Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 naliato_dao_me_botib.pdf: 1123823 bytes, checksum: d909d10cc43c30020cd69b9a572300f8 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Em muitos reservatórios brasileiros há uma significativa variação diária da vazão turbinada acoplada a variação na demanda no consumo de energia elétrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da variação da vazão nas usinas hidroelétricas de Capivara e Taquaruçu sobre as variáveis limnológicas nas regiões adjacentes à jusante. Os reservatórios de Capivara e Taquaruçu são o nono e décimo em uma série de onze reservatórios construídos em cascata no rio Paranapanema (Sudeste do Brasil) para geração de energia elétrica. Apesar de presentes em um mesmo rio, os reservatórios apresentam grandes diferenças de trofia, tempo de residência da água, altura da tomada d'agua para as rurbinas e processos de estratificação e circulação da água. Capivara e um reservatório profundo, com alto tempo de residência da água, meso-eutrófico, tomada d'agua para as turbinas próximas ao hipolímnio, com a vazão variando de 500 até 1400 m3 s-1 durante um ciclo de 24 horas. Taquaruçu é menos profundo, baixo tempo de residência da água, considerado oligo-mesotrófico, tomada d'agua para as turbinas a 7 m da superfície e com a vazão variando de 500 ate 2000 m3 s-1 em um mesmo dia. No verão e inverno, obteve-se dados limnológicos em pefis da coluna d'agua na zona de barragem dos dois reservatórios a montante (Capivara e Taquaruçu), e a cada 04 horas, a jusante desses locais, completando um ciclo nictemeral para cada período. Diferenças significativas foram verificadas devido a variação da vazão, principalmente para turbidez, nutrientes totais e sólidos em suspensão (orgânicos e inorgânicos). As características dos reservatórios de montante, como estratificação térmica e altura da tomada d'agua para as turbinas foram determinantes para as condições limnológicas encontradas a jusante. Em Capivara, foi verificada estratificação térmica durante... / In order to attend daily peaks of energy consumption the amount of water passing through turbines of hydroelectric plants can significantly vary (up to 3 folds) along a 24 hour period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the limnological effects of hourly variation of hydroelectric discharge on river stretches downstream the dams of Capivara and Taquaruyu Reservoirs. These are the ninth and tenth, respectively, of a cascade of eleven reservoirs built up in the Paranapanema River (Southeast Brazil) for hydroelectric production. Despite being in the same river, the studied reservoirs have conspicuous differences in terms of trophy, water retention time, thermal stratification regime and spillways positions. Capivara is a deeper, high retention and meso-eutrophic system with a hypolimnial discharge (32 m) from 500 to 1400 m3 s-1. Releases from Taquaruçu, a relatively shallow, low retention and oligo-mesotrophic reservoir, vary between 500 and 2000 m3 s-1 and are more superficial (7 m). In two periods of the year, winter and summer, profiles of limnological measurements were obtained in the lacustrine (near dam) zones of the reservoirs as well as in the river downstream stretches, but in this case at every 4 hour completing a nictemeral cycle. The results demonstrated that the reservoirs operational schemes - discharge variation, promoted significant differences in the river conditions below the dam, especially in velocity, turbidity, nutrients and suspended (organic and inorganic) solids. It was also observed that the reservoir characteristics, such as depth, thermal stratification and outlet structure are determinant for the below dam lirnnological and water quality conditions. In case of Capivara, for instance, the low oxygen concentration(<5.0 mg L-1) from bottom layer (hypolimnial release) was transferred to the river downstream stretches during summer

