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A national census: state of disability services at historically black colleges and universitiesMoore-Cooper, Robin LaJune 21 September 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Machine learning for the prediction of duplex stainless steel mechanical properties : Hardness evolution under low temperature agingGiard, Baptiste, Karlsson, Sofia January 2021 (has links)
Duplex stainless steels, DSS are stainless steels that consist of the two phases austenite and ferrite. The DSS have superb properties and are widely used in industries such as nuclear power and in pressure vessels, pipes and in pipelines. The use of DSS are limited due to embrittlement which occurs at temperatures from 250 to 550 oC. This imposes a general limited service temperature of 250 oC. The mechanism mainly responsible for the embrittlement is a phase separation occurring in the ferrite phase. Furthermore, there is a direct link between the phase separation and the mechanical properties: the ferrite hardness increases whereas the toughness decreases under low temperature aging. In this thesis, the low-temperature embrittlement of duplex stainless steels was studied through machine learning modelling and experimental hardness- and microscopy measurements. The resulting model describes the data with an accuracy, R-squared = 0.94. In combination with the experimental results, nickel was identified as an important parameter for the hardness evolution. This work aims to provide a fundamental study for understanding the importance of alloying elements on the phase separation in DSS, and provides a new methodology via a combination of machine learning and key experiments for the material design. / Duplexa rostfria stål är rostfria stål som består av de båda faserna ferrit och austenit. De har extraordinära egenskaper och används brett inom industrin, t ex. i kärnkraftverk och i tryckkärl och pipelines. Användningen av duplexa rostfria stål är begränsad p.g.a. försprödning som uppstår i legeringarna vid temperaturer mellan 250-550 oC, vilket medför att den tillåtna temperaturen vid användning begränsas till under 250 oC. Den främsta orsaken till försprödningen är en fasseparation i den ferrita fasen under åldring vid låg temperatur. Vidare leder fasseparationen till mekaniska förändringar i ferritfasen: hårdheten ökar medan segheten minskar. I den här rapporten undersöks försprödningen av duplexa rostfria stål vid åldring med hjälp av datormodellering med maskininlärning samt av experimentella hårdhets- och mikroskopiska mätningar. Modellen hade en noggrannhet (determinationsko- efficienten, R2) på 0.94. Resultatet från modellen visade tillsammans med de experimentella resultaten att nickel är ett legeringsämne som har stor betydelse för hårdhetsökningen. Detta arbete syftar till att utgöra en grundläggande studie för att förstå påverkan från olika legeringsämnen på fasseparationer i DSS, och bidrar med en ny metodik för materialdesign som kombinerar maskininlärning och utvaldaexperiment. / EIT RawMaterial Project ENDUREIT
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Credibility of a Person-Centered Design Decision-making Prototype: Spaces for Older Persons with Vision LossGowda, Vidya 29 June 2016 (has links)
Decline in both visual acuity and visual performance is a fact of life for older people and their increasing share of the population requires that buildings be designed with their visual needs in mind. As their field of vision decreases, people find it harder to identify an objects location, distance, and orientation. Elderly people with vision impairments usually find it harder to perform daily activities such as navigation through indoor spaces. Functional vision can be improved by modifying the design of spaces, for example, with better lighting. However, architects typically do not know how to take the needs of the visually impaired into account in their design process, or simply do not think of doing so. The researcher designed and feasibility-tested a prototype person-centered tool to help architects judge how appropriate a designed space will be for visually impaired people. The study was conducted as a qualitative mixed-methodology research analysis. The researcher used knowledge from literature interpretation to rationalize the development of a person-centered prototype. The researcher immersed design PhD students and vision science experts to inform the prototyping process. Along with an expert group of design and vision science professionals, the researcher beta-tested the prototype during a mock design-process scenario. The researcher also selected a small group of industry experts to participate in open-ended interviews on post-use demonstrations to qualitatively triangulate the findings on the prototypes usability. The study summarizes the feasibility including the challenges of using the prototype for professional purposes and suggests improvement. / Ph. D.
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Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reductionIbn-Mohammed, Taofeeq January 2014 (has links)
Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.
