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Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-28T21:56:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Crysthian Roberto Macedo da Silva.pdf: 1788168 bytes, checksum: 11103ba493cf834bae455e5aa889c3e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T16:25:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Crysthian Roberto Macedo da Silva.pdf: 1788168 bytes, checksum: 11103ba493cf834bae455e5aa889c3e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T16:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Crysthian Roberto Macedo da Silva.pdf: 1788168 bytes, checksum: 11103ba493cf834bae455e5aa889c3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / CAPES / Este trabalho foi realizado na cidade de Sinop, localizada no centro norte do estado de Mato Grosso, com o objetivo de avaliar a vulnerabilidade e o risco à contaminação do Aquífero Utiariti, usando os métodos DRASTIC e POSH. Os dados geológico, pedológico, hidrogeológico e de topografia usados na aplicação do DRASTIC foram compilados de trabalhos já realizados na área, enquanto os dados das fontes potenciais de contaminação foram coletados na área. As classes de vulnerabilidade determinadas pelo DRASTIC foram a moderada ocorrendo em 84% da área e a alta em 16%. Na área foram identificadas 12 fontes potenciais de contaminação, as quais foram classificadas através do POSH em reduzida, moderada e elevada. Os riscos à contaminação do aquífero são moderado, alto e muito alto em ambas as vulnerabilidades, onde estão situadas as fontes de contaminação mais ameaçadoras das águas subterrâneas. Estes resultados poderão ser utilizados para propor medidas preventivas e corretivas visando à qualidade dessas águas. / This work was carried out in the city of Sinop, located in the northern center of the state of Mato Grosso, with the objective to assess the risk and vulnerability to contamination of the Utiariti aquifer using the DRASTIC and POSH methods. The geological, pedological, hydrogeological and topographical data used in the application of DRASTIC were compiled from work already undertaken in the area, while data from potential sources of contamination were collected in the area. The vulnerability classes determined by DRASTIC were moderate occurring in 84% of the area and in 16%. In the area exist 12 potential contamination sources, which were classified through the POSH in low, moderate and high. The risk of contamination of the aquifer are moderate, high and very high in both vulnerabilities, where are located the potential sources of the most threatening groundwater contamination. These results may be used to propose preventive and corrective measures aimed at water quality.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 1998. / Bibliogr.: f. 96-100. Publié aussi en version électronique.

DRASTIC model is the most widely used method for aquifer vulnerability mapping which consists of seven hydrogeological parameters. Despite of its popularity, this technique disregards the effect of regional characteristics and there is no specific validation method to demonstrate the accuracy of this method. The main goal of this research was developing an integrated GIS-based DRASTIC model using Depth to water, Net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone and Hydraulic Conductivity (DRASTIC). In order to obtain a more reliable and accurate assessment, the rates and weights of original DRASTIC were modified using Wilcoxon rank-sum non-parametric statistical test and Single Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (SPSA). The methodology was implemented for the Shahrekord plain in the southwestern region of Iran. Two different sets of measured nitrate concentrations from two monitoring events were used, one for modification and other for validation purposes. Validation nitrate values were compared to the calculated DRASTIC index to assess the efficacy of the DRASTIC model. The validation results obtained from Pearson's correlation and chi-square values, revealed that the modified DRASTIC is more efficient than original DRASTIC. The modified rate/weight DRASTIC (spline) model showed the highest correlation coefficient and chi square value as 0.88 and 72.93, respectively, compared to -0.3 and 25.2 for the original DRASTIC (spline) model. The integrated vulnerability map showed the high risk imposed on the southeastern part of the Shahrekord aquifer. In addition, sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of net recharge parameter from the modified model caused larger variation in vulnerability index showing that this parameter has more impact on the DRASTIC vulnerability of the aquifer. Moreover, Aquifer media (A), Topography (T) and Impact of vadose zone (I) were found to have less effect and importance compared to other variables as expected. Therefore, reduced modified DRASTIC model was proposed by eliminating A, T and I parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficient and chi-square value for the reduced model were calculated as 0.88 and 100.38, respectively, which was found to be as reliable as full modified DRASTIC model.

No description available.

