Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-11-06T19:51:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ITALO COSTA SILVEIRA.pdf: 3388910 bytes, checksum: 379836af4aeb4ca2d45076473608f5ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T19:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ITALO COSTA SILVEIRA.pdf: 3388910 bytes, checksum: 379836af4aeb4ca2d45076473608f5ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-15 / The João Leite stream has a dam that was designed for the public supply of drinking water in the municipality of Goiânia and its surroundings. However, its basin presents several potential sources of pollutants and high rates of anthropization. This work aims to evaluate the water quality of the João Leite stream, Onça and Cana Brava stream at the time of the reservoir Dr. Henrique Santillo in the months of November 2016, February 2017, March 2017, June 2017 and September 2017. For the Water Quality Index (IQA) as well as the analyzes of physical, chemical, bacteriological and pesticidal parameters of the water were carried out. The João Leite stream presented good water quality and no pesticides were detected: organophosphorus and carbamates. Only 3 parameters: BOD, OD and thermotolerant coliforms were above permitted by Brazilian legislation. / O ribeirão João Leite possui uma barragem que foi projetada para o abastecimento público de água potável do município de Goiânia e arredores. No entanto sua bacia apresenta várias potenciais fontes poluidoras e índices elevados de antropização. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a qualidade da água do ribeirão João Leite, córrego Onça e Cana Brava na altura do reservatório Dr. Henrique Santillo nos meses de novembro de 2016, fevereiro de 2017, março de 2017, junho de 2017 e setembro de 2017. Para isso foi realizado o Índice de Qualidade das Águas (IQA) bem como as análises de parâmetros físicos, químicos, bacteriológicos e pesticidas da água. O ribeirão João Leite apresentou boa qualidade de água e não se constatou pesticidas: organofosforado e carbamatos. Somente 3 parâmetros: DBO, OD e coliformes termotolerantes estiveram acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Itamar Pena Nieradka2.pdf: 1871112 bytes, checksum: 44c08ad68b5c465311a69e35488a8370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / This work presents an alternative way of monitoring dams using concepts of Multivariate Analysis, Data Mining and Statistics, so it is possible, in an easy way, to identify possible anomalies that may be occurring or eminently occurring. Such anomalies may be, for example, the Slip or Tapping of one of the blocks of the dam structure. The monitoring procedure consists of knowing the maximum and minimum values of readings of each instrument within a range called Good Behavior (GB), and using a performance function that can determine if a reading indicates a Good Behavior or a Change of Behavior (CB). Since the readings of the different instruments are performed with different periodicities, before processing these values, it is necessary to standardize the data and verify their normalities, only so it is possible to perform Factorial Analysis (FA) to create factors that group the Instruments based on their characteristics, and relates them to their respective anomalies, so it is possible to analyze the factor and not instrument by instrument. To analise and results was developed na performance function used in an algorithm writen with MathLab that performs tests with simulated data and also with real data of readings of the Itaipu dam instruments to monitor changem in Dam Structure Behavior. / Neste trabalho é apresentada uma maneira alternativa de monitoramento de barragens usando conceitos de Análise Multivariada, Mineração de Dados e de Estatística, assim é possível, de maneira fácil, identificar possíveis anomalias que possam estar ocorrendo ou na eminência de ocorrer. Tais anomalias podem ser, por exemplo, o Deslizamento ou Tombamento de um dos blocos que compõe a estrutura da barragem. O monitoramento consiste em conhecer os valores máximos e mínimos de leituras de cada instrumento dentro de uma faixa denominada Bom Comportamento (BC), e com isso usar uma função de desempenho que possa determinar se uma leitura indica um Bom Comportamento ou uma Mudança de Comportamento (MC). Como as leituras dos diferentes instrumentos são realizadas com periodicidades distintas, antes de processar estes valores, é necessário realizar a padronização dos dados e a verificação de suas normalidades, apenas assim é possível realizar a Análise Fatorial (AF) para criar fatores que agrupem os instrumentos com base em suas características, e os relacione com suas respectivas anomalias, assim, é possível analisar o fator e não instrumento por instrumento. Para analise e resultados foi desenvolvida uma função de desempenho utilizada em um algoritmo desenvolvido com MatLab que realiza testes com dados simulados e também com dados reais de leituras dos instrumentos da barragem de Itaipu com o objetivo de monitorar mudanças no comportamento estrutural da barragem.

