O presente estudo tem como objeto a transição e os percursos das creches diretas da Secretaria de Assistência Social (SAS), para a Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME), na Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo durante a gestão Marta Suplicy (PT), de 2001 a 2004. Buscou-se compreender o processo político-administrativo levado a efeito nesse período. Intencionamos ao mesmo tempo, contribuir para o debate sobre creches, buscando apontar alguns indicadores do processo e como o município de São Paulo incorporou o preceito constitucional das creches na área da Educação. Buscou-se utilizar como referências conceituais diferentes teorias da área de política de educação infantil e das políticas sociais dirigidas à infância, objetivando relacioná-las com as políticas de creche no município de São Paulo, evidenciando o contexto histórico-político em que estava inserido. A conclusão do estudo revela que a mudança de área trouxe várias modificações com relação ao atendimento das crianças nas creches, em especial, a organização da demanda, a gestão de sistema e de unidades e a formação de professores. A pesquisadora reuniu e analisou grande parte da documentação que caracterizou a transição e com base nas entrevistas realizadas demonstrou que, embora com contradições, houve avanços para as creches diretas do município de São Paulo. Destaca ainda, que há muito a investir na qualidade do atendimento educacional da criança de 0 a 6 anos no município. / This study aims to track the transition and the course of administration of day-nurseries of the Secretary of Social Assistance (SAS) to Municipal Secretary of Education (SME) of São Paulo City during the administration of the Major Marta Suplicy (PT), from 2001 to 2004. The Administration has tried to understand the political and administrative process carried out during the remaining period. At the same time our intention was that this study could contribute to the debate about day-nurseries, pointing and analyzing indicators that reflected on the developed work and how the schools accepted the constitucional precept of day-nurseries in the area of Education. On the development of this study, we have used as references, different conceptual theories linked to childhood education policies in accordance with social policies targeting to connect them with the policies used in daynurseries in the city of São Paulo, emphasizing the historical and political context in which was inserted. The conclusion reached by this study suggests that is the changing of the area that has brought a lot of modifications about the care of children in day-nurseries as the way of the attendance, the administration of educational system and unit until the organization and formation of staff in this sector. The researcher attended and analyzed great part of the documentation that characterized the transition and added to the interviews showed, although with contradiction in process, that progress was occurring through the day-nurseries for the city of Sao Paulo. Highlights have shown that educational area needs investment and efforts in order to enhance the quality of the attendance for children from 0 to 6 years in the childhood education in São Paulo.

This dissertation examines the inherent meanings in the claim that the pre-school is "a complement to the home". The meanings are analysed in order to explore the reasons behind the extension of child care in Sweden, and particularly during the period 1990-1995.The dissertation has two objectives. The first objective is to analyse the aims, as identified by the state and the municipalities, for pre-schools and family day nurseries to act as a complement to the home; with an additional analysis of the children's social and cultural contexts. The second objective is to analyse how employees and parents interpret the idea that pre-schooling is a complement to the home. Date used for this research is national programme information, guidelines used at municipal levels, and empirical data from one questionnaire to staff and two questionnaires to parents. Theories about frame factors and curricula constitute the points of departure for the analyses of the national programmes at state and at local levels, and for the analyses of the questionnaires. The analyses shows that the concept of "a complement to the home" has varied over time and that it is contextually dependent. In the 1930s, when there was a need to improve children's playing environment to compensate for small, cramped, and dark homes, the pre-school was designed to provide large, light rooms. During the 1940s and the 1950s, it was assumed that child care should act as a complement to