Orientador: Marcos Gomes Nogueira / Banca: Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola / Banca: Ricardo Motta Pinto Coelho / Resumo: Em muitos reservatórios brasileiros há uma significativa variação diária da vazão turbinada acoplada a variação na demanda no consumo de energia elétrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da variação da vazão nas usinas hidroelétricas de Capivara e Taquaruçu sobre as variáveis limnológicas nas regiões adjacentes à jusante. Os reservatórios de Capivara e Taquaruçu são o nono e décimo em uma série de onze reservatórios construídos em cascata no rio Paranapanema (Sudeste do Brasil) para geração de energia elétrica. Apesar de presentes em um mesmo rio, os reservatórios apresentam grandes diferenças de trofia, tempo de residência da água, altura da tomada d'agua para as rurbinas e processos de estratificação e circulação da água. Capivara e um reservatório profundo, com alto tempo de residência da água, meso-eutrófico, tomada d'agua para as turbinas próximas ao hipolímnio, com a vazão variando de 500 até 1400 m3 s-1 durante um ciclo de 24 horas. Taquaruçu é menos profundo, baixo tempo de residência da água, considerado oligo-mesotrófico, tomada d'agua para as turbinas a 7 m da superfície e com a vazão variando de 500 ate 2000 m3 s-1 em um mesmo dia. No verão e inverno, obteve-se dados limnológicos em pefis da coluna d'agua na zona de barragem dos dois reservatórios a montante (Capivara e Taquaruçu), e a cada 04 horas, a jusante desses locais, completando um ciclo nictemeral para cada período. Diferenças significativas foram verificadas devido a variação da vazão, principalmente para turbidez, nutrientes totais e sólidos em suspensão (orgânicos e inorgânicos). As características dos reservatórios de montante, como estratificação térmica e altura da tomada d'agua para as turbinas foram determinantes para as condições limnológicas encontradas a jusante. Em Capivara, foi verificada estratificação térmica durante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to attend daily peaks of energy consumption the amount of water passing through turbines of hydroelectric plants can significantly vary (up to 3 folds) along a 24 hour period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the limnological effects of hourly variation of hydroelectric discharge on river stretches downstream the dams of Capivara and Taquaruyu Reservoirs. These are the ninth and tenth, respectively, of a cascade of eleven reservoirs built up in the Paranapanema River (Southeast Brazil) for hydroelectric production. Despite being in the same river, the studied reservoirs have conspicuous differences in terms of trophy, water retention time, thermal stratification regime and spillways positions. Capivara is a deeper, high retention and meso-eutrophic system with a hypolimnial discharge (32 m) from 500 to 1400 m3 s-1. Releases from Taquaruçu, a relatively shallow, low retention and oligo-mesotrophic reservoir, vary between 500 and 2000 m3 s-1 and are more superficial (7 m). In two periods of the year, winter and summer, profiles of limnological measurements were obtained in the lacustrine (near dam) zones of the reservoirs as well as in the river downstream stretches, but in this case at every 4 hour completing a nictemeral cycle. The results demonstrated that the reservoirs operational schemes - discharge variation, promoted significant differences in the river conditions below the dam, especially in velocity, turbidity, nutrients and suspended (organic and inorganic) solids. It was also observed that the reservoir characteristics, such as depth, thermal stratification and outlet structure are determinant for the below dam lirnnological and water quality conditions. In case of Capivara, for instance, the low oxygen concentration(<5.0 mg L-1) from bottom layer (hypolimnial release) was transferred to the river downstream stretches during summer / Mestre

