O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de dimensionamento, construção e gerência de pavimentos requer o conhecimento dos efeitos dinâmicos da interação veículo-via, que dependem da irregularidade longitudinal do pavimento e de fatores associados ao veículo, como o espaçamento entre eixos, a velocidade de operação, caraterísticas de suspensão, a pressão de enchimento dos pneus e o tipo de rodagem dos eixos traseiros (rodagem dupla ou simples). Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal a quantificação das solicitações dinâmicas de veículos rodoviários de carga sobre os pavimentos, mediante utilização do programa computacional TruckSim e visa a quantificação dos efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo, tipo de veículo, velocidade dos veículos e irregularidade longitudinal sobre o desempenho dos pavimentos. Os resultados mostram que os efeitos dinâmicos, particularmente quando os pavimentos estão em condição ruim (IRI superior a 4), têm potencial de intensificar as forças atuantes na via em até 280%, considerando-se um excesso de carga de 7,5%, que é a tolerância estabelecida pela legislação brasileira, e que, de uma maneira global, podem reduzir a vida em serviço de um pavimento em até 87%. / The development of new techniques for design, construction and management of pavements requires the knowledge of the dynamic effects associated to vehicle-track interactions, which depends on the pavement roughness and vehicle characteristics, such as the spacing between axles, the operational speed, characteristics of suspension, the tire inflation pressure and wheel type of rear axle (dual or single). The main goal of this research is quantifying the dynamic stresses of road freight vehicles on the pavements, by using the computer program TruckSim, and aims to quantify the effects of the factors: axle load, vehicle type, vehicle speed and longitudinal roughness on the pavement performance. The results show that the dynamic effects, particularly when the pavements are in poor condition (IRI greater than 4), have the potential to intensify the forces acting on the road up to 280%, considering an overload of 7.5%, which is the tolerance established by Brazilian law, and that in global effects it can reduce the service-life of a pavement up to 87%.

Au cours de leur durée de vie, les bâtiments importants sont susceptibles d’être soumis à des charges accidentelles, telles que des explosions ou des impacts. Evaluer leur stabilité vis-à-vis de charges traditionnelles statiques et sismiques ne suffit pas. Leurs performances structurelles liées à des scénarios d’effondrement progressif doivent également être examinées.L’étude de l’effondrement progressif est un problème dynamique. Malheureusement, les expériences sur le comportement des structures de génie civil dans des conditions dynamiques sont rares car difficiles à réaliser. Dans cette étude, des sous-assemblages poteaux-poutres en béton armé ont été testés sous chargement dynamique. Le chargement a consisté à placer une masse importante jouant le rôle de « charge morte » sur la colonne centrale d’un sous-assemblage simulant la liaison de 3 poteaux avec 2 poutres. Une pièce fusible jouant le rôle de support sous la colonne centrale est brutalement déverrouillée pour simuler la perte de portance soudaine de cette colonne. Le comportement dynamique et les dommages locaux causés à la structure ont été mesurés et étudiés. Le bâti de chargement et les dispositifs de support ont été conçus spécialement pour cet essai. La charge morte supérieure peut être modifiée et appliquées à différents spécimens. Les supports des colonnes latérales ont une rigidité horizontale contrôlée et sont conçus pour limiter la rotation de ces mêmes colonnes. Ainsi, les conditions aux limites des essais réalisés sont supposées être représentatives de situations réalistes. Au cours des essais, un laser a été installé sous la colonne centrale pour mesurer la vitesse de chute. Une caméra numérique rapide a été utilisée pour visualiser l'ensemble du processus de ruine du sous-assemblage. Les images obtenues de la caméra ont été traitées par une technique de DIC (Digital Image Correlation) afin d’obtenir le champs de déplacement et les déformations correspondantes. Grâce à ces mesures dynamiques, des données importantes ont été produites et enregistrées, notamment la période de vibration, la fréquence, la vitesse et le déplacement des différents échantillons testés. Sur la base de ces données expérimentales, l’effet de la section et de la portée des poutres sur la réponse dynamique et sur le mode d’endommagement des sous-assemblages a été discuté. Cette étude montre que les résultats expérimentaux obtenus, en termes de mécanismes structurels, de schéma de fissuration, de mode d'endommagement, peuvent être utilisés pour analyser le comportement de sous-assemblages de structures réelles.De plus, une modélisation numérique des essais a été réalisée pour simuler le processus de ruine de la structure. Une technique appelée «connecteur» a été proposée dans le modèle aux éléments finis du sous-assemblage poteaux-poutres. Cette technique consiste à ajouter une série de ressorts pour étudier le rôle de l’interaction entre les armatures en acier et le béton. Un modèle d'endommagement anisotrope, appelé modèle DFH-KST, a été utilisé pour caractériser l'évolution de la fissuration et l’endommagement du béton.La polyvalence de la méthodologie adoptée permet d’évaluer l’influence du comportement non-linéaire du matériau et celle de la géométrie de la structure testée. Les études numériques de calibration et de validation montrent que le modèle proposé peut reproduire le comportement et la résistance de la structure avec succès. / Important buildings may be subjected to accidental loads, such as explosions or impacts, during their service life. It is, therefore, necessary not only to evaluate their safety under traditional loads and seismic action. The structural performances related to progressive collapse scenarios need to be investigated.The study of progressive collapse involves a dynamic problem, but unfortunately dynamic experiments on the behavior of the civil engineering structures under dynamic conditions are rare. In this research, beam-column sub-assemblage specimens were tested under dynamic load. The loading program consists in placing a large mass, as a dead load, on the top of the middle column of a beam-column sub-assemblage. The support under the middle column is suddenly removed for simulating the sudden loss of a column and the damage that will result in the structure. The loading system and supporting devices were designed specially for this test. The upper dead load can be changed by increasing or decreasing the applied masse to different specimens. The supports for the side column have a controlled rigidity in the horizontal direction and are designed to restrain rotation of the side-column. Thus, the boundary conditions are supposed to be similar to real situations. During the test, a laser was installed under the middle pillar to collect the falling velocity and a high-speed camera was used to visualize the whole process of the component failure process. The images obtained from the camera were processed by Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology to get the corresponding displacements and strain fields. By these means, all the information of the structure under dynamic loading was captured and recorded, such as the period of vibration, frequency, velocity and displacement. Based on these experimental data, the effect of section and span of the specimen on dynamic response and damage mode was discussed. Time history of resistance force curves was produced. Compared with previous published quasi-static experiments in terms of structural mechanisms, crack patterns, damage mode, it shows the experimental results from beam-column assemblage with the designed support device can be used to analyze the behavior of the local structure in the entire frame.In addition, numerical simulations were developed for simulating the failing process of the structure. A technique named “connector” was proposed into beam-column finite element model by adding a series of springs to investigate the interaction between steel rebars and concrete. A concrete damage model, named DFH-KST model, was used to characterize the development of concrete crack and damage. The versatility of the adopted methodology allows assessing the influence of the material nonlinear behavior and the geometry of the tested structure. Calibration and validation studies show that the proposed model can successfully represent the resistance of structure and behavior. Furthermore, the transverse component effect on the resistance to progressive collapse was discussed.