A represa Billings é o maior manancial superficial do Estado de São Paulo cuja importância está ligada ao abastecimento público, à geração de energia, à pesca, à recreação e ao lazer para a cidade de São Paulo e os municípios da sua região metropolitana. Nos últimos anos essa região vem sofrendo grande impacto ambiental. Apesar de ser uma APA (Área de Proteção Ambiental), há no entorno da represa, vários tipos de assentamentos cujas famílias utilizam para o seu consumo a água proveniente de poços situados, muitas vezes, a poucos metros da represa, já que inexiste o acesso à rede de saneamento básico (tratamento de água e esgoto em rede pública). De acordo com relatórios de entidades governamentais, observa-se que a espécie química alumínio está presente nas águas da represa em valores acima do permitido, o que gera preocupações relacionadas à contaminação do meio ambiente e à saúde da população; por outro lado, há poucas informações sobre a qualidade das águas subterrâneas da região. Considerando-se essa deficiência de informações, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a possível contaminação de poços, partindo da aplicação de um programa criado o PAMQUÁ ® - que auxiliou e direcionou à tomada de decisão a um determinado contaminante de risco à saúde humana encontrado na água e como o uso da radiação ionizante pôde ser aplicada no beneficiamento de diagnóstico químico e em solução para tratamento específico. Dessa forma, pôde-se ter o respaldo de que a espécie química alumínio é o principal contaminante daquelas águas superficiais. Como os íons alumínio são susceptíveis à complexação por substâncias orgânicas, o processo de irradiação ionizante como etapa de pré-tratamento para a determinação analítica foi um processo inovador e que foi aplicado em dois tipos de amostra: 1) amostras de água padronizadas contendo ácido húmico, que é o tipo de matéria orgânica que ocorre com frequência em águas subterrâneas e 2) amostras de água coletadas dos poços da região estudada. O processo de irradiação permitiu a redução do teor de matéria orgânica e a mineralização dessas amostras, contribuindo com dados inéditos sobre o teor de alumínio. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido um novo material - uma membrana polimérica seletiva modificada por radiação que propõe a remediação do alumínio na água. / The Billings dam is the largest source of water in São Paulo state, whose its importance to São Paulo city and its metropolitan region is closely linked to the public water supply, power generation, fisheries, recreation and leisure. In recent years, the dam region has suffered high environmental impact. Although it is an EPA (Environmental Protection Area), there are in dam surroundings several types of settlements, whose families use water from wells often located a few meters from the dam, once does not have their access to the sanitation (public water and sewage treatment). In accordance to the reports of governmental entities, the aluminum is present in the dam water and its concentration exceeds the permissible values, which raises concerns related to contamination of the environment and the health of the population; by the other side, no information exists about the ground water quality in this region. Considering this deficit of information, the main goal of this work was the investigation of ground water of a potential contamination, based on a new program PAMQUÁ ® - which supported and drove the decision making of a specific contaminant with risk to human health found in water and how the use of ionizing radiation can be applied for processing of chemical diagnose and for specific treatment solution. By this way, it was possible to have support that the chemical specie of aluminum is the main contaminant of that surface water. As aluminum ions are susceptible to organic matter complexation, the ionizing irradiation process applied as pre-treatment step in an analytical determination was an innovative procedure and it covered two kinds of sample: 1) standard water samples containing humic acid, that is the more common type of organic matter in ground water and 2) natural water samples from wells of studied region. The irradiation process allowed the decreasing of the organic matter levels and the mineralization of these water samples contributing with unpublished data about the contents of aluminum. Finally, a new material was developed a selective polymeric membrane modified by radiation that suggests the aluminum mitigation in water.