This thesis presents a novel analytical solution strategy for the zero-inertia (ZI) equations of free surface flow. These equations are utilized herein for routing flood flow in open channels and for simulating excess rainfall runoff on overland planes. The novel solution approach is shown to be both accurate and robust, especially under the complicated and intricate conditions of infiltrating flow on initially dry river beds or soils, e.g., as present in arid and semiarid areas. This is underlain by comparing modeling results of the novel analytical procedure with those of validated numerical solutions. Furthermore, it is shown that the analytical ZI model can deliver a process-oriented portrayal of runoff concentration in the flood-generating parts of the catchment. Subsequently, the novel analytical ZI model is applied for a real-world water management problem in the Sultanate of Oman, Arabian Peninsula. Within an integrated flash flood routing model—which is also presented in this thesis—the novel analytical routing approach helps in accurately matching the dynamics of advancing and infiltrating ephemeral river flow, established as a consequence of release from a groundwater recharge dam. The integrated modeling system houses the aforementioned analytical downstream model and tailor-made, state-of-the-art modeling components to portray the upstream flow processes, dam operation (including evaporation), and spillway release flow. The proposed modeling system can aid in rendering a realistic image of transient transmission losses and dependent flow dynamics. This is of extremely high importance for water resources assessment, as well as for optimizing recharge dam operation strategies in order to maximize downstream transmission losses and, thus, groundwater recharge. / Diese Dissertation präsentiert einen neuartigen analytischen Lösungsansatz für das beschleunigungsfreie Wellenmodell (bzw. „Zero-Inertia-Modell“, „ZI-Modell“, oder „diffusives Wellenmodell“). Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird das hergeleitete hydrodynamische Modell sowohl zur Simulation von Freispiegelabflüssen in nichtprismatischen und durchlässigen Gerinnen, als auch für die Beschreibung von auf der Landoberfläche abfließendem Infiltrationsüberschuss eingesetzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der neuartige analytische Ansatz — im Hinblick auf Massenerhaltung und die exakte Abbildung der Abflussdynamik — akkurate Ergebnisse liefert und gleichzeitig unter komplexen und verwickelten Prozessbedingungen anwendbar ist. So belegt eine vergleichende Analyse mit validierten numerischen Lösungsansätzen die Robustheit des analytischen ZI-Modells. Insbesondere die im Sinne der numerischen Mathematik stabile und genaue Modellierung der gekoppelten Abfluss- und Infiltrationsvorgänge in anfänglich trockenen Gerinnen ist dabei ein Novum. Weiterhin wird die Eignung und Anwendbarkeit des neuartigen Modellansatzes zur Beschreibung der Abflusskonzentrationsprozesse gezeigt. Der neuartige Lösungsansatz wird im Folgenden für ein reales Wassermanagementproblem im Sultanat Oman, Arabische Halbinsel eingesetzt. Als Bestandteil eines integrierten Modellsystems, welches ebenfalls im Rahmen der Dissertation vorgestellt wird, dient das analytische ZI-Modell zur Simulation von infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss, welcher unterstrom von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen starke Verluste von Masse und Impuls erfährt. Zusammen mit maßgeschneiderten und dem Stand der Technik entsprechenden Komponenten für die Betriebssimulation des Anreicherungsdammes (inklusive Verdunstung von der freien Seefläche) sowie für die Abbildung der oberstromigen hydrodynamischen Prozesse (ebenfalls inklusive Infiltration) wird der neuartige analytische Ansatz in einem Modellsystem zusammengefasst. Das Modellsystem ist in der Lage ein realistisches Bild der raumzeitlichen Dynamik des Abflusses sowie der Grundwasserneubildung aus infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss zu liefern. Damit stellt das Modellsystem ein wertvolles Werkzeug sowohl zur Wasserdargebotsermittlung, als auch für die Optimierung des Betriebes von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen dar.

