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Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Chalmers tekniska högskola, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Milk is something many Americans consume every day, whether over cereal, in coffee or in a cup; as yogurt, cream, cheese or butter. The vast majority of that milk is pasteurized, or heated to the point where much of the bacteria in the milk dies. Pasteurization both slows spoilage of the milk and eliminates potentially harmful bacteria. The fact that we call heat-treated dairy simply "milk" is a testament to pasteurization's widespread proliferation over the past century. Prior to the 1900s, "milk" was raw and unheated, and pasteurized milk was a radically new technology. My research delved into understandings of dairy in both the present and the past, looking in the first chapter at Vermont farmer resistance at the advent of pasteurization, and in the second at consumer resistance to pasteurization in the present time. A century ago, the dairy industry was in flux, facing pressure to change due to population shifts and rising demands. In lieu of food that could be traced to a neighbor or to a farm on the other side of town, urbanization meant that food could travel hundreds of miles before it reached its destination -- Vermont farmers could now send their fluid milk to the Boston and New York markets. Once milk got to the city, however, it was often riddled with bacteria and untraceable to its source. Cities and states struggled to regulate the safety of milk coming into their area. In 1908 the Vermont legislature passed a pasteurization law in an attempt to curb the spread of bovine tuberculosis, but farmers and creameries simply refused to follow it and the state legislature was forced to repeal the law two years later. Despite pushback to pasteurization, however, pressure from the cities forced its adoption, pushing the expense onto the middleman processors and distributors. This, in turn, helped to drive consolidation and bring about the dairy industry as we know it today -- an industry that many interviewees in my present-day research felt was deeply flawed. My second chapter focuses on raw milk consumers in Vermont. Those on each side of the raw milk discussion make broad -- and sometimes dire -- knowledge claims regarding the values and risks associated with consumption of the substance. Advocacy groups, agricultural associations, and various governmental authorities all voice divergent opinions regarding the safety and health benefits of raw milk consumption. As such, consumers navigate these contests of voices when deciding whether or not to drink raw milk. Yet raw milk consumers are not simply passive recipients of governmental, advocacy and media messaging, but rather consumers making rational decisions based on research, experience and values. In examining how raw milk consumers understand their actions and decisions, I bring this perspective to bear on the larger discussion of the risks and benefits of raw milk consumption. My investigation of the historical and present context of raw milk shed light not just on the subculture of those who choose to drink raw milk, or on the small group of farmers who fought back against pasteurization in 1909. It revealed common refrains over the course of more than a century, repeating patterns and, I hope, a lens through which to view the nuance and shifting possibilities in other issues in the food system, both past and current.

Esse trabalho apresenta a análise energética e termo econômico comparativo para sistemas de cogeração, utilizando o gás natural, projetados para uma indústria de laticínios na Colômbia. Esses sistemas devem produzir as seguintes utilidades para os processos da planta: vapor, água gelada, ar comprimido, eletricidade, água de torre de resfriamento e água potável. Estas comparações desenvolvem-se para dois cenários: no primeiro os sistemas geram as utilidades somete para a planta e no segundo os sistemas exportam também os excedentes de eletricidade. Os sistemas de cogeração são: um ciclo de vapor com turbina a vapor de condensação e extração de vapor, um sistema baseado em uma turbina num motor a gás. Na análise termo econômica, utilizam-se os métodos de alocação de custos da igualdade e da extração para determinar os custos de produção das utilidades para cada processo na planta, na condição operacional original da planta, e para cada um dos cenários operacionais considerados das plantas de cogeração com três preços do gás natural: 2,5, 3,5 e 4,5 US$/MMBtu. Esta comparação indica a viabilidade dos sistemas de cogeração para cada cenário de produção. Os resultados demonstram que somente o sistema baseado na turbina a gás com o gás a 2,5 US$/MMBtu é economicamente viável. Recomenda-se que este sistema seja considerado na implementação da cogeração na indústria colombiana de laticínios. Com o gás ao preço atual de 4,5 US$/MMBtu, nenhum dos sistemas é economicamente viável. A sua atratividade poderia ser derivada do seu valor estratégico e da redução do impacto ambiental provocado pela operação da planta de utilidade. Se 90% do setor de laticínios implementasse a cogeração, seria possível liberar 5,81 MW para serem utilizados em outros tipos de usos finais no país. Com a venda de excedentes de eletricidade o benefício seria maior ainda. / This work presents the comparative energy and thermo economic analysis of cogeneration system, utilizing natural gas, designed for a dairy industry in Colombia. These systems must produce the following utilities for the processes of the plant: steam, chilled water, compressed air, electricity, cooling tower water and potable water. These comparisons are developed for two scenarios: in the first one the systems generate the utilities only for the plant and in the second one the systems also export electricity. The cogeneration systems are a steam cycle with extraction/ condensation steam turbine, a gas turbine based system and engine based system. In the thermo economic analysis the equality and extraction cost partition methods are utilized in order to determine the production cost of the utilities for each process in the plant, in the original operating condition of the plant, and each of the considered operating scenarios of the cogeneration plants with gas at 2,5, 3,5 and 4,5 US$/MMBtu. This comparison indicates the feasibility of the cogeneration systems for each production scenario. The results show that only the gas turbine based system with gas at 2,5 US$/MMBtu is economically feasible. Consideration of this system for the use cogeneration in the Colombian dairy industry is recommended. With the present price of 4,5 US$/MMBtu for natural gas, none of the systems is economically feasible. Its attractiveness could derive from its strategic value and from reduction of the environmental impact caused by the utilities plant operation. With 90% of the dairy industry implementing cogeneration, it would be possible to liberate 5,81 MW for utilization in the other final uses in the country. With the sale of the electricity surplus, the benefit would be even greater.