Pavement smoothness has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Transportation agencies strive to build and maintain smoother pavements. Smooth roads provide comfort while riding, minimize vehicular wear and tear and increase pavement life. A user perceives smoothness of a pavement based on the ride quality, which is severely affected by presence of defects on pavement surface. Defects identified after construction are corrected as per smoothness specifications prescribed by respective transportation agencies. The effectiveness of any method used to determine defect locations depends on the decrease in roughness obtained on correction of defects. Following the above line of thought a method that detects defects by comparing original profile to a smoothened profile will be more effective in identifying defect locations that cause roughness in pavements. This research report proposes a methodology to detect defect locations on pavement surface using profile data collected on pavements. The approach presents a method of obtaining a smoothened profile from the original profile to help identify defect locations based on deviations of the original profile from the smoothened one. Defect areas will have a higher deviation from the smoothened profile as compared to smooth areas. The verification of the defects identified by this approach is carried out by determining the decrease in roughness after removal of the identified defects from profile. A roughness statistic is used to do the same. The approach is illustrated using profile data collected on in-service pavement sections.

Pavement smoothness has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Transportation agencies strive to build and maintain smoother pavements. Smooth roads provide comfort while riding, minimize vehicular wear and tear and increase pavement life. A user perceives smoothness of a pavement based on the ride quality, which is severely affected by presence of defects on pavement surface. Defects identified after construction are corrected as per smoothness specifications prescribed by respective transportation agencies. The effectiveness of any method used to determine defect locations depends on the decrease in roughness obtained on correction of defects. Following the above line of thought a method that detects defects by comparing original profile to a smoothened profile will be more effective in identifying defect locations that cause roughness in pavements. This research report proposes a methodology to detect defect locations on pavement surface using profile data collected on pavements. The approach presents a method of obtaining a smoothened profile from the original profile to help identify defect locations based on deviations of the original profile from the smoothened one. Defect areas will have a higher deviation from the smoothened profile as compared to smooth areas. The verification of the defects identified by this approach is carried out by determining the decrease in roughness after removal of the identified defects from profile. A roughness statistic is used to do the same. The approach is illustrated using profile data collected on in-service pavement sections.