This thesis presents a novel analytical solution strategy for the zero-inertia (ZI) equations of free surface flow. These equations are utilized herein for routing flood flow in open channels and for simulating excess rainfall runoff on overland planes. The novel solution approach is shown to be both accurate and robust, especially under the complicated and intricate conditions of infiltrating flow on initially dry river beds or soils, e.g., as present in arid and semiarid areas. This is underlain by comparing modeling results of the novel analytical procedure with those of validated numerical solutions. Furthermore, it is shown that the analytical ZI model can deliver a process-oriented portrayal of runoff concentration in the flood-generating parts of the catchment. Subsequently, the novel analytical ZI model is applied for a real-world water management problem in the Sultanate of Oman, Arabian Peninsula. Within an integrated flash flood routing model—which is also presented in this thesis—the novel analytical routing approach helps in accurately matching the dynamics of advancing and infiltrating ephemeral river flow, established as a consequence of release from a groundwater recharge dam. The integrated modeling system houses the aforementioned analytical downstream model and tailor-made, state-of-the-art modeling components to portray the upstream flow processes, dam operation (including evaporation), and spillway release flow. The proposed modeling system can aid in rendering a realistic image of transient transmission losses and dependent flow dynamics. This is of extremely high importance for water resources assessment, as well as for optimizing recharge dam operation strategies in order to maximize downstream transmission losses and, thus, groundwater recharge.:List of Figures List of Tables List of Algorithms List of Symbols and Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 The Role of Ephemeral River Flow for Groundwater Recharge 1.2 Methods for Estimating Groundwater Recharge 1.3 Groundwater Augmentation Techniques and the Involved Processes 1.4 The Role of Overland Flow for Flash Flood Formation 1.5 Objectives of the Thesis 1.6 Structure of the Work 2 Literature Review 2.1 Surface-Water Based Studies on the Estimation of Indirect Recharge 2.2 Review of Literature on Process-Oriented Overland Flow Modeling 2.3 Summary 3 Principles of Physically-Based Modeling of Infiltrating Free Surface Flows 3.1 Hydraulic Phases of an Infiltrating Flow Event 3.2 Hydrodynamic Models 3.2.1 The Saint-Venant Equations 3.2.2 Zero-Inertia Approximation 3.2.3 Kinematic Wave Approximation 3.2.4 Other Simplifications of the Full Hydrodynamic Model 3.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.4 Relating Friction and Flow Properties 3.5 Accounting for Losses or Gains 3.6 Including Arbitrary Cross-Sectional Geometries 3.7 Discussion of the Reviewed Flow Models 3.7.1 Discussion of Modeling Approaches for Ephemeral River Routing 3.7.2 A Suitable Hydrodynamic Model for Overland Flow 3.7.3 On the Portrayal of Shocks with the Kinematic Wave Model 3.8 Summary 4 Solution Procedures for the Reviewed Flow Models 4.1 Method of Characteristics 4.2 Numerical Solution Procedures 4.2.1 Introduction to Finite Difference Methods 4.2.2 Mathematical Principles of Finite Difference Methods 4.3 Analytical Solution Procedures 4.4 Discussion of the Reviewed Solution Procedures 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 5 Novel Analytical Solution Approaches for the Zero-Inertia Equations 5.1 Novel Analytical Solution Approach for Zero-Inertia Open Channel Flow 5.1.1 Governing Equations 5.1.2 Including Nonprismatic Channel Geometries 5.1.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 5.1.4 Analytical Solution of the Momentum Equation 5.1.5 Analytical Solution of the Continuity Equation 5.1.6 Algorithm for the Iterative Solution of the Nonlinear Problem 5.1.7 Coupling Surface Flow and Infiltration 5.1.8 Additional Remarks 5.2 Novel Analytical Solution Approach for Zero-Inertia Overland Flow 5.2.1 Governing Equations 5.2.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions 5.2.3 Analytical Solution 5.2.4 Algorithm for the Iterative Solution of the Nonlinear Problem 5.3 Summary 6 Comparative Studies with Generally Accepted Approaches 6.1 Open Channel Flow in Prismatic and Nonprismatic Permeable Open Channels 6.1.1 Test Setup 6.1.2 Comparison of Flow Dynamics 6.1.3 Analysis of the Geometry Parameter Sensitivity 6.1.4 Evaluating the Stability of the Analytical ZI Model 6.1.5 Summary 6.2 Overland Flow on a Plane 6.2.1 Test Setup 6.2.2 Comparison of Modeling Results 6.2.3 Summary 7 Flash Flood Routing under Transmission Losses and Dam Operation 7.1 Outline of the Structure of a Novel Integrated Modeling System 7.1.1 Wadi Flow Routing Models 7.1.2 Dam Simulation Model with Evaporation Component 7.2 Real-World Application of the Modeling System for an Arid Region 7.2.1 Study Area and Available Data 7.2.2 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis 7.2.3 Optimization-Based Process Parameter Estimation 7.2.4 Model Application for Wadi Ma\\\\\\\'awil 7.3 Summary 8 Summary and Conclusions 9 Outlook 9.1 The Modeling System for Improving Water Resources Assessment 9.2 The Modeling System for Optimizing Groundwater Recharge Bibliography A Mathematical Supplements A.1 Explicit First-Order Finite Difference Scheme for the Kinematic Wave Model A.2 Explicit Second-Order Finite Difference Scheme for the Kinematic Wave Model A.3 Implicit Finite Difference Scheme with Interior Point (Preissmann Scheme) A.4 Analytical Solution of the Kinematic Wave Model A.5 Details on the Derivation of the Iterative Procedure (5.47);(5.48) A.6 Details on the Evaluation of Equation (5.60) B Selected Publications of the Author B.1 Analytical Model of Surge Flow in Nonprismatic Permeable Channels B.2 Analytical Model of Surface Flow on Hillslopes B.3 Integrated Modeling System for Flash Flood Routing in Ephemeral Rivers / Diese Dissertation präsentiert einen neuartigen analytischen Lösungsansatz für das beschleunigungsfreie Wellenmodell (bzw. „Zero-Inertia-Modell“, „ZI-Modell“, oder „diffusives Wellenmodell“). Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird das hergeleitete hydrodynamische Modell sowohl zur Simulation von Freispiegelabflüssen in nichtprismatischen und durchlässigen Gerinnen, als auch für die Beschreibung von auf der Landoberfläche abfließendem Infiltrationsüberschuss eingesetzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der neuartige analytische Ansatz — im Hinblick auf Massenerhaltung und die exakte Abbildung der Abflussdynamik — akkurate Ergebnisse liefert und gleichzeitig unter komplexen und verwickelten Prozessbedingungen anwendbar ist. So belegt eine vergleichende Analyse mit validierten numerischen Lösungsansätzen die Robustheit des analytischen ZI-Modells. Insbesondere die im Sinne der numerischen Mathematik stabile und genaue Modellierung der gekoppelten Abfluss- und Infiltrationsvorgänge in anfänglich trockenen Gerinnen ist dabei ein Novum. Weiterhin wird die Eignung und Anwendbarkeit des neuartigen Modellansatzes zur Beschreibung der Abflusskonzentrationsprozesse gezeigt. Der neuartige Lösungsansatz wird im Folgenden für ein reales Wassermanagementproblem im Sultanat Oman, Arabische Halbinsel eingesetzt. Als Bestandteil eines integrierten Modellsystems, welches ebenfalls im Rahmen der Dissertation vorgestellt wird, dient das analytische ZI-Modell zur Simulation von infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss, welcher unterstrom von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen starke Verluste von Masse und Impuls erfährt. Zusammen mit maßgeschneiderten und dem Stand der Technik entsprechenden Komponenten für die Betriebssimulation des Anreicherungsdammes (inklusive Verdunstung von der freien Seefläche) sowie für die Abbildung der oberstromigen hydrodynamischen Prozesse (ebenfalls inklusive Infiltration) wird der neuartige analytische Ansatz in einem Modellsystem zusammengefasst. Das Modellsystem ist in der Lage ein realistisches Bild der raumzeitlichen Dynamik des Abflusses sowie der Grundwasserneubildung aus infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss zu liefern. Damit stellt das Modellsystem ein wertvolles Werkzeug sowohl zur Wasserdargebotsermittlung, als auch für die Optimierung des Betriebes von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen dar.:List of Figures List of Tables List of Algorithms List of Symbols and Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 The Role of Ephemeral River Flow for Groundwater Recharge 1.2 Methods for Estimating Groundwater Recharge 1.3 Groundwater Augmentation Techniques and the Involved Processes 1.4 The Role of Overland Flow for Flash Flood Formation 1.5 Objectives of the Thesis 1.6 Structure of the Work 2 Literature Review 2.1 Surface-Water Based Studies on the Estimation of Indirect Recharge 2.2 Review of Literature on Process-Oriented Overland Flow Modeling 2.3 Summary 3 Principles of Physically-Based Modeling of Infiltrating Free Surface Flows 3.1 Hydraulic Phases of an Infiltrating Flow Event 3.2 Hydrodynamic Models 3.2.1 The Saint-Venant Equations 3.2.2 Zero-Inertia Approximation 3.2.3 Kinematic Wave Approximation 3.2.4 Other Simplifications of the Full Hydrodynamic Model 3.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.4 Relating Friction and Flow Properties 3.5 Accounting for Losses or Gains 3.6 Including Arbitrary Cross-Sectional Geometries 3.7 Discussion of the Reviewed Flow Models 3.7.1 Discussion of Modeling Approaches for Ephemeral River Routing 3.7.2 A Suitable Hydrodynamic Model for Overland Flow 3.7.3 On the Portrayal of Shocks with the Kinematic Wave Model 3.8 Summary 4 Solution Procedures for the Reviewed Flow Models 4.1 Method of Characteristics 4.2 Numerical Solution Procedures 4.2.1 Introduction to Finite Difference Methods 4.2.2 Mathematical Principles of Finite Difference Methods 4.3 Analytical Solution Procedures 4.4 Discussion of the Reviewed Solution Procedures 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 5 Novel Analytical Solution Approaches for the Zero-Inertia Equations 5.1 Novel Analytical Solution Approach for Zero-Inertia Open Channel Flow 5.1.1 Governing Equations 5.1.2 Including Nonprismatic Channel Geometries 5.1.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 5.1.4 Analytical Solution of the Momentum Equation 5.1.5 Analytical Solution of the Continuity Equation 5.1.6 Algorithm for the Iterative Solution of the Nonlinear Problem 5.1.7 Coupling Surface Flow and Infiltration 5.1.8 Additional Remarks 5.2 Novel Analytical Solution Approach for Zero-Inertia Overland Flow 5.2.1 Governing Equations 5.2.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions 5.2.3 Analytical Solution 5.2.4 Algorithm for the Iterative Solution of the Nonlinear Problem 5.3 Summary 6 Comparative Studies with Generally Accepted Approaches 6.1 Open Channel Flow in Prismatic and Nonprismatic Permeable Open Channels 6.1.1 Test Setup 6.1.2 Comparison of Flow Dynamics 6.1.3 Analysis of the Geometry Parameter Sensitivity 6.1.4 Evaluating the Stability of the Analytical ZI Model 6.1.5 Summary 6.2 Overland Flow on a Plane 6.2.1 Test Setup 6.2.2 Comparison of Modeling Results 6.2.3 Summary 7 Flash Flood Routing under Transmission Losses and Dam Operation 7.1 Outline of the Structure of a Novel Integrated Modeling System 7.1.1 Wadi Flow Routing Models 7.1.2 Dam Simulation Model with Evaporation Component 7.2 Real-World Application of the Modeling System for an Arid Region 7.2.1 Study Area and Available Data 7.2.2 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis 7.2.3 Optimization-Based Process Parameter Estimation 7.2.4 Model Application for Wadi Ma\\\\\\\'awil 7.3 Summary 8 Summary and Conclusions 9 Outlook 9.1 The Modeling System for Improving Water Resources Assessment 9.2 The Modeling System for Optimizing Groundwater Recharge Bibliography A Mathematical Supplements A.1 Explicit First-Order Finite Difference Scheme for the Kinematic Wave Model A.2 Explicit Second-Order Finite Difference Scheme for the Kinematic Wave Model A.3 Implicit Finite Difference Scheme with Interior Point (Preissmann Scheme) A.4 Analytical Solution of the Kinematic Wave Model A.5 Details on the Derivation of the Iterative Procedure (5.47);(5.48) A.6 Details on the Evaluation of Equation (5.60) B Selected Publications of the Author B.1 Analytical Model of Surge Flow in Nonprismatic Permeable Channels B.2 Analytical Model of Surface Flow on Hillslopes B.3 Integrated Modeling System for Flash Flood Routing in Ephemeral Rivers