the home (i.e., not be regarded as a competitor). Such different connotations inherent in the concept of "a complement to the home" reflect the Zeitgeist of the various decades. They also show how the needs of children and family have been expressed; which, in turn, related to the need for women to be active in the labour force. The results of the analyses show that official documents, parents and staff express a belief in pre-schools and family day nurseries as important complements to the homes, particularly in reference to children's social development. But the differences the parents express concerning their children's upbringing are shown to relate to their educational background. The actual activities of the pre-school complement are worked out in close co­operation between parents and staff. Difficulties occur when individual children's needs are taken as a point of departure. This result suggests that the pre-school can be a complement to each child only when divergences in opinions between staff and parents are limited. Family nurseries, which generally are less organised and have fewer children than pre-schools, can provide child care that is more designed to fit the specific needs of children and parents. One of the conclusions of this study is that pre-schools are run on the basis of staff efforts, and that co-operation with parents constitutes a decisive factor in the future development of pre-schooling. / digitalisering@umu

O presente estudo tem como objeto a transição e os percursos das creches diretas da Secretaria de Assistência Social (SAS), para a Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SME), na Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo durante a gestão Marta Suplicy (PT), de 2001 a 2004. Buscou-se compreender o processo político-administrativo levado a efeito nesse período. Intencionamos ao mesmo tempo, contribuir para o debate sobre creches, buscando apontar alguns indicadores do processo e como o município de São Paulo incorporou o preceito constitucional das creches na área da Educação. Buscou-se utilizar como referências conceituais diferentes teorias da área de política de educação infantil e das políticas sociais dirigidas à infância, objetivando relacioná-las com as políticas de creche no município de São Paulo, evidenciando o contexto histórico-político em que estava inserido. A conclusão do estudo revela que a mudança de área trouxe várias modificações com relação ao atendimento das crianças nas creches, em especial, a organização da demanda, a gestão de sistema e de unidades e a formação de professores. A pesquisadora reuniu e analisou grande parte da documentação que caracterizou a transição e com base nas entrevistas realizadas demonstrou que, embora com contradições, houve avanços para as creches diretas do município de São Paulo. Destaca ainda, que há muito a investir na qualidade do atendimento educacional da criança de 0 a 6 anos no município. / This study aims to track the transition and the course of administration of day-nurseries of the Secretary of Social Assistance (SAS) to Municipal Secretary of Education (SME) of São Paulo City during the administration of the Major Marta Suplicy (PT), from 2001 to 2004. The Administration has tried to understand the political and administrative process carried out during the remaining period. At the same time our intention was that this study could contribute to the debate about day-nurseries, pointing and analyzing indicators that reflected on the developed work and how the schools accepted the constitucional precept of day-nurseries in the area of Education. On the development of this study, we have used as references, different conceptual theories linked to childhood education policies in accordance with social policies targeting to connect them with the policies used in daynurseries in the city of São Paulo, emphasizing the historical and political context in which was inserted. The conclusion reached by this study suggests that is the changing of the area that has brought a lot of modifications about the care of children in day-nurseries as the way of the attendance, the administration of educational system and unit until the organization and formation of staff in this sector. The researcher attended and analyzed great part of the documentation that characterized the transition and added to the interviews showed, although with contradiction in process, that progress was occurring through the day-nurseries for the city of Sao Paulo. Highlights have shown that educational area needs investment and efforts in order to enhance the quality of the attendance for children from 0 to 6 years in the childhood education in São Paulo.