abstract: The main objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of cementitious based composites subjected dynamic tensile loading, with effects of strain rate, temperature, addition of short fibres etc. Fabric pullout model and tension stiffening model based on finite difference model, previously developed at Arizona State University were used to help study the bonding mechanism between fibre and matrix, and the phenomenon of tension stiffening due to the addition of fibres and textiles. Uniaxial tension tests were conducted on strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC), textile reinforced concrete (TRC) with and without addition of short fibres, at the strain rates ranging from 25 s-1 to 100 s-1. Historical data on quasi-static tests of same materials were used to demonstrate the effects including increases in average tensile strength, strain capacity, work-to-fracture due to high strain rate. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glass, polypropylene were employed as reinforcements of concrete. A state-of-the-art phantom v7 high speed camera was setup to record the video at frame rate of 10,000 fps. Random speckle pattern of texture style was made on the surface of specimens for image analysis. An optical non-contacting deformation measurement technique referred to as digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to conduct the image analysis by means of tracking the displacement field through comparison between the reference image and deformed images. DIC successfully obtained full-filed strain distribution, strain versus time responses, demonstrated the bonding mechanism from perspective of strain field, and corrected the stress-strain responses. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil Engineering 2013

O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de dimensionamento, construção e gerência de pavimentos requer o conhecimento dos efeitos dinâmicos da interação veículo-via, que dependem da irregularidade longitudinal do pavimento e de fatores associados ao veículo, como o espaçamento entre eixos, a velocidade de operação, caraterísticas de suspensão, a pressão de enchimento dos pneus e o tipo de rodagem dos eixos traseiros (rodagem dupla ou simples). Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal a quantificação das solicitações dinâmicas de veículos rodoviários de carga sobre os pavimentos, mediante utilização do programa computacional TruckSim e visa a quantificação dos efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo, tipo de veículo, velocidade dos veículos e irregularidade longitudinal sobre o desempenho dos pavimentos. Os resultados mostram que os efeitos dinâmicos, particularmente quando os pavimentos estão em condição ruim (IRI superior a 4), têm potencial de intensificar as forças atuantes na via em até 280%, considerando-se um excesso de carga de 7,5%, que é a tolerância estabelecida pela legislação brasileira, e que, de uma maneira global, podem reduzir a vida em serviço de um pavimento em até 87%. / The development of new techniques for design, construction and management of pavements requires the knowledge of the dynamic effects associated to vehicle-track interactions, which depends on the pavement roughness and vehicle characteristics, such as the spacing between axles, the operational speed, characteristics of suspension, the tire inflation pressure and wheel type of rear axle (dual or single). The main goal of this research is quantifying the dynamic stresses of road freight vehicles on the pavements, by using the computer program TruckSim, and aims to quantify the effects of the factors: axle load, vehicle type, vehicle speed and longitudinal roughness on the pavement performance. The results show that the dynamic effects, particularly when the pavements are in poor condition (IRI greater than 4), have the potential to intensify the forces acting on the road up to 280%, considering an overload of 7.5%, which is the tolerance established by Brazilian law, and that in global effects it can reduce the service-life of a pavement up to 87%.

Les charges dynamiques transmises par le rotor au fuselage, par les vibrations qu’elles génèrent,dégradent la durée de vie des composants et le confort des passagers. Une méthode prometteusemais encore non exploitée par les hélicoptéristes consiste à introduire des couplagesflexion-torsion au sein des pales de façon à modifier les efforts aérodynamiques instationnairesqui les sollicitent.Cette thèse étudie l’apport des couplages aéroélastiques sur les charges dynamiques. Pour cela, unmodèle aéroélastique de rotor isolé est développé. Le modèle élastique est basé sur l’association dela formulation par repère flottant à la méthode des modes prescrits. La base de déformation considéréeest issue de modèles éléments-finis hautes précisions. Le comportement aérodynamique durotor est décrit à partir d’un modèle de vitesse induite multi-harmonique ainsi qu’un modèle deportance basé sur la théorie de l’élément de pale.Le modèle aéroélastique est validé par comparaison avec un logiciel de calcul aéromécanique(HOST) ainsi que par comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux issus d’essais en vol. Dansun second temps, une étude de l’influence des paramètres de définition du rotor sur les chargesdynamiques est réalisée.Pour finir, des couplages flexion-torsion sont introduits sur la pale à partir de l’anisotropie despales composites ou encore de masses non structurelles déportées par rapport au centre de torsiondes sections. Une étude analytique de ces couplages est réalisée, puis le modèle aéroélastiquecomplet est utilisé pour évaluer leur apport sur les charges dynamiques transmises par le rotor.Des réductions significatives sont observées, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de cette technique etouvrant la voie à des études expérimentales. / Vibrations generated by dynamic loads transmitted from rotor to fuselage degrade components’life and passenger comfort. A promising method not yet exploited in helicopters is introducingflexural-torsional couplings on the blade to correct unsteady aerodynamic forces.To assess this method, an isolated rotor aeroelastic model is elaborated. The elastic model combinesthe floating frame approach with the prescribed mode method. The modal basis stems fromhigh precision finite element models. The rotor’s aerodynamic behaviour is described using amulti-harmonic induced velocity model and the blade element method. The aeroelastic modelis validated first through comparison with software aeromechanics calculation (HOST) and experimentalresults from flight tests and second through a study of the influence of aerodynamicparameters on rotor dynamic loads.Finally, bending-torsion couplings are made on the blade by introducing anisotropy of the compositeblades or non-structural mass offset relative to the sections centre of torsion. An analyticalstudy of these couplings is performed, followed by a full aeroelastic modelling to evaluate theircontribution to dynamic loads transmitted by the rotor. Significant reductions are observed, demonstratingthe potential of this technique and paving the way for experimental studies.

