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The theory of formal operations as a final stage of adult development has come under criticism for various reasons, primarily the overemphasis on logical thought processes which are based on invariant and absolute rules within a closed system. Everyday problems, in contrast, are typically "open-ended" and are defined by the context in which they are embedded. The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive behaviors that occurred between two individuals as they cooperatively worked together to solve logical problems. Of interest were the effects of marital adjustment on cognitive performance, the relation between social behaviors, marital adjustment, and cognition, and the influence of familiar versus a stranger dyadic problem-solving setting on cognitive behaviors. It was hypothesized that well adjusted married and stranger dyads would not only demonstrate mastery of problem-solving tasks at the formal operational level, but would also demonstrate more relativistic and/or dialectical problem solving, and more facilitative social behaviors, than poorly adjusted married and stranger dyads. Forty couples between the ages of 35 and 50, who had been married between five and thirty years, were prescreened for verbal intelligence and marital adjustment. They were then randomly assigned to participate in one of four dyadic settings, that is, maritally well versus poorly adjusted couples solving problems in either married or unmarried/stranger dyads. Dyads were administered five formal operational problems. Two of the five were formal logical, or mathematical in nature, while three problems contained both mathematical and interpersonal, or social elements. Each dyad was videotaped during the problem-solving process, beginning with the instructions. Participant averaged about 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete five problems. Analyses of variance were performed on marital adjustment and dyadic setting as related to formal and relativistic cognitions. There were no marital adjustment or dyadic setting differences in overall ability to use formal operations. However, maritally well adjusted stranger and married dyads evidenced significantly more relativistic cognitions, particularly on problems involving a social/everyday element, than poorly adjusted married and stranger dyads. These differences also held constant across each of three increasingly complex levels of relativistic behaviors. Multivariate analyses were performed on four separate social behavior scales as related to formal and relativistic cognitions, as well as marital adjustment and dyadic setting groups. Again, formal operations did not distinguish between the differing social behaviors; however, the social behavior scales, particularly avoidant versus cooperative behaviors, were strongly related to marital adjustment and relativistic thinking.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study explored the perspectives of Black mothers and daughters as they contemplated how two institutions ---schools and prisons/jails -- influenced their relationship with one another. As the incarceration rates for Black females increase in the U.S., examinations of these perspectives can produce insights about the impacts of schools and jails/prisons on the lives of these girls and women, and more pointedly, about the perceived contributions of racist and misogynistic forces on the Black mother-Black daughter relationship. Three pairs of mother-daughter dyads were selected and interviewed for the study. The daughters were Black middle school-aged girls between the ages 10 and 14, and the mothers were of varying ages. Two specific research questions centered on: (1) the participants’ perceptions of how these institutions have had an influence mother and daughter relationships, and (2) how they dealt with problems they faced either separately or together that were associated with school (for both participants in the dyad) and/or that resulted from the jail/prison experience (for the mother). Interviews were analyzed using phenomenological research methods and metaanalyzed from a critical feminist framework. Findings show that both mother and daughter have been resourceful in maintaining strong ties despite the array of forces that challenged these unions. Participants from both sides of these mothers and daughters dyads expressed how mothers’ parenting styles, lifestyle decisions, and self-perceptions were effected by the institutions of schooling and criminal justice. Although the findings of the study offered a glimpse of participants’ perspectives on racism and sexism as forces that influenced their experiences, the relationship issues between them were most prevalent. Further research is recommended to uncover more of the intricacies of sexism and racism as they relate to relationships and personal issues of Black, formerly incarcerated mothers and their pre-teen and teenaged daughters.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of song-based music therapy interventions on psychosocial factors for people who have had Acquired Brain Injuries (ABI) or Spinal Cord injuries (SCI) and their caregivers during acute rehabilitation. The psychosocial factors in this study involve mood states, caregiving experiences, and dyadic relationships. The study also examined the correlation between care recipients and caregivers on mood states and the dyadic relationship. A quasi-experimental, two-group pretest-posttest design without a control group was used to investigate the psychosocial factors. A total of 10 dyads were recruited for the study. Group A in this study were care recipients; Group B were caregivers of Group A. The dyad attended four individual music therapy sessions of approximately 45-minute duration over a period of 14 days. During the song-based music therapy protocol, the participants were empowered to choose between singing along or listening to their preferred music. Caregiver participants had the option to participate in either in-person or virtual sessions. Three measures were used to investigate psychosocial factors: Visual Analogue Mood States (VAMS), Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC), and Dyadic Relationship Scale (DRS). VAMS was used pre and post each intervention while PAC and DRS were only used before the first session and the last session. All statistical analyses were conducted in R, a statistical program. The Wilcoxon test and Kendall’s rank correlations were used to examine the pre- and post-intervention changes and the correlation between Group A and Group B on mood states and the dyadic relationship. The findings of the study indicated that there were significant changes in mood states for both Group A and Group B. There were four strong correlations in the dyadic relationship between caregivers and care recipients, including feeling closer to each other, feeling angry toward the other, having more patience than they have had in the past, and feeling relationships with each other were strained. Implications for music therapy practice and recommendations for the field and future research are also presented. / Music Therapy

Dyad reading, a modified version of the Neurological Impress Method, does not seem to be widely used, although it appears to have the potential to support students at multiple levels of reading proficiency. Dyad reading was implemented in this study with two second-grade English Learners (ELs) paired with English-proficient partners using both fiction and nonfiction texts. This qualitative study employed an action research method, using the following data sources: video observations, student interviews, weekly dyad observations, anecdotal notes, and weekly written reflections.This study reveals that implementing dyad reading is complex. Participants needed modeling and practice with dyad reading procedures, but they learned them over time. The nature of the relationship between partners dramatically affected their dyad reading experience. Each partner had unique strengths and weaknesses that either helped or hindered the collaborative process. The participants, who had limited exposure to nonfiction texts prior to the study, indicated a clear understanding of and appreciation for both fiction and nonfiction. Of these two major genres, nonfiction provided more opportunities for partners to interact and have discussions during dyad reading. ELs appeared to grow in confidence as readers and experienced a sense of satisfaction and success. Adaptations made during the study that improved dyad reading for participants included having daily class discussions, using book logs to increase student accountability, refreshing the classroom library often, and encouraging more discussion between partners about texts.Dyad reading can be used successfully with second-grade ELs who are assisted readers. Participants recognized the value of having competent lead readers who could help them with their reading and with whom they could share the reading experience. Action research methodology provided opportunities to make changes as needed throughout the study. Some adaptations for future practice emerged. Foremost among these recommended adaptations is the inclusion of two additional dyad reading procedures: preview and plan, and stop and share.

This dissertation aims to understand the effect of incompatible side chains on the complexes of pi-conjugated electron-rich donors and electron-deficient acceptors in solution. The role of incompatible side chains were studied in simple mixtures of organic donor and acceptor molecules that form donor-acceptor complexes. The incompatible branched and linear alkane side chains on the acceptor and donor respectively prevented complex formation between naphthalene diimide acceptor and naphthalene ether donor. However, the incompatible hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon and polar-non polar side chain pairs did not affect complex formation between the donor and acceptor. In quaterthiophene-naphthalene diimide dyads, the incompatibility of the side chain on the acceptor with respect to the side chain on the donor do not have any influence on the donor-acceptor complex formation. Irrespective of the attached side chains, all the dyads show charge transfer absorption bands and have similar electron transfer rates. The effect of point of attachment of the acceptor to the donor in the quaterthiophene-flavin dyad is also studied.

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