Abstract Good day-nursery education and its development require increased participation by the parents in the planning, implementation and evaluation of their children's day-care process. It is therefore the purpose of the current study to interpret and understand the conceptions of education held by the mothers of day-nursery children and their assessments of good day-nursery education. The theoretical frame of reference of this study is based on an existential-phenomenological approach to education and the holistic conception of man outlined by Rauhala (1983). The research data consists of individual and pair interviews with seven mothers selected in three day nurseries, and of their written evaluations of the summaries of these interviews. The data analysis made use of content analysis and an interpretational approach aiming at understanding meanings on the basis of wholes of thought. The Nud*ist analysis software was used as a technical tool. The study shows that the educational conceptions of the mothers of day-nursery children conform to the phenomenological approach to education. Their conception of the child focuses on individuality, the importance of the development of emotional life and self-esteem, as well as active subjectivity. The mothers have a mainly positive view on the possibilities of the day-nursery staff to support these areas of development. Their conceptions of the goals of education span between individual subjectivity and collectivity. The goals are crystallised in the individual who is a creative survivor capable of realising human dignity many-sidedly in relation to self and others. Day-nursery education is often a conscious choice by the parents to achieve these goals, although those interviewed also intervene in the social influences received by their children if necessary. The conceptions of the educational relationship and methods focus on a confidential and caring relationship in which open authority enables a genuine dialogue that creates something new between the child and adult. A democratic community of adults is also a source of modeling for the child. On this basis the personnel is authorised by the parents to act on behalf of the child. The conceptions of educational collaboration are based on the primary educational responsibility of the parents, and therein on the realisation of the parent's existential needs. Successful collaboration requires the parents to be well enough informed of day-nursery education and to have a positive emotional relationship with the day nursery and the child's educational situation. The parent also needs to have the opportunity to be fully involved in the child's educational process. The collaboration is mostly felt to support parenthood, but crisis situations may also cause value conflicts between the parents and staff. The results would suggest that knowledge and understanding of the parents' educational conceptions would promote the professionals' efforts to consider the differences between families and support educational companionship. In this way the parents' involvement would also be reinforced in terms of joint planning and evaluation in day-nursery education. The parents' ideas would thus also be conveyed to early childhood education planners and decision-makers to support them in their work. / Tiivistelmä Hyvän päiväkotikasvatuksen ja sen kehittämisen edellytys on vanhempien osallisuuden vahvistaminen lapsen päivähoitoprosessin suunnittelussa, toteuttamisessa ja arvioinnissa. Tästä syystä tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä on tulkita ja ymmärtää päiväkotilasten äitien kasvatuskäsityksiä sekä heidän arviointiaan päiväkotikasvatuksesta. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen viitekehyksen perustana on eksistentiaalis-fenomenologinen lähtökohta kasvatuksessa ja Rauhalan (1983) määrittelemä holistinen ihmiskäsitys. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kolmesta päiväkodista valittujen seitsemän äidin yksilö- ja parihaastatteluista sekä kirjallisista arvioinneista, joita he antoivat haastatteluidensa tiivistelmistä. Aineiston analyysissä on sovellettu sisällönanalyysiä ja tulkinnallista otetta, joka pyrkii ajatuskokonaisuuksien pohjalta merkitysten ymmärtämiseen. Teknisenä apuvälineenä on käytetty Nud*ist-analyysiohjelmaa. Tutkimuksen tuloksena päiväkotilasten äitien kasvatuskäsitykset myötäilevät eksistentiaalis-fenomenologista lähestymistapaa kasvatuksessa. Käsitys lapsesta painottaa yksilöllisyyttä, tunne-elämän ja itsetunnon kehityksen tärkeyttä sekä aktiivista subjektiutta. äideillä on pääosin positiivinen käsitys päiväkodin henkilöstön mahdollisuuksista tukea näitä kehityksen alueita. Käsitykset kasvatustavoitteista keskittyvät yksilöllisen subjektiuden ja yhteisöllisyyden jännevälille. Tavoitteet kiteytyvät yksilöön, joka on luova selviytyjä ja kykenee toteuttamaan monipuolista ihmisarvoa suhteessa itseensä ja muihin ihmisiin. Päiväkotikasvatus on usein vanhempien tietoinen valinta näiden tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi, joskin haastatellut myös puuttuvat tarvittaessa lapsensa saamiin sosiaalisiin vaikutteisiin. Käsitykset kasvatussuhteesta ja -menetelmistä painottavat luottamuksellista ja välittävää kasvatussuhdetta, jossa avoin auktoriteetti mahdollistaa aidon ja uutta luovan dialogin lapsen ja aikuisen välillä. Demokraattinen aikuisyhteisö on myös lapsen mallioppimisen lähde. Tältä pohjalta henkilöstöllä on vanhempien valtuutus toimia lapsen valtuutettuna. Käsitykset kasvatusyhteistyöstä nojaavat vanhempien ensisijaiseen kasvatusvastuuseen ja siinä vanhemman eksistentiaalisten tarpeiden toteutumiseen. Onnistunut yhteistyö edellyttää vanhemman riittävää tietotasoa päiväkotikasvatuksesta sekä tunnetasolla myönteistä kokemusta vanhemman omasta suhteesta päiväkotiin samoin kuin lapsen kasvatustilanteesta. Osallistumisen tasolla vanhemman tulee saada vaikuttaa lapsensa kasvatusprosessiin. Pääsääntöisesti yhteistyö on koettu vanhemmuutta tukevana. Kriisitilanteet kuitenkin saattavat nostaa esiin myös arvoristiriitoja vanhempien ja henkilöstön välillä. Tulokset antavat viitteitä siitä, että vanhempien kasvatuskäsitysten tunteminen ja ymmärtäminen voisivat parantaa ammattilaisten työtä perheiden erilaisuuden huomioimisessa ja tukea kasvatuskumppanuutta. Tällöin myös vanhempien osallisuus vahvistuisi yhteisenä suunnitteluna ja arviointina päiväkotikasvatuksessa. Vanhempien käsitykset tulisivat näin artikuloiduiksi myös varhaiskasvatuksen suunnittelijoiden ja päättäjien työn tueksi.