The developing discipline of Food Crime requires the analysis of food safety responsibility from a critical structural perspective. Analyzing the Canadian dairy industry, this project seeks to answer how the legal definition of food safety impacts the production practices of farmers, and where farmers place the burden of food safety responsibility, while partially testing institutional anomie theory. A legal discourse analysis of food safety law in Canada is performed to contextualize individual interviews with six active family-farmers in rural southern Ontario in order to determine how dairy farmers experience food safety legislation. As hypothesized, farmers experience food safety law through forms of disempowerment and alienation involving dairy production products, leading to a partial displacement of responsibility for safe food. The ideas of institutional anomie theory were insignificant or inconclusive for these case studies. More research is required to determine potential policy implications concerning the safety of Canadian food.

The dairy industry has undergone a dynamic phase during the past two decades. Innovations in terms of technologies, processes, and products have changed the way the production of milk is done. This research takes an exploratory approach to look at the process of opportunity discovery within farm businesses and what firms in the dairy industry are doing to become more innovative. In addition, this research looks at the strategies farmers are using to successfully implement those innovations. An important factor that could affect the performance of a firm is the degree of which the firm is able to become aware of and exploit innovations that help bridge productivity and opportunity gaps. Data is collected through qualitative tools, including in-depth interviews of dairy producers from Saskatchewan, Canada and Aguascalientes, Mexico. Such data collection provides this research with specific insights into the process of opportunity discovery. It also indicates which managerial practices moderate the successful discovery and exploitation of business opportunities in the dairy industry. A theoretical framework was developed around four managerial factors; networking, human capital, market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. Several propositions were built to identify the impact of these factors on the discovery and exploitation of opportunities in the dairy industry in both Canada and Mexico. This research shed more light on why some producers are more productive than others and how this is allowing some dairy producers to be more profitable. In addition, findings compare both industries and the differences and similarities are shown in terms of operations, managerial styles and processes in which the discovery and exploitation of opportunities take place.

The aim of the thesis was to analyse the distribution chain in the range of dairy products and to optimise logistic provisions of the distribution chain from the viewpoint of logistic services and logistic costs.

Esse trabalho apresenta a análise energética e termo econômico comparativo para sistemas de cogeração, utilizando o gás natural, projetados para uma indústria de laticínios na Colômbia. Esses sistemas devem produzir as seguintes utilidades para os processos da planta: vapor, água gelada, ar comprimido, eletricidade, água de torre de resfriamento e água potável. Estas comparações desenvolvem-se para dois cenários: no primeiro os sistemas geram as utilidades somete para a planta e no segundo os sistemas exportam também os excedentes de eletricidade. Os sistemas de cogeração são: um ciclo de vapor com turbina a vapor de condensação e extração de vapor, um sistema baseado em uma turbina num motor a gás. Na análise termo econômica, utilizam-se os métodos de alocação de custos da igualdade e da extração para determinar os custos de produção das utilidades para cada processo na planta, na condição operacional original da planta, e para cada um dos cenários operacionais considerados das plantas de cogeração com três preços do gás natural: 2,5, 3,5 e 4,5 US$/MMBtu. Esta comparação indica a viabilidade dos sistemas de cogeração para cada cenário de produção. Os resultados demonstram que somente o sistema baseado na turbina a gás com o gás a 2,5 US$/MMBtu é economicamente viável. Recomenda-se que este sistema seja considerado na implementação da cogeração na indústria colombiana de laticínios. Com o gás ao preço atual de 4,5 US$/MMBtu, nenhum dos sistemas é economicamente viável. A sua atratividade poderia ser derivada do seu valor estratégico e da redução do impacto ambiental provocado pela operação da planta de utilidade. Se 90% do setor de laticínios implementasse a cogeração, seria possível liberar 5,81 MW para serem utilizados em outros tipos de usos finais no país. Com a venda de excedentes de eletricidade o benefício seria maior ainda. / This work presents the comparative energy and thermo economic analysis of cogeneration system, utilizing natural gas, designed for a dairy industry in Colombia. These systems must produce the following utilities for the processes of the plant: steam, chilled water, compressed air, electricity, cooling tower water and potable water. These comparisons are developed for two scenarios: in the first one the systems generate the utilities only for the plant and in the second one the systems also export electricity. The cogeneration systems are a steam cycle with extraction/ condensation steam turbine, a gas turbine based system and engine based system. In the thermo economic analysis the equality and extraction cost partition methods are utilized in order to determine the production cost of the utilities for each process in the plant, in the original operating condition of the plant, and each of the considered operating scenarios of the cogeneration plants with gas at 2,5, 3,5 and 4,5 US$/MMBtu. This comparison indicates the feasibility of the cogeneration systems for each production scenario. The results show that only the gas turbine based system with gas at 2,5 US$/MMBtu is economically feasible. Consideration of this system for the use cogeneration in the Colombian dairy industry is recommended. With the present price of 4,5 US$/MMBtu for natural gas, none of the systems is economically feasible. Its attractiveness could derive from its strategic value and from reduction of the environmental impact caused by the utilities plant operation. With 90% of the dairy industry implementing cogeneration, it would be possible to liberate 5,81 MW for utilization in the other final uses in the country. With the sale of the electricity surplus, the benefit would be even greater.

This thesis is aimed at the analysis of external and internal environment in the company Pribina. The aim of the thesis was to make PESTE analysis, Porter's five forces model, Analysis of internal sources and SWOT analysis. The key purpose was to evaluate the current situation and suggest some improvement of these conditions.