A presente pesquisa analisa a atividade de produÃÃo de Ãgua envasada no MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, diferenciando a Ãgua mineral da Ãgua potÃvel de mesa, esta Ãltima comercializada como Ãgua adicionada de sais. A motivaÃÃo para este trabalho surgiu da perspectiva de crescimento acelerado da atividade econÃmica de envasamento de Ãgua potÃvel, sabendo-se que em Fortaleza a degradaÃÃo ambiental à observada com grande intensidade, com conseqÃÃncias para os recursos hÃdricos. A sustentabilidade foi analisada sob dois aspectos: o financeiro e o ambiental. A pesquisa foi dividida em trÃs etapas. Na primeira foi realizada a caracterizaÃÃo da atividade em Fortaleza, inclusive a anÃlise qualitativa da Ãgua envasada, considerando as ResoluÃÃes da ANVISA. No segundo momento foi realizada a anÃlise de sustentabilidade financeira a partir de levantamento dos custos de investimento e dos custos de operaÃÃo, administraÃÃo e manutenÃÃo (OAM) da atividade. Na terceira etapa foi avaliada a sustentabilidade ambiental da atividade atravÃs da anÃlise de vulnerabilidade dos aqÃÃferos de Fortaleza aplicando o Ãndice DRASTIC. Como resultado da etapa de caracterizaÃÃo, foram analisadas no ano de 2007, 23 marcas de Ãgua adicionada de sais e cinco de Ãgua mineral, encontrando-se presenÃa de coliformes totais com ausÃncia de outros microrganismos. No entanto, a qualidade da Ãgua envasada de Fortaleza està dentro do limite aceitÃvel da legislaÃÃo. Os resultados da segunda etapa indicaram que a sustentabilidade financeira da atividade serà dada sempre que for possÃvel arrecadar pelo menos R$ 1,36 por garrafÃo de 20 litros, o que corresponde aos custos totais de investimento e OAM. A sustentabilidade ambiental pode ser obtida, em Fortaleza, de modo relativamente simples, pois a vulnerabilidade dos seus aqÃÃferos à baixa e a atividade à pouco poluente. A anÃlise do Ãndice DRASTIC para Fortaleza demonstrou que seus aqÃÃferos tÃm vulnerabilidade regional baixa (cerca de metade da Ãrea, predominantemente no setor centro-sul da cidade), intermediÃria (predominantemente no centro do municÃpio) ou alta (na regiÃo costeira norte). As Ãreas de exploraÃÃo de Ãguas subterrÃneas para envase em Fortaleza localizam-se principalmente em regiÃes com vulnerabilidade baixa: das nove fontes analisadas, sete localizam-se na Ãrea de baixa vulnerabilidade, duas na regiÃo de vulnerabilidade intermediÃria e nenhuma na Ãrea de vulnerabilidade alta. Isso à muito positivo para a qualidade da Ãgua, embora nÃo signifique que nÃo haja risco de poluiÃÃo, principalmente diante do cenÃrio ambiental da cidade de Fortaleza. Quanto à atividade de envase de Ãgua em si, avaliou-se que esta pode ser realizada sem ocasionar grandes impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. / This study examines the activity of producing bottled water in the city of Fortaleza, discriminating between mineral water and the table drinking water, the latter marketed as "water with added salts". The subject of this work was inspired by the prospect of accelerated growth of the economic activity of bottling drinking water, given that in Fortaleza environmental degradation is observably happening at a very accelerated pace, with deleterious consequences for water resources. Sustainability was examined in two respects: the financial and the environmental. The research was divided into three stages. The first was the characterization of the activity held in Fortaleza, including the qualitative analysis of the bottled water, considering the resolutions of ANVISA. In the second stage, the analysis of financial sustainability was carried out, by the assessment of investment costs and costs of operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of the activity. In the third stage the environmental sustainability of the activity was assessed through the analysis of vulnerability of the aquifers of Fortaleza, applying the index DRASTIC. During the stage of characterization, 23 brands of salt-added water, and five of mineral water, were examined (in 2007), being observed the presence of coliform bacteria but no other microorganisms. The quality of bottled water of Fortaleza, however, was verified to be within the acceptable limits of the local legislation. The results of the second stage indicated that the financial sustainability of the activity would be met as long as it was possible to collect at least R$ 1.36 per 20 liters bottle, which would correspond to the total costs of investment and OAM. As for environmental sustainability of the activity, it can be easily satisfied (in Fortaleza) given the low average vulnerability of the Fortaleza aquifers and the low pollution potential of the activity. The analysis of DRASTIC Index for the aquifers of Fortaleza has shown that their regional vulnerability is low (about half the area, predominantly in central-southern sector of the city), intermediate (predominantly in the centre of the city) or high (in the northern coastal region). The areas of exploitation of groundwater for bottling in Fortaleza are mainly located in regions with low vulnerability: the nine sources analyzed, seven are located in downtown area of low vulnerability, two in the region of intermediate vulnerability and none in the area of high vulnerability. This, of course, is very positive for bottled water quality, but does not mean that there is no risk of pollution, especially considering the environmental scenario of the city of Fortaleza. As for the activity of water bottling, it was concluded that, in this case, it can be exerted without causing serious damage to the environment.

ROSAS, Anny Jacquelline Cysne. Sustentabilidade da atividade produtora de água envasada em Fortaleza, Ce. 2008. 186 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente- PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T14:38:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ajcrosas.pdf: 2743267 bytes, checksum: 9d94722a24cbb0dcc6b6dabcd8b4cdc9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T14:40:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ajcrosas.pdf: 2743267 bytes, checksum: 9d94722a24cbb0dcc6b6dabcd8b4cdc9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T14:40:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ajcrosas.pdf: 2743267 bytes, checksum: 9d94722a24cbb0dcc6b6dabcd8b4cdc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This study examines the activity of producing bottled water in the city of Fortaleza, discriminating between mineral water and the table drinking water, the latter marketed as "water with added salts". The subject of this work was inspired by the prospect of accelerated growth of the economic activity of bottling drinking water, given that in Fortaleza environmental degradation is observably happening at a very accelerated pace, with deleterious consequences for water resources. Sustainability was examined in two respects: the financial and the environmental. The research was divided into three stages. The first was the characterization of the activity held in Fortaleza, including the qualitative analysis of the bottled water, considering the resolutions of ANVISA. In the second stage, the analysis of financial sustainability was carried out, by the assessment of investment costs and costs of operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of the activity. In the third stage the environmental sustainability of the activity was assessed through the analysis of vulnerability of the aquifers of Fortaleza, applying the index DRASTIC. During the stage of characterization, 23 brands of salt-added water, and five of mineral water, were examined (in 2007), being observed the presence of coliform bacteria but no other microorganisms. The quality of bottled water of Fortaleza, however, was verified to be within the acceptable limits of the local legislation. The results of the second stage indicated that the financial sustainability of the activity would be met as long as it was possible to collect at least R$ 1.36 per 20 liters bottle, which would correspond to the total costs of investment and OAM. As for environmental sustainability of the activity, it can be easily satisfied (in Fortaleza) given the low average vulnerability of the Fortaleza aquifers and the low pollution potential of the activity. The analysis of DRASTIC Index for the aquifers of Fortaleza has shown that their regional vulnerability is low (about half the area, predominantly in central-southern sector of the city), intermediate (predominantly in the centre of the city) or high (in the northern coastal region). The areas of exploitation of groundwater for bottling in Fortaleza are mainly located in regions with low vulnerability: the nine sources analyzed, seven are located in downtown area of low vulnerability, two in the region of intermediate vulnerability and none in the area of high vulnerability. This, of course, is very positive for bottled water quality, but does not mean that there is no risk of pollution, especially considering the environmental scenario of the city of Fortaleza. As for the activity of water bottling, it was concluded that, in this case, it can be exerted without causing serious damage to the environment. / A presente pesquisa analisa a atividade de produção de água envasada no Município de Fortaleza, diferenciando a água mineral da água potável de mesa, esta última comercializada como água adicionada de sais. A motivação para este trabalho surgiu da perspectiva de crescimento acelerado da atividade econômica de envasamento de água potável, sabendo-se que em Fortaleza a degradação ambiental é observada com grande intensidade, com conseqüências para os recursos hídricos. A sustentabilidade foi analisada sob dois aspectos: o financeiro e o ambiental. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas. Na primeira foi realizada a caracterização da atividade em Fortaleza, inclusive a análise qualitativa da água envasada, considerando as Resoluções da ANVISA. No segundo momento foi realizada a análise de sustentabilidade financeira a partir de levantamento dos custos de investimento e dos custos de operação, administração e manutenção (OAM) da atividade. Na terceira etapa foi avaliada a sustentabilidade ambiental da atividade através da análise de vulnerabilidade dos aqüíferos de Fortaleza aplicando o Índice DRASTIC. Como resultado da etapa de caracterização, foram analisadas no ano de 2007, 23 marcas de água adicionada de sais e cinco de água mineral, encontrando-se presença de coliformes totais com ausência de outros microrganismos. No entanto, a qualidade da água envasada de Fortaleza está dentro do limite aceitável da legislação. Os resultados da segunda etapa indicaram que a sustentabilidade financeira da atividade será dada sempre que for possível arrecadar pelo menos R$ 1,36 por garrafão de 20 litros, o que corresponde aos custos totais de investimento e OAM. A sustentabilidade ambiental pode ser obtida, em Fortaleza, de modo relativamente simples, pois a vulnerabilidade dos seus aqüíferos é baixa e a atividade é pouco poluente. A análise do Índice DRASTIC para Fortaleza demonstrou que seus aqüíferos têm vulnerabilidade regional baixa (cerca de metade da área, predominantemente no setor centro-sul da cidade), intermediária (predominantemente no centro do município) ou alta (na região costeira norte). As áreas de exploração de águas subterrâneas para envase em Fortaleza localizam-se principalmente em regiões com vulnerabilidade baixa: das nove fontes analisadas, sete localizam-se na área de baixa vulnerabilidade, duas na região de vulnerabilidade intermediária e nenhuma na área de vulnerabilidade alta. Isso é muito positivo para a qualidade da água, embora não signifique que não haja risco de poluição, principalmente diante do cenário ambiental da cidade de Fortaleza. Quanto à atividade de envase de água em si, avaliou-se que esta pode ser realizada sem ocasionar grandes impactos negativos ao meio ambiente.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Groundwater is an essential natural resource for life and the integrity of ecosystems that are dependent on them. Santiago Island - Cape Verde has 991 km2, representing about 30% of the total area of the archipelago, where many ecosystems are threatened by over-exploitation of groundwater by human and diffuse pollution, salinization of aquifers and affecting the direct and indirect climate change impacts on water availability, all demanding urgent solutions and adequate knowledge of the characteristics of the physical environment. The research aims to evaluate groundwater and the degree of aquifer vulnerability to contaminations of various hydrogeological formations and fundamentally arises from the need to provide a tool that is useful in decision-making to define strategic areas of protection and groundwater recharge level. The use of multidisciplinary methodology, such as chemical analysis, isotopic analysis, the calculation method of recharging the water balance of Thornwaite as a function of altitude and the mapping of aquifer vulnerability using the DRASTIC index, were used to characterize the quality of groundwater identify human actions and show differences in chemical compositions between hydrogeological units. The results of these studies are embodied in technical summaries with information, diagnoses, and proposals were interpreted/handled by PIPER diagrams, maps hydro chemical zoning of key major ions, factorial components analysis and mapping of vulnerability DRASTIC. The values obtained show that the DRASTIC indices vary between 65 and 208. These indices show that there are hydrogeological situations corresponding to a very high vulnerability to scale 1: 220.000. Natural recharge of the aquifer occurs only in areas of higher altitude (> 600 m) considered semi-humid zones and taking maximum rainfall of 129,6 mm / year. The average annual rainfall during the 47 years of record rainfall is 306,3 mm/year with inhomogeneous spatial variability within a short time period (August-October) with potential evapotranspiration of 1628,30 mm / year and mean annual temperature of 26.5  C. / As Ãguas subterrÃneas sÃo um recurso natural imprescindÃvel para a vida e para a integridade dos ecossistemas que estÃo deles dependentes. A ilha de Santiago â Cabo Verde possui 991 km2, representando cerca de 30% da Ãrea total do arquipÃlago, onde muitos dos ecossistemas estÃo ameaÃados pela sobrexplotaÃÃo das Ãguas subterrÃneas, pela poluiÃÃo antrÃpica e difusa, pela salinizaÃÃo de aquÃferos que os afeta e pelos impactos diretos e indiretos das alteraÃÃes climÃticas na disponibilidade hÃdrica, todos demandando soluÃÃes e urgente conhecimento adequado das caracterÃsticas do meio fÃsico. A pesquisa objetiva avaliar as Ãguas subterrÃneas e o grau de vulnerabilidade aquÃfera das diversas formaÃÃes hidrogeolÃgicas à contaminaÃÃo e decorre fundamentalmente da necessidade de fornecer um instrumento que seja Ãtil nas tomadas de decisÃo ao nÃvel