Full-scale dynamic lateral load tests were performed on a pile cap with a dense silty sand backfill condition. Two hydraulic load actuators connected a test pile cap with a reaction cap. The load actuators incrementally loaded the test cap up to 50 mm of displacement. After each load increment, the displacement was held constant while an eccentric mass shaker induced dynamic loads under a ramping sequence from 1 Hz to 10 Hz. A baseline response was developed under a no backfill condition. Passive soil pressure was measured using pressure cells and tactile sensors. It was concluded that the presence of the backfill significantly increased the lateral load resistance of the pile-cap system, with the resistance nearly doubling at a 50 mm deflection level. After initial loading, the pile cap system experienced a loss in load resistance. In the case with backfill present, this relaxation generally represented a 10 to 15% loss in resistance. Additionally, after undergoing dynamic, cyclic loading, the resistance was approximately 40 to 80% of its initial value. Dynamic displacement amplitudes were on the order of 0 to 2 mm. Passive pressure from the backfill was observed to be non-linear with a concentration of pressure near the bottom of the pile cap. Rankine, Coulomb, and log-spiral earth pressure theories underestimated the passive earth pressure from the backfill by at least 30%. The natural frequency of the pile cap increased with increasing with static displacement level while placement of the backfill further increased the frequency of the pile cap. On average, the presence of the backfill increased the reloading stiffness of the pile cap by a factor of three to four, whereas the damping ratio increased by a factor of two. The dense silty sand backfill acting by itself on the face of the 1.12 m tall and 5.18 m wide pile cap face exhibited a reloading stiffness on the order of 120 to 250 kN/mm and a damping ratio of 30 to 70%. These damping ratios are significantly higher than that typical expected for structural materials but appear to be consistent with values for soils.

Fatigue analysis is essential for the optimization of products subjected to dynamic loads. However, a number of fatigue analysis theories have been developed, how to apply an established method in real-world product designs is not a trivial task. Most of small or medium sized enterprises (SMEs) still rely heavily on the experiments to evaluate the fatigue lives of products. Among existing fatigue design methods (i.e., experiments, analytical methods, and simulations), the simulation-based methods have the advantages of low cost, low risk environment and enable a designer to determine the accuracy and performance of a product design without building physical prototypes. Regarding the methodologies for fatigue analysis, some identified challenges are (1) the characterization of dynamic loads, (2) the formulation of finite element models which can be aligned with applications or testing scenarios, and (3) the verification and validation of simulations. To make a simulation-based fatigue analysis more practical for real-world product designs, the solutions to the aforementioned problems must be found. This thesis aims to establish a systematic methodology to perform the fatigue analysis for product design with any material, carbon steel material is used for the present case study to illustrate and verify the proposed methodology for fatigue analysis. Major tasks involved in this thesis study are: 1).The method for the characterization of dynamic loads. It is a numerical method to simulate the kinematic and dynamic behaviors subjected to the given motion, and it is expected to extract interacting dynamic forces of components to be analyzed. 2).The systematic method and procedure to formulate the problem of fatigue analysis as a finite element analysis model and find the solution of fatigue life of product.3).The procedure and approaches are developed to verify and validate fatigue analysis models and procedure used for the present case study.4).The parametric studies with a set of design variables to show the feasibility and flexibility of using simulation methods to evaluate the influence of multiple design variables on wheel products.<br>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06170.pdf: 3620725 bytes, checksum: 20c306e1c39ebb9a11fa8090fb30a119 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP