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Prašymas iškelti bankroto bylą yra ne tik prašymas pripažinti teisę, bet ir taikyti skolininkui priemonių, susijusių su įmonės gelbėjimu, visumą ir proporcingai patenkinti visų įmonės kreditorių reikalavimus, susijusius išimtinai su įmonės skolininkės turtu. Nors įstatymų leidėjas siekia apginti daugiausiai kreditoriaus interesus, tačiau labai svarbu ir įmonės skolininkės akcininkų teisės. Tyrimo metu buvo išskirta, kad akcininkai turi tiek turtines, tiek neturtines teises, kuriomis jie gali disponuoti įstatymų ribose, tačiau bankroto metu akcininkai išlaiko tik teisę gauti likviduojamos bendrovės turto dalį, jei bendrovė būtų likviduojama. Lietuvos Respublikos įmonių bankroto įstatyme nustatytos ir kitos teisės, kurias bendrovės akcininkai įgyja nuo bankroto procedūrų pradžios: 1) teikti paaiškinimus; 2) siūlyti pradėti įmonei neteisminę bankroto procedūrą; 3) sudaryti sandorius, susijusius su įmonės restruktūrizavimu; 4) sudaryti taikos sutartį. Teisių gynimo būdai nustatyti įstatymuose. CK nustato teisių gynimą teismo keliu ir savigyną. ĮBĮ galima išskirti teisę sudaryti taikos sutartį, sudaryti sandorius dėl įmonės restruktūrizavimo, taip pat su ieškiniu kreiptis į teismą tiek dėl bankroto bylos pradėjimo, tiek dėl žalos, padarytos įmonei, priteisimo kaip akcininkų teisių gynimo būdai. Pažymėtina, kad akcininkų teisės bankroto procese ginamos menkai, dažnai jos tinkamai neįgyvendinamos ar visai neįgyvendinamos dėl jų menko reglamentavimo, susiklosčiusios teismų praktikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A claim concerning the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings is not only an application to recognize the right but also to apply the entirety of measures that are intended to the salvation of the company in order to proportionally satisfy the requirements of the creditors related exclusively to the assets of the company debtor. Notwithstanding to the aim of the legislative body to protect the interests of creditors, the rights of the shareholders of the company debtor is of no less importance. However such rights are lesser discussed topic. The study revealed that the shareholders have property and non-property rights that may be exercised in compliance with legislation. In case of initiation of the bankruptcy proceedings with a court, the shareholders retain their rights, however their property rights as well as no-property rights are limited to the benefit of the creditors. The study revealed that during bankruptcy procedure the shareholders retain just one right provided for by the Law on Companies of the Republic of Lithuania, namely: to receive a part of assets of the company under liquidation, in case of the liquidation of the company. The Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy of the Republic of Lithuania provides for the following rights acquired by the shareholders of the company from the beginning of the bankruptcy procedures:1) to file explanations; 2) to make a proposal to the company to start non-judicial bankruptcy proceedings 3) to enter into agreements related to the... [to full text]

Ireland and the United Kingdom are since 1993 in conflict about a Mox plant at Sellafield, on the Irish Sea. This plant is designed to recycle the plutonium which is produced during the reprocessing of nuclear fuel to reclaim the uranium contained in it. Ireland has tried to contest the British decision to build and operate the Mox plant through all the legal means available. An important request of Ireland was to be more and better informed in order to better contribute to the protection of the marine environment of the Irish Sea. Ireland and the United Kingdom are Member of two important treaties addressing the issue of environmental information: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention). Ireland has sought a remedy through the procedures of dispute settlement instituted by those two treaties. The Mox Plant Case is therefore very complex, each of these procedures being conducted within the textual confines of the treaties that govern them.<br /> <br /> In July 2003 the Arbitral Tribunal constituted under the OSPAR Convention rejected Ireland&rsquo / s request to have access to more information about the Mox plant. The procedure introduced by Ireland in October 2001 before an Arbitral Tribunal constituted under the UNCLOS is still pending. In this context, waiting for the final decision of this Arbitral Tribunal, the ITLOS ordered in December 2001, as a provisional measure, that Ireland and the United Kingdom must cooperate and exchange information. In November 2003, the Arbitral Tribunal constituted under the UNCLOS has suspended the proceedings, waiting for a decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Indeed the European Commission, backing up the position of the United Kingdom, initiated proceedings against Ireland before the ECJ in 2003.<br /> <br /> The Mox Plant Case illustrates and addresses several predominant matters in international environmental law. Firstly it illustrates the complexity of a system where several treaties between the same parties regulate the same issues. As a consequence in this case not less than four international jurisdictions have been and are still involved in the matter, leading to procedural difficulties. Secondly the Mox Plant Case illustrates the considerable difference of opinion which exists in the area of international environmental law with respect to the meaning and nature of the notion of &lsquo / access to information&rsquo / , and its relationship to other ancillary and concomitant notions, e. g. &lsquo / collaboration&rsquo / , &lsquo / cooperation&rsquo / , &lsquo / participation&rsquo / , etc., by and amongst states. The meaning of this concept, which is the cause of the dispute, differ depending on the context of treaty within which it is used.<br /> From the analysis of the Mox Plant Case, in the context of the evolution of international law in general, and international environmental law in particular, the point is made on the strong link between the principle of cooperation and the right of access to environmental information, the first one necessarily including the latter to be effective. The other important element is the shift which is now established in international environmental law and governance from a strict application of the principle of state sovereignty, towards a more integrated vision. The interdependent nature of the environment makes necessary an interdependent governance and regulation of the issues related to it.