definiÃÃo das Ãreas estratÃgicas de proteÃÃo e recarga de aquÃferos. O uso de metodologia pluridisciplinar, tais como anÃlises quÃmicas, anÃlise isotÃpica, cÃlculo da recarga pelo mÃtodo de balanÃo hÃdrico climatolÃgico de Thornwaite em funÃÃo da altitude e o mapeamento da vulnerabilidade aquÃfera utilizando o Ãndice DRASTIC, permitiram caracterizar a qualidade das Ãguas subterrÃneas, identificar aÃÃes antrÃpicas e evidenciar diferenÃas de composiÃÃes quÃmicas entre as unidades hidrogeolÃgicas. Os resultados desses estudos estÃo consubstanciados em sÃnteses tÃcnicas com informaÃÃes, diagnÃsticos, propostas e foram interpretados/tratados atravÃs de diagramas de PIPER, mapas de zoneamento hidroquÃmico dos principais Ãons maiores, da anÃlise fatorial de componentes e do mapeamento de vulnerabilidade DRASTIC. Os valores obtidos mostram que os Ãndices DRASTIC variam entre 65 e 208. Estes Ãndices provam que hà situaÃÃes hidrogeolÃgicas que correspondam a uma vulnerabilidade muito elevada a escala de 1:220.000. A recarga natural de aquÃfero sà acontece nas zonas de maior altitude (> 600 m) consideradas zonas semi-Ãmidas e tendo precipitaÃÃes mÃximas de 129,6 mm/ano. A mÃdia anual de precipitaÃÃo atmosfÃrica durante os 47 anos de registros pluviomÃtricos à de 306,3 mm/ano com variabilidade espacial nÃo homogÃnea num curto perÃodo de tempo (Agosto-Outubro) com evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da ordem de 1628,30 mm/ano e temperatura mÃdia anual de 26,5  C. Palavras- chave: Qualidade, vulnerabilidade, poluiÃÃo hÃdrica, DRASTIC.

No description available.

<p>Because of the impact on human health and sustainable livelihood, the topic of drinking water and sanitation facilities is becoming a seriously discussed issue among international organizations as well as developing agencies in industrialized countries. The importance of water and sanitation management initialized this master thesis.</p><p> </p><p>The aim of the project is to do an assessment of the drinking water quality as well as the sanitation situation in the village Condrita in the Republic of Moldova. This was done by studying the existing water and sanitation facilities, sampling the water, evaluating the reason for the poor water quality and mapping the current situation using ArcGIS. Furthermore, technologies for improving the drinking water and sanitation facilities are suggested.</p><p> </p><p>The work was carried out by doing a literature study on how water sources and sanitation facilities should be constructed in order to ensure people’s health and to meet their needs. Geographic coordinates and water samples were collected from twenty-two public wells and springs. Interviews on the water situation and sanitation facilities were performed. Furthermore, water samples were analysed with respect to nitrate, turbidity, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria amongst others. Pesticide contamination was also taken into consideration when one of the wells was analysed. Water sources were classified as improved or unimproved according to definitions by WHOSIS. Moreover, the DRASTIC vulnerability model was used to evaluate the groundwater susceptibility to contaminants.</p><p> </p><p>In general, the water quality in the study area was poor and measured values of the analyzed parameters exceeded international or Moldovan standards for nitrate, hardness, electrical conductivity and total coliform bacteria. Four wells were contaminated with <em>E. coli</em> bacteria. Furthermore, turbidity measurements exceeded Moldovan standards in seven out of twenty-two water sources. No pesticide contamination was detected. Sampled water from the densely populated parts of the village as well as unimproved water sources proved to be of poorer quality. Map results showed that a majority of the groundwater within the study area was subject to a moderate or high risk of becoming contaminated. The current sanitation situation is that most families use simple pit latrines, which are placed far away from the dwelling-houses. Digging a new toilet when the existing one is full is a common practice in Condrita. Hand-washing facilities are seldom placed in proximity to the toilets.</p><p> </p><p>Pit latrines are believed to be the most important source of groundwater contamination in the study area. Other sources are agricultural activities and poor practice when abstracting water from the wells. A feasible solution to improve both the drinking water quality and the sanitation situation would be to install ecosan toilets. Improvements of the well’s features that are suggested include construction of an apron slab as well as proper lids for covering the well.</p>