zimbabwe’s neighbours especially Namibia and South Africa. This paper examines why governments at times adhere to land reform within the rule of law and at times does not, resulting in strained donor-government relations. A comparison of government-donor relations in Zimbabwe and Namibia is explored. The crux of the argument is that land reform is damaging when the rule of law is flouted by governments. Strained relations are a result of ineffective agencies of restraint, lack of commitment by the governments, external donors and white commercial farmers to correct land injustices that came into existence as a result of settler colonialism.

Foram estudados 151 doadores de sangue encaminhados pelo Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto ao Ambulatório de Hepatites do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto em função de terem apresentado resultados foram positivos para hepatite C nos testes de triagem pré-doação, entre 2001 e 2010. Todos tiveram confirmação diagnóstica mediante uso de técnicas de biologia molecular. No momento de chegada ao Hospital foram entrevistados por uma assistente social ligada ao Núcleo Hospitalar de Epidemiologia, com o objetivo de caracterizá-los segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, estudar fatores de risco presentes e genótipos encontrados. Houve predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino, com baixos níveis de escolaridade e de estratos sociais menos favorecidos, com idade mediana de 36 anos. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente de infectados ao longo dos anos estudados. O genótipo mais prevalente foi o 1 com percentual de 68,8%, seguido do genótipo 3 (27,0%). Os potenciais fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram história pregressa de hospitalização sem e com cirurgia, multiplicidade de parceiros sexuais no passado, convivência com usuários de drogas, contato com sangue em atendimentos a terceiros, múltiplos parceiros sexuais no presente e contato domiciliar com casos de hepatite. Também com elevadas frequências foram observados os seguintes fatores: antecedente de transfusão sanguínea, uso coletivo de escova de dentes, história de contato sexual com usuários de drogas, frequência a creches na infância e tatuagem. Uso passado de drogas injetáveis e compartilhamento de seringas e agulhas foram relatados por 15,2% e 9,9%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que deve ter ocorrido omissão de inúmeros fatores de risco por ocasião da triagem clínica, possivelmente indicativo do desejo de se utilizar o Banco de Sangue como controle da situação sorológica por parte de parte dos doadores. / 151 blood donators were analyzed sent from the Hemocenter of Ribeirão Preto to the Hepatitis Clinic of the University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, because these individuals had presented positive results for Hepatitis C in the screening tests for pre-donation, taken between 2001 and 2010. All of them had diagnosis confirmation through the use of molecular biology techniques. At the moment of arrival in the hospital, they were interviewed by a Social Assistant from the Hospital Nucleus of Epidemiology, in order to characterize them according to socio-demographic variables, to study risk factors that might be present, and genotypes found. The predominance was of male individuals, with low school levels, and coming from a less favored social stratum, with a median age of 36 years. There was a decreasing tendency of infected individuals along the years of study. The most prevailing genotype was type 1 with a percentage of 68.8%, followed by the genotype 3 (27.0%). The most prevailing potential risk factors were previous history of hospitalization with and without surgery, multiplicity of sexual partners in the past, acquaintance with drug user, contact with blood on dealing with to third parties, multiple current sexual partners and home contact with hepatitis cases. The following factors were also observed with high frequency: antecedent of blood transfusion, collective use of tooth brush, history of sexual contact with drug users, attendance to day care clinics in childhood and tattoos. Past use of injectable drugs and syringe and needle sharing were reported by 15.2% and 9.9%, respectively. The conclusion was that there must have been the omission of a number of risk factors at the time of the clinical screening, possibly indicating the desire of using the Blood Bank to make control of the serological status by some of the donators