O tema segurança de barragens vem adquirindo destaque no cenário brasileiro. Isso se deu tendo em vista os acidentes ocorridos e a recente lei n° 12.334, aprovada em setembro de 2010, que estabeleceu normas e padrões. Desta maneira, os empreendedores voltaram sua atenção para esse tema, resultando em uma grande demanda de ferramentas que possibilitem a adequação de suas barragens à legislação. Esse estudo, então, tem como objetivo apresentar e avaliar um sistema de composição de modelos matemáticos que podem ser utilizados na elaboração dos Planos de Ação Emergencial (PAE). O estudo apresenta uma breve revisão sobre o tema segurança de barragens, identificando quais produtos devem ser buscados por meio da utilização dos modelos. Quanto à composição de modelos, tem-se, inicialmente, o modelo de previsão de precipitação que fornece os dados para o modelo hidrológico sendo que este, por sua vez, fornece dados para o hidrodinâmico. Neste último estão incluídos também o modelo de formação da brecha e o cálculo de routing dos reservatórios. Com os resultados de nível dágua, as manchas de inundação são traçadas com o auxílio dos modelos digitais de terreno (MDT). Os aplicativos utilizados em cada modelo foram o ETA no modelo de previsão de precipitação, SMAP como modelo hidrológico e o CLiv+ como modelo hidrodinâmico. O MDT utilizado foi o gerado por meio das curvas de nível do IBGE e pontos levantados no local. Assim, esses modelos foram utilizados para simulações das barragens dos rios Pardo e Mogi Guaçu, sendo elas a UHE Caconde, a UHE Euclides da Cunha, a UHE Limoeiro e a PCH Mogi Guaçu. Desta forma foi realizada a calibração destes modelos e a simulação de vazões acima da de restrição e de cenários de rompimento. Esses resultados foram gerados para um estudo realizado pela Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica para a AES Tietê denominado Sistema de Gerenciamento de Ações Emergenciais (SGAE). Assim, para validação do sistema de composição de modelos e para verificação de pontos de melhoria, foram realizadas avaliações do sistema. Essas foram a comparação dos dados de previsão de precipitação com dados observados, comparação entre diferentes MDTs e comparação entre os aplicativos CLiv+ e o HEC-RAS. / Recent dam failures and also the approval of Law n° 12.334, establishing rules and standards to be followed in dam safety management, made dam safety area gain prominence in the Brazilian scenario in the last years. Dams owners focused their attention into this theme increasing the demand for tools in order to adequate theirs dam documentation to the requirements of the law. This study presents and evaluate an ensemble of mathematical models that can be used in scenarios analysis that are usually considered in Emergency Action Plans EAP elaboration. The study includes a review about dam safety regulation and a group of models that can be applied for impact evaluation, establishing data and information needed. Models considered include the forecast precipitation model, that provides data to the hydrological model which, in its turn, provides the information for the hydraulic model. This latter also include the dam breaching model and the reservoir routing calculation model. The flooded area maps are obtained using the results of water level and digital elevation model. This arrange of models apply the ETA as the forecast precipitation model, the SMAP model as the hydrologic model and Cliv+ as the hydraulic model. The digital terrain model used was created by using the cartographic base from IBGE and a point elevation survey in the study area. These models were utilized in simulations involving dams located at the Pardo and Mogi Guaçu Rivers, in Sao Paulo State, named UHE Caconde, UHE Euclides da Cunha, UHE Limoeiro and PCH Mogi Guaçu. Models were calibrated under observed flow conditions and prospective simulations were done considering different scenarios like design hydrographs and failure, under a research project developed by Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica and AES Tietê. To validate the system and identify improvement points, a comparison of forecasted precipitation and water levels were carried out considering observed data, different DTMs and hydraulic models (CLIV + and HEC-RAS).

Le bassin-versant de l’Yerres (1030 km²) est localisé au sud-est de l’agglomération parisienne et s’étend sur le plateau de Brie au relief très modéré. Ses caractéristiques physiographiques et sa situation géographique confèrent au lit de l’Yerres une très faible pente (0,009 %), entravée par une forte segmentation longitudinale (0,5 ouvrage/km). Cette dernière est ancienne (moulins hydrauliques) ou plus récente (barrages mobiles) et s’est généralement accompagnée d’une chenalisation du lit. Les perturbations engendrées par ces ouvrages et les modifications morphologiques du lit ont provoqué une altération considérable de la dynamique fluviale et de la diversité morphologique du cours d’eau. Dans ce contexte d’un cours d’eau de faible énergie (< 10 W/m²) fortement artificialisé, notre recherche s’est attachée à évaluer l’efficience de l’effacement de trois barrages à clapets mobiles (h < 3 m) sur la restauration hydromorphologique du lit. À cet effet, des suivis topographique et sédimentologique à haute résolution spatio-temporelle ont été mis en œuvre entre 2015 et 2017 afin d’appréhender les réajustements du système fluvial à partir de l’évolution des caractéristiques morphologiques et granulométriques de son lit. Ils ont dévoilé un remblaiement alluvial se produisant principalement sous la forme de