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Wechselwirkungen der intestinalen Mikroflora und des angeborenen Immunsystems bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen im GastrointestinaltraktFischer, André 03 September 2007 (has links)
Die chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulzerosa sind wiederkehrende, nicht heilbare, immunvermittelte Krankheiten unklarer Ursache. Genetische Prädisposition und Umweltfaktoren können die Barrierefunktion der Darmmukosa stören, so dass eine überschiessende Entzündungsreaktion folgt, die durch kommensale Bakterien der normalen Darmflora verstärkt wird. Die Infektion mit H. pylori im Magen kann zu Gastritis, Ulkuskrankheit und der Entstehung von MALT-Lymphomen und Magenkarzinomen führen. An der Erkennung von bakteriellen Bestandteilen im Gastrointestinaltrakt sind Toll-like-Rezeptoren (TLR), als Komponenten des angeborenen Immunsystems maßgeblich beteiligt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Veränderungen der Bakterienflora bei Ileitis, Colitis und bei Vorliegen einer H. pylori-Infektion im Mausmodell untersucht. Durch eine globale Florenanalyse mit klassischen mikrobiologischen und molekularbiologischen Techniken konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Konzentrationen an Gram-negativen Stäbchenbakterien während der Entzündung in Ileum und Colon anstiegen. Die bakteriellen Faktoren, die eine Ileitis induzierten, wurden durch den Einsatz von gnotobiotischen TLR-defizienten Mäusen mit definierter bakterieller Rekolonisierung ermittelt. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass eine Ileitis durch das LPS von akkumulierenden E. coli über die TLR4-vermittelte Signaltransduktion verstärkt wurde. Die Entzündungsreaktionen konnten durch Behandlung mit Antibiotika oder dem LPS-Antagonisten Polymyxin B gebessert werden. In Folge einer H. pylori-Infektion kam es im Mausmagen zu einer erhöhten Diversität der Bakterienflora durch die Besiedelung mit Bakterienarten, die normalerweise das Colon kolonisieren. Eine derartige Florenverschiebung konnte durch eine Vakzinierung gegen H. pylori verhindert werden. Die Tiermodelle zur T. gondii-induzierten Ileitis und DSS-Colitis erlauben eine reproduzierbare Analyse entzündungsrelevanter Komponenten und damit die Möglichkeit, therapeutische Ansatzpunkte, wie z.B. den Einsatz von Lipopolysaccharid-Inhibitoren, die Blockade von TLR4 oder dem LPS-Bindeprotein oder den Einsatz von Probiotika, unter definierten Bedingungen zu analysieren. / Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic, relapsing, immunologically mediated disorders with uncertain etiology. Genetic abnormalities and environmental factors may have negative influences on the physiologic barrier function of the intestinal mucosa with inflamamtion coming up after immune response which is aggravated by commensal intestinal bacteria. The infection of H. pylori can cause gastritis and ulcus disease and contribute to the occurence of MALT lymphoma and gastric cancer. Bacterial ligands in the intestine are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLR) which are one component of the innate immune system. This study observed variations of the bacterial flora in mice with ileitis, colitis or H. pylori-infection. Performing a global survey of the intestinal flora combining culture based techniques with molecular methods, it was observed, that the concentration of gram-negative rods is elevated during ileitis or colitis. The bacterial factors, which are capable of inducing ileitis, could be confirmed using gnotobiotic TLR-deficient mice with a defined bacterial recolonization. It was clearly shown that ileitis was aggravated by LPS of accumulating E. coli through a TLR4-mediated signal transduction. The inflammation was ameliorated through antibiotic treatment or after application of the LPS-scavenger polymyxin B. H. pylori infection of mice leads to an increase of bacterial diversity in the stomach and bacterial species which are normally colonize the colon were detected after infection. Vaccination against H. pylori could prevent this diversity shift. The animal models for the T. gondii-induced ileitis and DSS-colitis used in this study offering the reproducible analysis of inflammation relevant components so that new approaches of treatment like inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, blockage of TLR4 or LPS binding protein or application of probiotics could be studied under well defined conditions.