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 munhoz_fc_dr_araca.pdf: 673830 bytes, checksum: 62df7ba1f1ca8c6a1a13f97c7dba2315 (MD5) / O uso clínico de drogas que liberam óxido nítrico (NO) é limitado por seus efeitos colaterais. A hipotensão induzida pelo doador clássico de NO, nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) é rápida, transiente e induz à taquicardia reflexa, o que pode ser um efeito indesejável em pacientes com doença cardíaca e uma limitação para a terapia anti-hipertensiva. Este estudo avaliou o efeito hipotensor e vasodilatador do novo doador de NO [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (TERPY) e comparou com os resultados obtidos com o NPS em ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Em outra parte do estudo, foram estudadas diferenças no mecanismo de ação desta droga entre aortas de SHR jovens e velhos. Diferente do observado para o NPS, a hipotensão induzida pelo TERPY é lenta, duradoura e não leva a alterações da frequência cardíaca. Além disso, o TERPY libera quantidades semelhantes de NO em aortas de SHR e Wistar, induzindo relaxamento parcialmente dependente de GCs em ambos os grupos, ao contrário do NPS, que libera mais NO em aortas de SHR e também é mais potente e eficaz em aortas desses animais. Fatores como o estresse oxidativo e a atividade da PDE5 são importantes para o relaxamento do TERPY em SHR, mas a inibição da PDE5 não aumenta a potência do TERPY em aortas de ratos Wistar. Além disso, o relaxamento induzido pelo TERPY é mais potente em anéis de aorta de SHR velhos do que novos. Os mecanismos de ação do TERPY são semelhantes nas aortas desses animais, mas, interessantemente, a incubação com Apocinina aumenta a potência do TERPY em aortas de SHR jovens, mas não de velhos. Em conjunto, estes dados demonstram que o composto TERPY é um doador de NO que possui vantagens em relação ao NPS. Além disso, é mais potente em aortas de animais hipertensos velhos, o que é mais uma vantagem para sua utilização e um incentivo para a realização de novos estudos que possam contribuir para entender melhor seu mecanismo de ação / The clinical use of nitric oxide (NO) releasing drugs is limited by their harmful effects. The hypotension induced by the classic NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is fast, transient and induces reflex tachycardia, which can be an undesirable effect in patients with heart disease and a limitation for the anti-hypertensive therapy. This study evaluated the hypotensive and vasodilatory effects of the new NO donor [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (TERPY) in Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In another part of the study, we investigated the differences in the mechanism of action of this drug between aortas of young and old SHR. Different from what is observed for SNP, the hypotension induced by TERPY is slow, long lasting and doesn’t lead to alterations in the heart rate. Besides, TERPY releases similar amounts of NO in SHR and Wistar aortas, inducing a relaxation partially dependent on GCs in both groups, contrary to SNP, which releases more NO in aortas of SHR and is also more potent and efficient in the aortas of these animals. Factors as oxidative stress and the activity of PDE5 are important to the relaxation of TERPY in SHR, but the inhibition of PDE5 doesn’t increase the potency of TERPY in aortas of Wistar rats. Furthermore, the relaxation induced by TERPY is more potent in aortas of old SHR than of young ones. The mechanisms of action of TERPY are similar in the aortas of both groups, but, interestingly, the incubation with Apocynin increases the potency of TERPY in aortas of young SHR, but not of old ones. Taken together, these data show that the compound TERPY is a NO donor that has advantages in relation to SNP. Moreover, it’s more potent in aortas of old hypertensive animals, which is another advantage for its use and an incentive for the elaboration of new studies that could contribute to understand its mechanism of action

Foram estudados 151 doadores de sangue encaminhados pelo Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto ao Ambulatório de Hepatites do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto em função de terem apresentado resultados foram positivos para hepatite C nos testes de triagem pré-doação, entre 2001 e 2010. Todos tiveram confirmação diagnóstica mediante uso de técnicas de biologia molecular. No momento de chegada ao Hospital foram entrevistados por uma assistente social ligada ao Núcleo Hospitalar de Epidemiologia, com o objetivo de caracterizá-los segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, estudar fatores de risco presentes e genótipos encontrados. Houve predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino, com baixos níveis de escolaridade e de estratos sociais menos favorecidos, com idade mediana de 36 anos. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente de infectados ao longo dos anos estudados. O genótipo mais prevalente foi o 1 com percentual de 68,8%, seguido do genótipo 3 (27,0%). Os potenciais fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram história pregressa de hospitalização sem e com cirurgia, multiplicidade de parceiros sexuais no passado, convivência com usuários de drogas, contato com sangue em atendimentos a terceiros, múltiplos parceiros sexuais no presente e contato domiciliar com casos de hepatite. Também com elevadas frequências foram observados os seguintes fatores: antecedente de transfusão sanguínea, uso coletivo de escova de dentes, história de contato sexual com usuários de drogas, frequência a creches na infância e tatuagem. Uso passado de drogas injetáveis e compartilhamento de seringas e agulhas foram relatados por 15,2% e 9,9%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que deve ter ocorrido omissão de inúmeros fatores de risco por ocasião da triagem clínica, possivelmente indicativo do desejo de se utilizar o Banco de Sangue como controle da situação sorológica por parte de parte dos doadores. / 151 blood donators were analyzed sent from the Hemocenter of Ribeirão Preto to the Hepatitis Clinic of the University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, because these individuals had presented positive results for Hepatitis C in the screening tests for pre-donation, taken between 2001 and 2010. All of them had diagnosis confirmation through the use of molecular biology techniques. At the moment of arrival in the hospital, they were interviewed by a Social Assistant from the Hospital Nucleus of Epidemiology, in order to characterize them according to socio-demographic variables, to study risk factors that might be present, and genotypes found. The predominance was of male individuals, with low school levels, and coming from a less favored social stratum, with a median age of 36 years. There was a decreasing tendency of infected individuals along the years of study. The most prevailing genotype was type 1 with a percentage of 68.8%, followed by the genotype 3 (27.0%). The most prevailing potential risk factors were previous history of hospitalization with and without surgery, multiplicity of sexual partners in the past, acquaintance with drug user, contact with blood on dealing with to third parties, multiple current sexual partners and home contact with hepatitis cases. The following factors were also observed with high frequency: antecedent of blood transfusion, collective use of tooth brush, history of sexual contact with drug users, attendance to day care clinics in childhood and tattoos. Past use of injectable drugs and syringe and needle sharing were reported by 15.2% and 9.9%, respectively. The conclusion was that there must have been the omission of a number of risk factors at the time of the clinical screening, possibly indicating the desire of using the Blood Bank to make control of the serological status by some of the donators

