Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Coorientador: Rafael Gomes Viana / Banca: Rone Batista de Oliveira / Banca; Mariluce Pascoina Nepomuceno / Resumo: O espalhamento das gotas sobre superfícies vegetais pode indicar eficiência na aplicação de herbicidas. Porém, o espalhamento de uma gota depende das características da calda fitossanitária, especificamente das propriedades físico-químicas e as suas interações com as superfícies onde as gotas se depositam. As propriedades físicas, como tensão superficial e ângulo de contato podem ser alteradas pela adição de adjuvantes ao tanque do pulverizador. Assim, o desenvolvimento de pesquisas que avaliem a interação dos herbicidas associados a adjuvantes é importante para a recomendação correta do adjuvante, uma vez que o adjuvante pode proporcionar maior espalhamento da gota sobre a superfície de diferentes espécies de plantas, e potencializar o controle. Nesse sentido foram realizados dois estudos, sendo o primeiro para avaliar a tensão superficial e o ângulo de contato em três espécies do gênero Sida. No segundo foi avaliado o ângulo de contato de seis espécies de plantas daninhas e a relação do ângulo com o controle de Lantana camara e Crotalaria incana, de ocorrência em pastagem, ambiente vastamente cultivado no Brasil, mas no qual são raros os trabalhos desta natureza. Concluiu-se que a adição do adjuvante lecitina ao herbicida aminopiralide + fluroxipir reduz o ângulo de contato das gotas sobre as superfícies adaxial e abaxial de Sida cordifolia e Sida glaziovii. E quanto menor ângulo de contato maior controle das espécies avaliadas. / Abstract: The spreading of the drops on plant surfaces may indicate the possible success in herbicide application. However, the spread of a drop depends on the characteristics of the spray solution, specifically the physicochemical properties and their interactions with the surfaces where the drops settle. Physical properties such as surface tension and contact angle can be altered by the addition of adjuvants to the spray tank. Thus, the development of research that evaluates the interaction of herbicides associated with adjuvants is important for the correct recommendation of the adjuvant, since the adjuvant can provide greater spreading of the drop on the surface of different species of plants, and potentiate the control. In this sense two studies were carried out, being the first to evaluate the surface tension and the contact angle in three species of the Sida genus. In the second, was evaluated the contact angle of six weed species and the angle relationship with the control of Lantana camara and Crotalaria incana, a pasture, an area widely cultivated in Brazil, but in which works of this nature are rare. It was concluded that the addition of the lecithin adjuvant to the aminopyralid herbicide + fluroxypyr reduces the contact angle of the drops on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of Sida cordifolia and Sida glaziovii. And the lower the contact angle the greater the control of the evaluated species. / Mestre

O capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis) é uma planta daninha que ganhou importância no cenário agrícola brasileiro recentemente, decorrente da dificuldade natural de se controlar essa espécie de planta daninha e pela descoberta de populações resistentes ao glyphosate. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar os níveis de resistência apresentados por populações de capim-amargoso dos estados do Paraná e São Paulo e avaliar o controle de proporcionado por aplicações de herbicidas associados ou não a duas formulações de 2,4-D, em plantas perenizadas adultas e após roçada mecânica. No primeiro experimento foram coletadas populações de capim-amargoso em quinze áreas nos estados do Paraná e São Paulo. Foi feita a aplicação de 8 doses crescentes de glyphosate (0; 67,5; 135; 270; 540; 1080; 2160 e 4320 g e.a.ha-1) em 5 repetições para a obtenção da curva de dose resposta. Os dados de controle foram submetidos ao modelo de regressão não-linear do tipo log-logístico para determinação dos parâmetros das curvas de dose-resposta, em seguida foi determinado o fator de resistência para cada população. No segundo e terceiro experimentos foi avaliada a eficácia de controle de capim-amargoso através de 31 associações entre os herbicidas glyphosate, 2,4-D dimethylamine, 2,4-D choline, haloxyfop, clethodim, glufosinate, em plantas perenizadas adultas e após roçada mecânica a 20cm. Existe um cenário de evolução nos casos de resistência de capim-amargoso ao herbicida glyphosate nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. Grande parte das populações estudadas apresentaram algum nível de resistência ao glyphosate, mas em maioria (67%) baixa resistência. No entanto, a constatação de populações com fatores de resistência muito altos serve como alerta para a necessidade do uso do manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, buscando usar boas práticas agrícolas para que as populações que ainda apresentam baixo nível de resistência não atinjam esse mesmo patamar. É possível afirmar que o controle de plantas adultas de capim-amargoso resistente ao glyphosate é facilitado com a roçada mecânica, podendo atingir resultados semelhantes ao controle das plantas não roçadas, com uma aplicação sequencial. Existem diversas combinações de associações e aplicações sequenciais entre glyphosate, haloxyfop, clethodim e glufosinate, em associação ou não com 2,4-D colina e 2,4-D dimetilamina, capazes de proporcionar controle superior a 90% em plantas de capim-amargoso, roçadas ou não. Independente do tratamento algumas plantas sofreram rebrota, sendo a intensidade dessa importante na ocasião da aplicação sequencial. É recomendado que esse parâmetro seja observado com cautela para tomada de decisão correta, principalmente no caso de roçada mecânica das plantas, prévia a aplicação de herbicidas. Foi possível observar que a nova formulação de 2,4-D colina possui comportamento similar ao 2,4-D dimetilamina em relação a possíveis antagonismos em associações com graminicidas. Isso indica que os conhecimentos anteriores servem como uma boa referência para uso da nova formulação enquanto novos estudos são desenvolvidos. / The sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is a weed that has gained importance in the Brazilian agricultural scene recently, due to the natural difficulty to control this species of weed and the discovery of populations resistant to glyphosate. The objective of this work was to study the resistance levels of sourgrass populations in the states of Paraná and São Paulo, and to evaluate the control provided by herbicides applications associated or not with two 2,4-D formulations in perennial plants and after mechanical mowing. In the first experiment, sourgrass populations were collected in fifteen areas in the states of Paraná and São Paulo. Eight growing doses of glyphosate (0, 67.5, 135, 270, 540, 1080, 2160 and 4320 g a.a.ha-1) were applied in 5 replicates to obtain the dose response curve. The control data were submitted to the log-logistic nonlinear regression model to determine the parameters of the dose-response curves, after the resistance factor for each population was determined. In the second and third experiments, was evaluated the effectiveness of sourgrass control through 31 associations between herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D dimethylamine, 2,4-D choline, haloxyfop, clethodim, glufosinate, in adult perennial plants and after mowing at 20cm. There is a scenario of evolution in the cases of sourgrass resistance to glyphosate herbicide in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. Most of the populations studied showed some resistance to glyphosate, but most (67%) low resistance. However, the observation of populations with very high resistance factors serves as an alert to the need of using integrated weed management, seeking to use good agricultural practices, so that populations that still have a low resistance level do not reach this high level. It is possible to affirm that the control of adult plants of sourgrass resistant to glyphosate is facilitated with the mechanical mowing, being able to reach results similar to the control of the non-cropped plants, with a sequential application less. There are several combinations of sequential applications and associations between glyphosate, haloxyfop, clethodim and glufosinate, in association or not with 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D dimethylamine, capable of providing superior control to 90% in sourgrass plants, mowed or not. Regardless of the treatment, some plants regrowth, where the intensity is important at the occasion of the sequential application. It is recommended that this parameter get observed with caution for correct decision making, especially in the case of mechanical mowing of the plants, prior to the application of herbicides. It was possible to observe that the new formulation of 2,4-D choline has similar behavior to 2,4-D dimethylamine in relation to possible antagonisms in combinations with graminicides. This indicates that prior knowledge serves as a good reference for use of the new formulation while new studies are developed.

A área de produção da cana-de-açúcar destinada à colheita mecanizada da cana-crua tem crescido bastante nas últimas décadas. Tal processo deixa sobre o solo uma quantidade significativa de palha, alterando fatores como temperatura, menores oscilações térmicas e incidência de luz sob essa cobertura vegetal. Algumas espécies vêm se destacando no sistema de cultivo de cana-crua por conseguirem emergir com facilidade sob a palha. Assim sendo, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de analisar o efeito da luz e da temperatura sobre a germinação, estudar o efeito da profundidade da semente no solo sob palha de cana-de-açúcar e avaliar a susceptibilidade a herbicidas aplicados sobre a palha de cana-de-açúcar em época seca de cinco espécies de plantas daninhas da família Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea nil e Merremia cissoides. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes e em casade- vegetação do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba SP, nos anos de 2007 e 2008. Com relação ao efeito da temperatura sobre germinação, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que essas espécies respondem diferentemente aos efeitos da temperatura e apresentam capacidade de germinação em um amplo espectro de temperaturas. Ficou evidente que temperaturas abaixo de 17,20C reduzem significativamente a germinação das sementes de todas as espécies chegando até a inibir por completo o processo germinativo de I. quamoclit. As espécies apresentaram boa capacidade de germinação a partir de temperaturas em torno de 20oC até os 35oC. A escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico foi capaz de aumentar significativamente a porcentagem de sementes germinadas. Todas as espécies germinaram mais rapidamente (IVG) à temperaturas entre 25,9 e 30,2oC. Para a influência da luz e temperatura, todas as espécies germinaram tanto na presença quanto na ausência de luz, porém, mostraram respostas diferenciadas à presença de luz e às condições de temperatura. Todas as espécies tiveram os piores resultados de germinação e IVG no escuro sob temperatura constante de 25oC. Já para a influência da profundidade sobre emergência de plântulas, constatou-se significância do fator cobertura do solo apenas para algumas espécies de plantas daninhas. Resultado semelhante foi observado para a significância da interação de profundidade da semente e cobertura do solo. Todas as espécies mostraram maiores emergências quando dispostas em superfície do que em relação àquelas enterradas, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de palha. Notou-se que os herbicidas amicarbazone e hexazinone+diuron podem ser recomendados para controle em pré-emergência das espécies estudadas em condição de seca, tanto sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar quanto diretamente ao solo. Já o herbicida imazapic não foi eficiente para o controle de M. cissoides (com ou sem palha sobre o solo), e I. nil (com ou sem palha), controlando bem as demais espécies. Tebuthiuron (com ou sem palha sobre o solo) e sulfentrazone (com palha) não foram eficazes apenas para M. cissoides, que se mostrou a espécie de maior dificuldade de controle. O herbicida metribuzim se mostrou a pior opção para o manejo químico das espécies estudadas. / The growth of sugarcane area designated to mechanized yield has been significant along decades. This process leaves over the soil an significant amount of straw, changing conditions as temperature, lower thermal oscillations and the incision of light under this vegetal cover. Some weed species have been selected by this system because they have the capacity of germinating and emerge normally from under crop residues. Therefore, this work was conducted with the objective of analyzing the influence of light and temperature over germination, the influence of seeding depth and soil covering condition on seedling emergence and the susceptibility to herbicides applied over sugarcane straw in dry condition of five weed species of the Convolvulaceae family: Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea nil e Merremia cissoides. The experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at the Laboratory of Seed Analyses and at the greenhouse of the Department of Vegetal Production of ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba-SP. For the experiment that evaluated the influence of temperature over seed germination, results showed that morningglory species have different reactions to different temperatures and also have the capacity of germinate on a wide range of temperatures. Temperatures less than 17,20C can reduce significantly germination of all species, even inhibiting germination at all for I. quamoclit. Species showed good capacity of germinating on temperatures from 20oC to 35oC. Acid