Den ökade globaliseringen har främjat utrikeshandeln. Vidare har de minskaderestriktionerna och handelshindren medfört att företag numera är verksamma på en global och turbulent marknad. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra Sverige och Kina medavseende på utrikeshandel och hinder. Inom utrikeshandeln är hinder i samband medgodstransport ett vanligt förekommande problem av den anledningen kommer dessahinder analyseras och studeras. Sverige har valts att undersökas för att tillföra ett svensktperspektiv och bidra till en ökad insikt inom svensk utrikeshandel. Kina har valts attundersökas eftersom det är en ekonomisk världsledande nation inom utrikeshandeln.Vidare har forskningsfrågor formulerats och dessa har besvarats med hjälp avtillhandahållen data av Världsbankens enkätundersökning. Den erhållna datan harbearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av envariabels- och flervariabelanalys som harbehandlats av statistikprogrammet Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Iden teoretiska referensramen har data samlats in genom kurslitteratur, vetenskapligaartiklar och webbkällor. I resultatavsnittet har tabeller och diagram upprättats för att åskådliggöra skillnader mellan Sveriges och Kinas utrikeshandel och hinder med avseende på export, import, stöld, skadat gods, och transporttid. Av resultatet framgår det att andelen importeratmaterial och råvaror anges vara dubbelt så stor i Sverige i jämförelse med Kina. I slutsatsen framgår det att finns markanta skillnader mellan Sverige och Kina gällandeländernas utrikeshandel och hinder. Vidare har förbättringsåtgärder och lösningarpresenterats med teorin som utgångspunkt. Några av dessa innefattar implementering aveffektiviserade och optimerade distributionssystem och utformningen av hållbara ochsäkra godsförpackningar för att minska förekomsten av skadat gods under transport. Denna studie behandlar ett nytt forskningsområde och kommer huvudsakligen tillföra nykunskap inom Sveriges och Kinas utbyteshandel och hinder i samband med godstransportvilket är ett aktuellt fenomen med hög relevans. Med hjälp av aktuell forskning kanförekommande hinder i samband med godstransport analyseras och förebyggas.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Since the beginning of the nineteen-eighties factory shops in the clothing industry in the Cape Peninsula have had an increasing influence on the retail trade. Originally factory shops were mainly used by factories to sell damaged goods at the end of the season. On account of the (particularly) short product life cycle of their merchandise, clothing factories started to use factory shops more and more to sell quality clothes (e.g. overproduction, canceled orders, etc.) of a current season directly to the consumer. This approach brought about conflicts in the distribution channel as the traditional responsibilities and values of each channel member were rearranged. The clothing industry in South Africa in general, and in the Cape Peninsula, in particular, is controlled by 6 retailers. The forward integration by clothing factories (i.e. through establishing their factory outlets), inter alia, challenging the status quo as the leadership of the distribution channel had been questioned. Based on certain theories on distribution channel development and distribution channel entry, this study concentrated on determining the scope of factory shops, as well as on "establishing reasons for their development. Although environmental variables (e.g. inflation, backward vertical integration by retailers, economic conditions, etc.) have had a significant impact on the establishment of factory shops, clothing factories also realized the existence of excellent opportunities for profit maximization under adverse economic conditions. Primarily, it was the small who rose against factory threatened; in addition, independent clothing retailers shops as their existence was the leading position of large retailers came under threat. Several theories on the evolution of distribution channels make provision for the entry of factory shops. Factory shops entered the distribution channel with a strong emphasis on price strategy and little (or sometimes even no) emphasis on the non-price marketing instruments. However" with time factory shops increasingly incorporated non-price marketing instruments (e.g. promotion, distribution, and product). As a result of their incorporating additional services, factory shops were upgraded and may therefore face new competitors in the future. The South African experience of the influence and permanency of factory shops is too short to present any clear guidelines. However, if the development of factory shops in the retail structure of the United States of America is any indicator, factory shops will be a permanent add it ion to the distribution channel. Factory shops in the U. S.A. are not confined to the clothing industry but have expanded to include every imaginable consumer article. Retailers who originally pressurized clothing factories to close their factory outlets (selling quality and in-season merchandise) with have to accept and adapt to this interchange in the type of competition. Failing this, the independent retailer may disappear. Since the development of the hypermarket concept in the seventies, developments in the distribution channel in retailing stagnated. The consumer, therefore, was susceptible to the change that the entry of factory shops has brought about in the distribution channel of the clothing industry in the Cape Peninsula.

The present thesis investigates the commercial sex hygiene films produced between the years 1914 and 1919 in the United States, during the last years of the Progressive Era. Rejected and prohibited as soon as five years after their apparition, the sex hygiene films’ position within the industry, as well as the cinematic techniques they incorporated, will be analysed through the concept of the Low Other. The first part of the thesis aims to delineate the used concepts, as well as integrate the sex hygiene film into a wider cultural, social, and political framework. The second part explores the films’ aesthetic construction, then focuses on a textual analysis of the narrative and non-narrative methods implied by three particular sex hygiene films. Finally, the thesis concludes that the films used a series of cinematic methods to create a Low Other on-screen, yet these very methods ultimately played a part within their suppression as a Low Other body of culture.