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Defective IL-23/IL-17 Axis Protects p47phox−/− Mice from Colon CancerRichter, Cornelia, Herrero San Juan, Martina, Weigmann, Benno, Bergis, Dominik, Dauber, Katrin, Muder, Michael H., Baretton, Gustavo B., Pfeilschifter, Josef Martin, Bonig, Halvard, Brenner, Sebastian, Radeke, Heinfried H. 19 July 2017 (has links) (PDF)
In the colon, a sophisticated balance between immune reaction and tolerance is absolutely required. Dysfunction may lead to pathologic phenotypes ranging from chronic inflammatory processes to cancer development. Two prominent modulators of colon inflammation are represented by the closely related cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, which initiate adaptive Th1 and Th17 immune responses, respectively. In this study, we investigated the impact of the NADPH oxidase protein p47phox, which negatively regulates IL-12 in dendritic cells, on colon cancer development in a colitis-associated colon cancer model. Initially, we found that IL-12−/− mice developed less severe colitis but are highly susceptible to colon cancer. By contrast, p47phox−/− mice showed lower tumor scores and fewer high grade tumors than wild-type (WT) littermates. Treatment with toll-like receptor 9 ligand CpG2216 significantly enhanced colitis in p47phox−/− mice, whereas tumor growth was simultaneously reduced. In tumor tissue of p47phox−/− mice, the IL-23/IL-17 axis was crucially hampered. IL-23p19 protein expression in tumor tissue correlated with tumor stage. Reconstitution of WT mice with IL-23p19−/− bone marrow protected these mice from colon cancer, whereas transplantation of WT hematopoiesis into IL-23p19−/− mice increased the susceptibility to tumor growth. Our study strengthens the divergent role of IL-12 and IL-23 in colon cancer development. With the characterization of p47phox as a novel modulator of both cytokines our investigation introduces a promising new target for antitumor strategies.
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Defective IL-23/IL-17 Axis Protects p47phox−/− Mice from Colon CancerRichter, Cornelia, Herrero San Juan, Martina, Weigmann, Benno, Bergis, Dominik, Dauber, Katrin, Muder, Michael H., Baretton, Gustavo B., Pfeilschifter, Josef Martin, Bonig, Halvard, Brenner, Sebastian, Radeke, Heinfried H. 19 July 2017 (has links)
In the colon, a sophisticated balance between immune reaction and tolerance is absolutely required. Dysfunction may lead to pathologic phenotypes ranging from chronic inflammatory processes to cancer development. Two prominent modulators of colon inflammation are represented by the closely related cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, which initiate adaptive Th1 and Th17 immune responses, respectively. In this study, we investigated the impact of the NADPH oxidase protein p47phox, which negatively regulates IL-12 in dendritic cells, on colon cancer development in a colitis-associated colon cancer model. Initially, we found that IL-12−/− mice developed less severe colitis but are highly susceptible to colon cancer. By contrast, p47phox−/− mice showed lower tumor scores and fewer high grade tumors than wild-type (WT) littermates. Treatment with toll-like receptor 9 ligand CpG2216 significantly enhanced colitis in p47phox−/− mice, whereas tumor growth was simultaneously reduced. In tumor tissue of p47phox−/− mice, the IL-23/IL-17 axis was crucially hampered. IL-23p19 protein expression in tumor tissue correlated with tumor stage. Reconstitution of WT mice with IL-23p19−/− bone marrow protected these mice from colon cancer, whereas transplantation of WT hematopoiesis into IL-23p19−/− mice increased the susceptibility to tumor growth. Our study strengthens the divergent role of IL-12 and IL-23 in colon cancer development. With the characterization of p47phox as a novel modulator of both cytokines our investigation introduces a promising new target for antitumor strategies.