banquettes latérales de vases, à l’exception du site d’Ozouer (le plus en amont). Sur ce dernier le remblaiement alluvial sableux est plus généralisé. À la suite des abaissements hivernaux, celui-ci a fait l’objet des changements morphologiques les plus prononcés, caractérisés par une érosion marquée du fond du lit de la retenue et un faible alluvionnement en aval. Les réajustements morphologiques restent toutefois modérés compte tenu des débits exceptionnellement forts sur la période de suivi et semblent par ailleurs être subordonnés à la présence de substrats sableux. Ainsi, si les abaissements améliorent indubitablement les conditions hydro-éco-morphologiques (i.e. la diversité des faciès d’écoulement), la restauration physique du lit fortement dégradé de l’Yerres se limite au rétablissement du transport du matériel de fond sableux. / The Yerres catchment (1030 km²) is located at the southeast border of the Paris conurbation and spreads on the low relief Brie Plateau. Topographical characteristics and geographical location provide the Yerres River with a very low gradient (0,009 %) and a high longitudinal partitioning (0,5 dam/km). Cross-structures are either ancient (medieval watermills) or more recent (mobile dams) and often associated with river channelling. Dam perturbation on sediment fluxes and bed morphological modifications have led to a significant degradation of the river fluvial dynamic and morphological diversity. In this context of a much artificialized low-energy river (< 10 W/m²), we aimed at assessing the efficiency of three mobile dam (h < 3 m) lowering on bed hydromorphological restoration. For that purpose, high spatial and temporal resolution monitoring of bed topography and sediment-size were carried out between 2015 and 2017, in order to document fluvial system adjustment to dam lowering through morphological and grain-size change. Before dam lowering, fine sediment had mainly deposited in channel margins forming mud banks, except for Ozouer impoundment (the more upstream study site). For the latter, sand sedimentation had been extended to the whole channel width. After dam lowering, it also experienced the more pronounced morphological change, characterised by significant bed erosion upstream and little bed aggradation downstream. However, morphological response to dam lowering remained moderate given the high discharges over the monitoring period. Channel adjustments also appeared to be linked to sand-bed. Thus, while dam lowering undoubtedly improve hydro-eco-morphological conditions (i.e. flow facies diversity), physical restoration of the highly degraded Yerres riverbed is restricted to the sand bed material transport restoration.

Karst bedrock conditions and deterioration of the lock and dam structures have resulted in significant leakage through, underneath, and around Lock and Dam No. 8 on the Kentucky River. During severe droughts, the water surface in Pool No. 8 has been observed to drop below the crest of the dam, resulting in water supply shortages and water quality issues for surrounding communities reliant on the pool. Presently, the primary purpose of Lock and Dam No. 8 is water supply. Pool No. 8 is currently where the cities of Nicholasville (Jessamine County, KY) and Lancaster (Garrard County, KY) draw their water. Due to the age and condition of the structures, and the criticality of the retained water supply, the project Owner commissioned a replacement dam to be built. One major component of the replacement dam was a foundation improvement program. The foundation improvement program was designed to address the karst bedrock conditions at the site. The foundation improvements included a secant pile cutoff wall and a double-row grout curtain. The grout curtain at Lock and Dam No. 8 was evaluated based on the metrics presently available.

The P-y curve, used in current practice as an efficient Iine-load vs. soi displacement model for input into the finite difference method of laterally loaded pile analysis, is extended in this study for use with cohesionless soils in diaphragm wall analysis on the Personal Computer with the BMCOL7 program. An analogous W-y curve is proposed, an elastic-plastic model with line-load limits developed from classical earth-pressure theories. A new formula for predicting a horizontal walI modulus for cohesionless soiIs from the pressuremeter modulus is developed for use in predicting the displacements on the W-y curves. The resulting modulus values are shown to yield reasonable displacements values. A new procedure for modeling preloaded tie-back anchors and staged excavation for diaphragm walIs was developed, utiIizing multiple computer runs, updated the W-y curves, and superposition of deflections. These new developments were applied to a parametric study of a deflection-critical section of the new Bonnevilie Nav-Lock Buttress Diaphragm Wall, for which extensive high-quality pressuremeter test results were available. Deflection curves of the wall are presented, showing the effect of variations in anchor preload, walI cracking, anchor slip, at-rest pressure, and soiI modulus. The results indicate that preloading will reduce wall deflections by at least 4-fold, but that wall cracking can potentially double deflections. Safety factors against passive soil failure were determined to be about 5 at anchor preload, and more than 40 after fulI excavation.

Limits of slope stability, limit equilibrium methods, and of the finite element code FEADAM are reached in the application of these methods to the problem of cracked dams constructed on collapsing soils.