scarification of seeds was capable of elevate significantly the percentage of seed germinated. All species germinated faster (IVG) on temperatures between 25,9 and 30,2oC. On the experiment of light and temperature influence over germination, results showed that all species germinated as well on presence or absence of light. All species had their worst performance of germination and IVG on darkness and constant temperature conditions. Regarding to soil-seeding depth, for all the species, higher emergence was observed when seeds were distributed on soil surface, either in the presence or in the absence of straw. Considering the emergence of I. hederifolia and I. nil neither soil covering nor interaction (depth x covering) effect was observed. For I. quamoclit, there were observed isolated effects of soil covering and seeding depth, which indicated better species adaptability to emerge in soil without the presence of straw on surface. Also for the species I.triloba and M. cissoides, the emergence was lower in the plots with straw on soil surface when compared with those without straw and, still, straw distributed on soil surface reduced significantly the speed of emergence and seedling establishment. Amicarbazone and hexazinone+diuron can be recommended for pre-emergence control all species on dry conditions, even when applied over sugarcane straw. Imazapic had no efficient control for M. cissoids and I. nil, both, even when apllied over the straw or directly on soil surface, but showed good efficacy for the other species. Tebuthiuron (apllied over the straw or directly on soil surface) and sulfentrazone (when apllied over the straw) were not efficient only for M. cissoides, which was the most difficult specie to control. Metribuzim was the worst option for control of all species.

Nos últimos anos, em áreas de produção de culturas transgênicas resistentes ao glyphosate, falhas no controle do capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica) são cada vez mais frequentes, estando provavelmente relacionadas ao uso indiscriminado do glyphosate e ao consequente aumento da pressão de seleção de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a esse herbicida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a suscetibilidade de quatro populações de capim-pé-de-galinha ao herbicida glyphosate em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, bem como estudar a eficácia de herbicidas alternativos ao glyphosate no controle de plantas desta espécie na pré e pós-emergência das mesmas. Também foi objetivo deste trabalho estudar aspectos da biologia, tais como: crescimento, número de sementes produzidas por uma planta e influência da escarificação mecânica sobre a germinação do capim-pé-de- galinha. Foi verificado que existem diferenças na suscetibilidade das populações ao glyphosate, no qual a população denominada EIR2 proveniente de Primavera do Leste - MT foi a que necessitou de maiores doses para ser controlada, sendo caracterizada como um caso de resistência de nível baixo, pois a dose máxima de bula recomendada para a espécie é capaz de controlar todas as populações do estudo. Os herbicidas mais indicados para o controle de capim-pé-de-galinha na pré-emergência foram o flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, clomazone e trifluralina, apresentando maiores níveis de controle e efeito residual mais prolongado. O controle do capim-pé-de-galinha na pós-emergência inicial (2 a 3 perfilhos) e no estádio intermediário (6 a 8 perfilhos) foi eficiente com todos os herbicidas testados. No estádio mais avançado (10 a 12 perfilhos) o herbicida sethoxydim não controlou nenhuma das populações, não sendo indicado para plantas com mais de 6 perfilhos. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre o controle das populações com os inibidores da ACCase, sendo necessários outros estudos para confirmação da resistência a esses herbicidas. O capim-pé-de-galinha apresentou de maneira geral elevado acúmulo de matéria seca total, sendo considerado altamente competitivo. Foram encontradas diferenças entre o crescimento das populações, não havendo relação com a suscetibilidade diferencial ao glyphosate existente entre as mesmas. O perfilhamento iniciou-se aos 28 dias após a emergência (DAE), com um pico de crescimento dos 42 aos 63 DAE quando as plantas atingiram o ápice do acúmulo foliar e matéria seca, entrando posteriormente na senescência. O florescimento iniciou-se entre 42 e 49 DAE e perdurou até os 63 DAE. Uma planta da espécie Eleusine indica produziu em média 45000 sementes e não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção de sementes entre as populações. A escarificação mecânica das sementes acelerou o processo de germinação e aumentou a germinação final das populações de capim-pé-de-galinha. O mecanismo que confere a dormência física das sementes de capim-pé-de-galinha está relacionado com a impermeabilidade do tegumento. / Lately, in the areas of production of transgenic crops resistant to glyphosate failures in control of goosegrass has been reported frequently, probably by an intense using of glyphosate and consequent increasing in selection pressure of weeds resistant to glyphosate. For this reason this work was carried out in order to compare the susceptibility of four goosegrass populations to glyphosate in different stages of development, as well as studying the effectiveness of alternative herbicides to glyphosate in the control of such species in pre and post-emergence. It was also a goal of this work study biological aspects, such as growth, weed number produced by a plant and influence of mechanical scarification on the germination of the goosegrass. It was found that there are differences in the susceptibility of populations to glyphosate, in which EIR2 population from Primavera do Leste - MT was the one that required higher doses to be controlled, being characterized as a case of low-level resistance because of the maximum recommended dose is able to control all the populations studied. Herbicides the most suitable to control pre-emergence were flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, clomazone and trifluralin, with high levels of control were used a longer residual effect. The control of goosegrass in the early post-emergence (2-3 tillers) and the intermediate stage (6-8 tillers) was efficient with all the tested herbicides. In the most advanced stage (10 to 12 tillers) the herbicide sethoxydim did not control any of populations, was not were used suitable for plants with more than 6 tillers. Remarkable differences were identified between the control of populations with ACCase inhibitors. Other studies are necessary to confirm the resistance to these herbicides. The goosegrass showed high accumulation of total dry matter, being considered highly competitive. Some differences were found among the growth of the populations, with no relation to the differential susceptibility to glyphosate existing between them. The tillering began at 28 days after emergence (DAE), with a growth between of 42 to 63 DAE when the plants reached the apex of the leaf and dry matter accumulation, later entering senescence. The flowering started between 42 and 49 DAE and lasted until 63 DAE. A plant of Eleusine indica produced on average 45 000 seeds and there were no important differences between seed production among populations. Mechanical scarification of seeds accelerated the germination and increased the final germination populations of goosegrass. The mechanism that confers the physical dormancy of goosegrass seeds is related to the impermeability of the integument.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_gsf_me_botfca.pdf: 3983066 bytes, checksum: 0ecc95aedf49bb3a0b687a39cac24ced (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes intervalos de chuva na eficiência de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência em quatro espécies de plantas daninhas: Ipomoea grandifolia, Senna obtusifolia, Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria plantaginea. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa-de-vegetação com uma planta por vaso, com capacidade de 2,5 L. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, disposto em um esquema fatorial 7x8 (sete tratamentos químicos e oito intervalos de chuva) para as espécies dicotiledôneas e 6x8 (seis tratamentos herbicidas e oito intervalos de chuva) para as monocotiledôneas. Os tratamentos testados foram: glyphosate em cinco formulações comerciais (Roundup Original, Roundup WG, Roundup Transorb, Roundup Transorb R e Roundup Ultra) a 1.080 g e.a. ha-1, amonio-glufosinate a 400 g i.a. ha-1 e, apenas para as espécies dicotiledôneas utilizou-se o tratamento com 2,4-D a 1.000 g e.a. ha-1. A simulação de chuva de 20 mm foi realizada em oito intervalos de tempo após a aplicação dos herbicidas (15‟, 30‟, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h e sem chuva). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle das plantas aos 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA) para I. grandifolia,aos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 DAA para S. obtusifolia, aos 3, 7, 14 e 21 DAA para B. decumbens e aos 3, 7 e 14 DAA para B. plantaginea. Ao final do período de avaliação de cada espécie determinou-se a massa seca das plantas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo Teste “F” e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para plantas de I. grandifolia a ocorrência de chuvas após 15 minutos da aplicação do herbicida 2,4-D não afetou sua eficiência de controle, já os herbicidas amonio-glufosinate e glyphosate, em todas suas... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different intervals of rain in the efficiency of herbicides applied post-emergence in four weed species: Ipomoea grandifolia, Senna obtusifolia, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria plantaginea. The experiment was conducted in conditions of green-house with one plant per pot, with a capacity of 2.5 L. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications, arranged in a 7x8 factorial arrangement (seven chemical treatments and eight intervals of rain) for dicotyledons and 6x8 (six and eight herbicide treatments rain intervals) for monocotyledons. The treatments were: glyphosate in five formulations (Roundup Original, Roundup WG, Transorb Roundup, Roundup and Roundup Ultra Transorb R) to 1080 g ae ha-1 ammonium-glufosinate at 400 g ai ha-1, and only for dicot species, we used treatment with 2,4-D and 1,000 g ha-1. The simulated rainfall of 20 mm was accomplished in eight intervals of time after herbicide application (15', 30', 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h and no rain). Visual evaluations of weed control at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA) for I. grandifolia, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAA for S. obtusifolia, 3, 7, 14 and 21 DAA for B. decumbens and at 3, 7 and 14 DAA for B. plantaginea. At the end of the trial period of each species determined the dry mass of plants. The results were subjected to analysis of variance test by F and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. For plants I. grandifolia to rainfall after 15 minutes of application of 2,4-D did not affect the efficiency of control because the herbicides glufosinate and glyphosate-ammonium, in all its formulations tested showed reduced efficiency of control when the occurrence of rainfall up to 8 hours after herbicide application and, with the exception of Roundup Original, all herbicides provided greater than 50% reductions in dry mass of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fml_me_botfca.pdf: 7467209 bytes, checksum: 3b7833c036cd2436cdc7636a5037a049 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Em cana-de-açúcar, a colheita sem queimada deixa sobre o solo uma espessa camada de palha que pode superar 20 toneladas por hectare e que intercepta grande parte do herbicida aplicado em pré-emergência, impedindo que este chegue até o solo onde irá atuar. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia do mesotrione aplicado em pré-emergência sobre palha de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes quantidades, períodos e intensidades de chuvas após a aplicação no controle de plantas daninhas. Para isso foram conduzidos 4 experimentos em casa-devegetação e um em campo. Os experimentos em casa-de-vegetação objetivaram avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione, com simulação de diferentes intervalos de chuva após a aplicação do herbicida, em associação com palha da cana-de-açúcar, sobre diferentes quantidades de palha e estimar a absorção foliar do herbicida mesotrione através do contato direto de plantas daninhas com a palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento conduzido em condições de campo objetivou avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione aplicado sobre diferentes quantidades de palha em comparação com o padrão de mercado hexazinone+diuron, no controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla e Panicum maximum). Os resultados mostraram que o mesotrione controlou em pré-emergência E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia e Commelina benghalensis, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com o herbicida aplicado sobre a palha ou sobre o solo, porém, com subseqüente simulação de chuva. O controle das plantas daninhas por meio de absorção do herbicida pelo contato direto com a palha impregnada com o princípio ativo foi considerado satisfatório, com resultados de controle acima de 95%, chegando a 100 %, para a I. grandifolia, com simulação de orvalho; enquanto... / In sugar cane, harvesting without burning leaves on the ground a thick layer of straw that can exceed 20 tons per hectare which intercepts the herbicide applied pre-emergence, preventing it from reaching the soil where they will act . The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of mesotrione applied pre-emergence on sugar cane straw in different amounts, periods and intensities of rainfall after application to control weeds. For this four experiments were conducted in greenhouse and one in field. The experiments in greenhouse aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione, simulating different periods of rain after herbicide application, in combination with sugar cane straw, on different