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Les facteurs transcriptionnels CUX1 et HNF4[alpha] sont impliqués dans le renouvellement de l'épithélium intestinal, les maladies inflammatoires intestinales et le cancer colorectalDarsigny, M. Mathieu January 2010 (has links)
HNF4[alpha] est un facteur de transcription de la famille des récepteurs nucléaires hormonaux dont le rôle dans l'organogenèse et le maintien des fonctions hépatiques est de mieux en mieux décrit. Cependant, son rôle dans le développement et le maintien des fonctions gastrointestinales est peu connu. Il en va de même pour le facteur de transcription CUX1 au sein de de la muqueuse intestinale. Nous avons ainsi décidé d'utiliser l'invalidation conditionnelle d' HNF4[alpha] (HNF4[alpha] [exposant]fx/fx) dans l'épithélium intestinal grâce à l'expression de la Cre-recombinase sous le contrôle du promoteur de 12.4 kb de la Villine (12.4kb-Villin .Cre). Les épithélia de l'intestin grêle et du côlon ont été étudiés au niveau de leur morphologie, de leur prolifération, de leur différenciation et de leur fonction à différents temps du développement de la souris. Nous avons dans un premier temps constaté que la morphogenèse de ces tissus se déroule normalement. Nous avons cependant observé que l'épithélium de l'intestin grêle présentait une légère augmentation de la prolifération et une modification des populations différenciées au profit des cellules entéroendocrines et caliciformes. Nous avons également identifié une réduction de la conductance de l'épithélium colique du à une dérégulation des canaux, transporteurs et pores impliqués dans la régulation du transport ionique. Des cibles directes d'HNF4[alpha], tel que la claudine-15, ont vu leur expression diminuer chez les animaux mutants ainsi que dans les maladies inflammatoires intestinales durant lesquelles HNF4[alpha] est réduit en expression. Cette modification dans le rôle crucial de la réabsorption des fluides auquel l'épithélium colique participe a eu pour effet d'entrainer une colite spontanée ressemblant à la colite ulcéreuse chez l'humain. En effet, une augmentation de l'inflammation, une augmentation du recrutement de leucocytes, une augmentation de la prolifération et une apparition de dysplasie épithéliale ont été observées. Les épithélia du grêle et du côlon ont également présenté une augmentation du stress oxydatif et de l'apoptose qui s'est avérée être protectrice contre la perte d'hétérozygocité de l'allèle Apc dans le modèle murin de tumorigenèse Apc Min/+ . En effet, les animaux pour lesquels l'invalidation de l'expression d'HNF4[alpha] a été effectuée par la Villine-Cre (Apc[exposant Min/+] HNF4[alpha] [exposant [delta]1EC] ), ont montré une réduction de 70% du nombre de polypes dans l'intestin grêle et une réduction de 90% du nombre de polypes dans le côlon. L'analyse des gènes impliqués dans la réduction des espèces réactives de l'oxygène a permis d'identifier la GSTK1 comme une nouvelle cible directe d'HNF4[alpha] tant dans l'épithélium de l'intestin grêle que dans le cancer colorectal. En effet, l'expression d'HNF4[alpha] chez les patients atteints du cancer colorectal s'est avérée augmentée chez 31 patients sur les 40 analysés. Ces augmentations oscillent entre 50 et 100% chez 22% des patients et de 100% et plus chez 40% des patients analysés ( n = 40). Les animaux Cux1[delta]HD ont quant à eux été étudiés au niveau de leur susceptibilité à un stress inflammatoire. Nous avons démontré que l'expression de CUX1 est nécessaire à la protection de l'inflammation aigüe et chronique et que les patients atteints des maladies inflammatoires intestinales répondent en augmentant l'expression de ce facteur. Nous croyons que l'expression de CUX1 permet de tempérer la réponse inflammatoire et permet aussi la migration et la prolifération de l'épithélium colique en réponse aux blessures causées par l'inflammation soutenue. Collectivement, ces études démontrent l'importance du réseau de régulation transcriptionnelle dans les voies gastrointestinales pour le maintien de l'homéostasie proliférative, fonctionnelle et inflammatoire de l'épithélium. La modulation de ces facteurs durant les pathologies suggère la possibilité d'intervenir thérapeutiquement sur ces facteurs afin de contrôler leurs cibles et ainsi contrer l'apparition, la progression ou la chronicité de ces maladies.