Orientador: Ana Lucia Guedes-Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T14:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_MarciaAparecidaPereiradaSilva_M.pdf: 4933867 bytes, checksum: c37c5a956ac756c1639ec43dfe0c6355 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo propôs-se a compreender o papel e a importância da formação em serviço nas creches, tendo como base o ponto de vista das suas profissionais: as educadoras. Para tanto, pesquisou duas instituições de Educação Infantil do município de Campinas, tendo acompanhado a prática cotidiana educativa de ambas e registrado as histórias de vida das educadoras que nelas trabalham, por meio da escuta de suas narrativas, cedidas em entrevistas. O estudo também se efetivou como pesquisa-ação no que tange ao trabalho de inserção e vivência no cotidiano focado. Tomou como referência teórico-metodológica os princípios da História Oral e alguns da abordagem etnográfica. Chegou à conclusão de que, embora as narrativas das educadoras sobre sua história pessoal e profissional contivessem indícios e resquícios da mentalidade do passado que constituiu as instituições que precederam as creches, como a Roda de Expostos e as Casas de Misericórdia, também apresentaram marcas da mentalidade atual em relação ao papel da Educação Infantil, que é resultado, entre vários fatores, da conquista da população e da sociedade em geral com as deliberações da Constituição Federal e da LDB mais recente. Suas falas enfatizaram e reconheceram a qualificação profissional como elemento fundamental em seu trabalho. Junto disso, as próprias instituições investigadas revelaram uma organização interna que permite que o cuidar e o educar, que são tarefas próprias da Educação Infantil, aconteçam de maneira responsável, ficando o profissionalismo resguardado e valorizado, distanciando-se, desse modo, da vida das instituições assistencialistas / Abstract: The present study aims to understand the role and the importance of the educational work in the nursery schools, considering the viewpoint of their professional: the educators. The research considered two nursery schools in Campinas, Sao Paulo, following the daily routine of both institutions, recording the life report of the teachers, through their narratives in interviews. The study also evaluate the insertion and practices in their everyday activities. It adopted as theoretical and methodological references the Oral History fundaments, and some ethnographic approach. Though the narratives about their personal and professional history indicate traces of a past mentality linked to the previous institutions, as the ¿Roda de Expostos¿ and the ¿Casa de Misericordia¿ (charity and beneficent institutions) the conclusions found were that also is present a contemporary thought about the role of children¿s education. This is a result, among many, of the conquests of the society in general regarding the LDB (specific legislation on education) and, more recently, due achievements found in the Federal constitution. Their speech emphasise and acknowledge the professional qualification as an essential tool in their work. Besides, the same institutions focused in the present study revealed an internal organisation which granted that protection and education, inherent to children¿s education, occur in a responsible way where professionalism is kept and stimulated, breaking away, therefore, from the charity work present in the institutions from the past / Mestrado / Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores / Mestre em Educação