amounts of straw and to estimate the foliar uptake of the herbicide mesotrione through direct contact of weeds with the sugar cane straw. The experiment conducted under field conditions aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide mesotrione applied on different amounts of straw compared with the standard hexazinone+diuron for the control of four weed species (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla and Panicum maximum). The results showed that mesotrione controlled in pre-emergence E. heterophylla, I. grandifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Sida rhombifolia and Commelina benghalensis, and the best results obtained with the herbicide applied on the straw or on the ground, but with subsequent rainfall simulation. The weed control through herbicide absorption by direct contact with the straw impregnated with the active principle was considered satisfactory, with results of controlled over 95% to 100% for I. grandifolia, with simulated dew, while E. heterophylla was not controlled by the herbicide. The weed control with the occurrence of rain 1 DAA showed the best results for the herbicide mesotrione than rain at 14 DAA, while for imazapic and hexazinone+diuron...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soaresfilho_sib_me_botfca.pdf: 1593200 bytes, checksum: a0cf83ded3bcc270cfd841ade63ecd60 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a quantidade e qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em quatro espécies de Commelina, considerando volumes de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e o ângulo dos bicos na barra de pulverização. Foram utilizadas cinco hastes de plantas/vaso. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com vinte repetições. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-devegetação e a aplicação da calda foi efetuada após 40 dias do transplantio das hastes, quando estavam com 30 a 40 cm de comprimento. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco pontas de pulverização (TX-VK 6, TX-VK 8, XR 11001 VS, XR 11002 VS e TJ60 11002 VS), sendo testadas com diferentes ângulos de aplicação (0° e +30°) exceto a TJ60 11002 VS e, todas com dois volumes de calda distintos (100 e 200 L ha-1). Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC -1 na concentração de 500 ppm para determinar-se a deposição da calda de pulverização. Após a aplicação, vinte hastes de trapoeraba foram imediatamente coletadas e, em seguida, foram lavadas em 100 mL de água destilada para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram transformados em valores de depósitos por grama de massa seca e ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que: (i) o modelo de Gompertz proporcionou ajuste adequado aos dados de a acumulada dos depósitos da calda com traçador Azul Brilhante nas quatro espécies de trapoeraba; (ii) o uso de maiores volumes de pulverização não determinam necessariamente, em maiores depósitos; (iii) o uso de volumes menores de calda de pulverização proporcionam maior uniformidade de distribuição das gotas pulverizadas e (iv) a angulação das pontas de pulverização pode incrementar... / The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of the spray deposition in four Commelina species, considering volumes of application, spray nozzles and the angle of the bar of spray nozzles. Five stems of plants/pot were planted. The experimental treatments were set up on a randomized design with twenty replications. The experiment was carried out in green-house conditions and the solution application was made 40 days of stems transplanting after, when the plants were between 30 to 40 cm in length. The treatments consisted of five spray nozzle (TX-VK 6, TX-VK 8, XR 11001 VS, XR 11002 VS and TJ60 11002 VS), tested with different angles of application (0° e +30°) except for the TJ60 11002 VS nozzle, and with two different volumes of solution (100 and 200 L ha-1). It was used the brilliant blue FDC – 1 as tracer solution, with 500 ppm to determined the spraying deposition. After application, twenty stems of the weed. plants were immediately collected, and after had been washed in 100 mL of distilled water for posterior tracer quantification in spectrophotometer. The data had been adjusted a regression curve for Gompertz model. The results had evidenced that: (i) Gompertz model provided an adequate adjustment for accumulated frequency of tracer deposition in four species Commelina; (ii) the use of larger volumes of spray did not necessarily determine in larger deposits; (iii) the use of smaller amounts of spraying volume provide greater uniformity of distribution of droplets sprayed; and (iv) use of angle nozzle could increase the spraying uniformity of deposition, but are dependent on the application volume and the species studied.