Ecological conservation and restoration in the anthropocene must struggle with overlapping drivers of biodiversity and cultural loss; ruptures of the ecological environment mirror ruptures of human relationships with nature. And yet technology cannot remove humans from nature; technological and infrastructural reconfigurations of nature create new vulnerabilities and risks for humans and ecosystems alike. How can conservation and restoration science productively grapple with complex infrastructure systems and decision-making processes as biophysical and social drivers of ecosystem change? Using dam removals in the USA and in the Mid Columbia River region of the Pacific Northwest, this dissertation develops a conceptual framework for Social, Environmental, and Technological Systems (SETS), and applies it at three spatial and temporal scales to the practice of dam removal as a river restoration strategy. Drawing upon existing data sets, as well as biophysical, document, survey, and interview data this dissertation addresses how dam removals have functioned in the context of the social histories of river restoration programs, examines how these restoration programs must continue to renegotiate the human relationships with nature through the infrastructure systems that enable certain forms of existence while precluding others. Of particular interest is how restoration programs have increasingly functioned to deliver novel infrastructure solutions, while ignoring longer-term changes in ecological structure and function due to infrastructure development; in other words, the infrastructural work of restored ecosystems, and the infrastructural blind spots of restoration programs. How restoration planning considers, or does not consider, infrastructural blind spots, is indicative of not only the biophysical drivers of threatened and endangered species loss, but also the political dynamics of decision making at large, and the power-knowledge relationships constituting legitimate and relevant knowledge in the decision making space. In the Pacific Northwest, there appears to be a tipping point of social convention in centering treaty rights and obligations vis-a-vis ongoing processes of colonization and institutionalized scientific expertise. Ecological restoration will only be successful if it addresses both engineered infrastructures and social justice.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Water is an essential and yet scarce resource, which has a vital role for human use and also serve as a habitat for numerous organisms in aquatic environments. Despite its scarcity there have been many reports indicating that it is continually polluted by domestic, agricultural, mining and other anthropogenic activities; subsequently affecting the health of organisms residing in such water bodies. Fish have been selected as the bio-monitoring species due to its direct interaction with the environment; thereby making it an appropriate model to monitor and evaluate the health status of the environment. The feral population of the alien species, Hypopthalmichtys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) commonly known as the silver carp in Flag Boshielo Dam has been considered a healthy population. However, this perception changed considerably after reports of lethargic, dying fish were first noted in 2011. Currently the sporadic deaths amongst mature specimens (>0.7m) persist; and the reason(s) for their demise remains unclear. Therefore, the aim was to employ a seasonal study design to investigate the health status of selected fish species such as H. molitrix in Flag Boshielo Dam by evaluating haematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and bio-accumulation levels of particular transition metals. Seasonal surveys were carried out from February 2012 to January 2013 at Flag Boshielo Dam, Olifants River System, Limpopo Province. The locality surrounding the dam is known to be in an agriculture and mining catchment. Hypopthalmichtys molitrix and Labeo rosae (Steindachner, 1894) commonly known as the rednose labeo were collected with the use of scoop nets, conventional angling gear and gill nets. Following collection, morphometric measurements were taken and blood was collected. The blood samples required for further analysis at the Medical Science Department, University of Limpopo were kept on ice (4˚C). After the collection of all blood samples the specific fish was sacrificed and muscle samples were collected for bio-accumulation analysis and gills and liver samples were collected for the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers. These tissue samples were rapidly frozen and kept frozen (-85˚C) until further analysis. Haematological parameters from the study reflected a variation amongst comparison of the inter- and intra-species. It was observed that mature H. molitrix suffered from anaemia. The response of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was relatively constant throughout all seasons when the young (<0.5m) and mature H. molitrix (0.6 – 0.90m) specimens were compared. However, the catalase (CAT) response of mature H. molitrix was dramatically impaired. This would increase their vulnerability to oxidative stress. Bioaccumulation levels of the eleven selected transition elements exhibited various trends. Metals such as Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), (Chromium) Cr, Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) exhibited seasonal bio-accumulation levels that were in support of the various feeding behaviours of the fish species in this study. On the other hand, metals such as Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) also illustrated the potential to be contributing factors in the death of the mature specimens. In conclusion, the findings from this study illustrate the complex nature of metabolic disturbances resulting in the death of mature H. molitrix specimens. It is clear that no single aspect investigated in this study could be solely implicated as the major cause of death. This multifactorial presentation necessitates further haematological assessment focussing on blood cell morphology and pathology, as well as investigations into other oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and gill tissue. In addition, identifying the most appropriate tissue type for future bio-accumulation measurements of transition metals in this feral population is necessitated. It is further suggested that neuro-muscular assessments, focussing on neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (Ach), form part of the investigation into the lethargic behaviour of the mature fish.