Studies were carried out to evaluate the repellent properties of the seeds of alligator pepper, <i>Aframomum melegueta </i>and Black pepper, <i>Piper guineense, </i>and ginger, <i>Zingiber officinale </i>rhizomes against <i>S. zeamais</i>. In 4-way olfactometry bioassays, <i>S. zeamais</i> adults showed strong attraction to maize and wheat seed volatiles but were significantly repelled by odours emanating from the seeds of <i>A. melegueta</i>, <i>P. guineense</i> and <i>Z. officinale</i> rhizomes. In field trials crushed <i>A. melegueta </i>seeds and <i>Z. officinale </i>rhizomes, significantly repelled <i>S. zeamais</i> from traditional maize granaries with treated maize cobs giving higher germination than untreated cobs. Laboratory reproductive potential studies showed that <i>A. melegueta </i>and <i>Z. officinale </i>powders caused significant adult mortality and reproductive potential deterrence against <i>S. zeamais</i> resulting in a reduction in F₁ progeny emergence. Olfactometer bioassays also confirmed that vacuum distilled <i>A. melegueta</i> and <i>Z. officinale </i>extracts and oleoresins were repellent towards adult <i>S. zeamais</i> when tested alone, and in combination with maize grains. Bioassay-guided liquid chromatography of the distillates showed that fractions containing polar compounds accounted for the repellent activity. Coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), followed by GC peak enhancement and enantioselective GC using authentic compounds, identified 3 major compounds in the behaviourally active <i><span style='text-transform:uppercase'>A. melegueta </i>fraction to be (<i>S)</i>-2-heptanol, (<i>S)</i>-2-heptyl acetate and (<i>R)</i>-linalool in the ratio 1:6:3. <i>Z. officinale</i> had 1,8-cineole, neral and geranial in the ratio of 5.48:1:2.13. The identification of these behaviourally active compounds provides a scientific basis for the observed repellent properties of <i><span style='text-transform:uppercase'>A. melegueta </i>and <i>Z. officinale </i>extracts, and demonstrates the potential for their development in stored-product protection at the small-scale level in Africa.

The thesis concerns a critical analysis of Section 5 of the Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001.  Section 4 concerns the matter of ‘jurisdiction over consumer contracts’ and is one of the protective rules of jurisdiction in respect of consumer protection.  The thesis will divide the Articles of Section 4 into three categories: ‘who can sue’ (specifically, ‘who can invoke the consumer protection provisions to sue his supplier); ‘who can be sued’ (specifically, ‘who can fall within the consumer protection provisions) and ‘where to sue’ (specifically, the places where the consumer protection provisions allow the parties to litigate). The thesis will also approach the problems of the consumer protection provisions by evaluating those amendments to Section 4 between the Convention and the Regulation.  What changes to the scope of the application of Section 4 were made by the amendments? How would these changes impact upon the exercise of Arts.16 and 17? Moreover, would these changes be of any benefit to the rights of consumers or be of damage to the exercise of e-commerce? Criticisms of the rules of the Regulation will be offered, because these rules do not make any substantial changes to the scope of application of the consumer protection provisions.  Even though a purpose of the amendments was to make the protection provisions clearly applicable to e-commerce, they have not yet made anything easier to be exercised in the e-commerce environment or brought any benefit in terms of the rights of consumers.  Therefore, the thesis will make further suggestions as to how the law should be developed.

In the study, as a whole, the purpose is to present the major laws for consumer protection in Texas in the existing economy and determine the extent to which they meet consumer protection standards and where they fail to meet such standards.