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Hierarchical multi-project planning and supply chain management : an integrated frameworkPakgohar, Alireza January 2014 (has links)
This work focuses on the need for new knowledge to allow hierarchical multi-project management to be conducted in the construction industry, which is characterised by high uncertainty, fragmentation, complex decisions, dynamic changes and long-distance communication. A dynamic integrated project management approach is required at strategic, tactical and operational levels in order to achieve adaptability. The work sees the multi-project planning and control problem in the context of supply chain management at main contractor companies. A portfolio manager must select and prioritise the projects, bid and negotiate with a wide range of clients, while project managers are dealing with subcontractors, suppliers, etc whose relationships and collaborations are critical to the optimisation of schedules in which time, cost and safety (etc) criteria must be achieved. Literature review and case studies were used to investigate existing approaches to hierarchical multi-project management, to identify the relationships and interactions between the parties concerned, and to investigate the possibilities for integration. A system framework was developed using a multi-agent-system architecture and utilising procedures adapted from literature to deal with short, medium and long-term planning. The framework is based on in-depth case study and integrates time-cost trade-off for project optimisation with multi-attribute utility theory to facilitate project scheduling, subcontractor selection and bid negotiation at the single project level. In addition, at the enterprise level, key performance indicator rule models are devised to align enterprise supply chain configuration (strategic decision) with bid selection and bid preparation/negotiation (tactical decision) and project supply chain selection (operational decision). Across the hierarchical framework the required quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated for project scheduling, risk assessment and subcontractor evaluation. Thus, experience sharing and knowledge management facilitate project planning across the scattered construction sites. The mathematical aspects were verified using real data from in-depth case study and a test case. The correctness, usefulness and applicability of the framework for users was assessed by creating a prototype Multi Agent System-Decision Support System (MAS-DSS) which was evaluated empirically with four case studies in national, international, large and small companies. The positive feedback from these cases indicates strong acceptance of the framework by experienced practitioners. It provides an original contribution to the literature on planning and supply chain management by integrating a practical solution for the dynamic and uncertain complex multi-project environment of the construction industry.
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Consequences of heated food consumption on protein digestibility and intestinal mucosa integrity due to an experimental colitis : follow up of relevant Maillard reaction products markers in food, of the intestinal inflammatory response and of microbiota in mice / Consequences of heated food consumption on protein digestibility and intestinal mucosa integrity due to an experimental colitisAlamir Ahmad, Isam 03 December 2013 (has links)
Il est maintenant établi que les facteurs alimentaires participent à la survenue des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin (MICI). Le traitement thermique des aliments génère des substances néoformées telles que les produits de Maillard (MRPs) dont les effets sur la santé sont controversés. D’autres contaminants retrouvés dans les aliments sont issus des emballages. L’ensemble de ces molécules ont été associées à des réactions inflammatoires mais peu de données existent sur leurs conséquences sur la sphère digestive. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’effet du traitement thermique des aliments sur la modulation d’une colite chez la souris. Dans un premier temps, nous avons dosé quelques marqueurs des MRPs dans deux régimes : peu et fortement chauffés. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l’impact de ces matrices sur la réponse inflammatoire chez des souris soumises à deux modèles de colites (DSS, TNBS). Enfin, nous avons observé les conséquences de l’effet cumulé de l’ingestion de MRPs et d’un contaminant d’emballage (le phtalate DEHP) chez les animaux atteints d’une colite. Le niveau de traitement thermique de la matrice était proportionnel aux teneurs en produits avancés et terminaux de la réaction de Maillard. Un fort traitement thermique a permis de prévenir la réponse inflammatoire chez les animaux soumis aux colites mais nous n’avons observé aucune modification de la réponse inflammatoire colique suite à l’ingestion couplée de MRPs et de DEHP. A terme, ces résultats descriptifs pourraient, sous réserve d’en identifier les mécanismes, servir à l’élaboration de recommandations nutritionnelles pour les patients souffrant de MICI. / It is acknowledged that alimentary factors participate in the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). On the other hand, food heat treatment generates neoformed compounds such as Maillard Reaction Products (MRPs) with controversial effects on human health but also results in contamination coming from packaging. All of these compounds are incriminated in inflammatory reactions but there are few data related to their consequences on gut. This work was aimed at determining the effect of food heat treatment on the modulation of an experimental colitis in mice. At first, we assessed some markers of MRPs in two moderately and highly heated diets. We then evaluated the consequences of these diets on the inflammatory response of animals submitted to two models of experimental colitis (DSS, TNBS). At last, we observed the consequences of cumulative effects of oral repeated exposure to MRPs and to a packaging contaminant the phthalate DEHP in DSS colitic mice. We revealed that the thermic level treatment was proportional to level of advanced and terminal MRPs and that the highest heat treatment resulted in the prevention of both the colitis models. By contrast, we observed no change in the inflammatory response following the coupled exposure to DEHP and the highly treated diet. While being descriptive, those results are promising and, after understanding the mechanisms involved, could be of interest in the conception of nutritional recommendations for IBD patients.
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