Inledning: Sjukvården är beroende av frivilliga bloddonatorer. Det behövs alltid fler bloddonatorer då vi med dagens sjukvård kan utföra alltmer avancerad kirurgi samt rädda och hjälpa allt fler sjuka samt skadade, med hjälp av blod från frivilliga donatorer. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka skäl som anges till att inte donera blod, samt undersöka om viljan att ge blod skiljer sig beroende på kön, ålder och om man har yrkes- eller studieanknytning till sjukvård. Syftet var också att undersöka vilka faktorer potentiella blodgivare anger som motiverande till att donera blod. Metod: Denna uppsats baseras på en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie, bestående av en webbenkät som delats av författarnas på det sociala mediet Facebook. Enkäten vände sig till personer som enligt blodcentralens kriterier får donera blod, totalt inkom 90 svar, med ett bortfall på totalt 11 personer. Enkäter analyserades sedan kvantitativt med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Studien visar att den vanligaste orsaken till att respondenten inte gått och donerat blod är att de tillfrågade har tänkt på det men att det inte blivit av. Det finns ingen skillnad i motivationen att donera blod gällande kön, ålder och om man har yrkes-/studieanknytning till sjukvården. Det som respondenterna uppgett som mest motiverande till att gå och donera blod är att få svar på olika provsvar som till exempel kolesterol och infektionsparametrar. Slutsats: Att försöka göra blodgivningen mer tillgänglig skulle förhoppningsvis kunna öka antalet blodgivare, eftersom en tredjedel av de tillfrågade har tänkt på det, men att det inte blivit av. Att erbjuda bloddonatorerna svar på olika blodprover skulle troligtvis också öka chanserna för att flera personer ska bli återkommande bloddonatorer. / Introduction: Hospitals and general healthcare are dependent on volunteers to donate blood. Due to today’s advanced surgery there is an everlasting need for new and more blood donors. With the aid of donated blood more people in need could receive the appropriate treatment. Aim: The aim was to investigate what reasons would be given for not donating blood, and to investigate whether the will to donate blood may depend on gender, age and whether the subject has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The aim was also to determine the motivating factors to blood donation of future donors. Method: This essay is based on a quantitative cross-sectional study consisting of a web based survey shared by the authors on the social networking service Facebook. The target group of the survey was people who are suitable to donate blood according to the criteria of the blood donation centre. A total of 90 individuals responded to the survey, with a loss of 11 people. The surveys were analyzed quantitatively using the statistical program SPSS. Results: The study indicates that the most common reason to why the respondent has not donated blood is that he or she has thought of donating blood, but that it has simply not yet happened. The motivation of donating blood is not dependent on the person’s gender, age or whether or not the person has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The most motivating factor to donating blood is the opportunity to be informed of test results such as cholesterol levels and infection parameters. Conclusion: Since one third of the respondents have considered donating blood, but that they still have not done so, there would probably be an increase in the numbers of blood donors if blood donating centres were more accessible. To offer the donors the results of various kinds of blood tests would probably motivate more persons to become regular blood donors.

Carbohydrates play major roles in many biological processes. Therefore, the synthesis of oligosaccharides is of considerable interest for biological, medicinal, and pharmacological studies. Many approaches have been developed for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, in which the main focus is often the formation of the glycosidic bonds. Traditional approaches use protecting group strategies that can be time consuming and can result in poor overall yield. This thesis describes the protecting group-free synthesis of a series of glycosyl donors of a range of mono- and disaccharides. These donors can be used to synthesize unprotected glycosyl chlorides, observed in situ. Reaction of the glycosyl chlorides with a variety of nucleophiles afforded the expected displacement products, giving access to a range of O-, N-, and S-linked glycosides, without resorting to the use of protecting groups.

Carbohydrates play major roles in many biological processes. Therefore, the synthesis of oligosaccharides is of considerable interest for biological, medicinal, and pharmacological studies. Many approaches have been developed for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, in which the main focus is often the formation of the glycosidic bonds. Traditional approaches use protecting group strategies that can be time consuming and can result in poor overall yield. This thesis describes the protecting group-free synthesis of a series of glycosyl donors of a range of mono- and disaccharides. These donors can be used to synthesize unprotected glycosyl chlorides, observed in situ. Reaction of the glycosyl chlorides with a variety of nucleophiles afforded the expected displacement products, giving access to a range of O-, N-, and S-linked glycosides, without resorting to the use of protecting groups.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 166 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-158).