Shape-based matching (SBM) is a method for matching objects in greyscale images. It extracts edges from search images and matches them to a model using a similarity measure. In this thesis we extend SBM to find the tilt and height position of the object in addition to the z-plane rotation and x-y-position. The search is conducted using a scale pyramid to improve the search speed. A 3D matching can be done for small tilt angles by using SBM on height data and extending it with additional steps to calculate the tilt of the object. The full pose is useful for picking objects with an industrial robot. The tilt of the object is calculated using a RANSAC plane estimator. After the 2D search the differences in height between all corresponding points of the model and the live image are calculated. By estimating a plane to this difference the tilt of the object can be calculated. Using the tilt the model edges are tilted in order to improve the matching at the next scale level. The problems that arise with occlusion and missing data have been studied. Missing data and erroneous data have been thresholded manually after conducting tests where automatic filling of missing data did not noticeably improve the matching. The automatic filling could introduce new false edges and remove true ones, thus lowering the score. Experiments have been conducted where objects have been placed at increasing tilt angles. The results show that the matching algorithm is object dependent and correct matches are almost always found for tilt angles less than 10 degrees. This is very similar to the original 2D SBM because the model edges does not change much for such small angels. For tilt angles up to about 25 degrees most objects can be matched and for nice objects correct matches can be done at large tilt angles of up to 40 degrees.

All across physics research, incoherent and coherent light sources are extensively utilized. Especially highly brilliant X-ray sources such as third generation synchrotrons or free-electron lasers have become an invaluable tool enabling experimental techniques that are unique to these kinds of light sources. But these sources have developed to large scale facilities and a demand in compact laboratory scale sources providing radiation of similar quality arises nowadays. This thesis focuses on Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS) which allows for the realization of ultra-compact, inherently synchronized and highly brilliant light sources. The TWTS geometry provides optical undulators, through which electrons pass and thereby emit radiation, with hundreds to thousands of undulator periods by utilizing pulse-front tilted lasers pulses from high peak-power laser systems. TWTS can realize incoherent radiation sources with orders of magnitude higher photon yield than established head-on Thomson sources. Moreover, optical free-electron lasers (OFELs) can be realized with TWTS if state-of-the-art technology in electron accelerators and laser systems is utilized. Tilting the laser pulse front with respect to the wavefront by half of this interaction angle optimizes electron and laser pulse overlap by compensating the spatial offset between electrons and the laser pulse-front at the beginning of the interaction when the electrons are far from the laser pulse axis. The laser pulse-front tilt ensures continuous overlap between electrons and laser pulse while the electrons cross the laser pulse cross-sectional area. Thus the interaction distance can be controlled in TWTS by the laser pulse width rather than laser pulse duration. Utilizing wide, petawatt class laser pulses allows realizing thousands of optical undulator periods. This thesis will show that TWTS OFELs emitting ultraviolet radiation are realizable today with existing technology for electron accelerators and laser systems. The requirements on electron bunch and laser pulse quality of these ultraviolet TWTS OFELs are discussed in detail as well as the corresponding requirements of TWTS OFELs emitting in the soft and hard X-ray range. These requirements are derived from scaling laws which stem from a self-consistent analytic description of the electron bunch and radiation field dynamics in TWTS OFELs presented within this thesis. It is shown that these dynamics in TWTS OFELs are qualitatively equivalent to the electron bunch and radiation field dynamics of standard free-electron lasers which analytically proves the applicability of TWTS for the realization of an optical free-electron laser. Furthermore, experimental setup strategies to generate the pulse-front tilted TWTS laser pulses are presented and designs of experimental setups for the above examples are discussed. The presented setup strategies provide dispersion compensation, required due to angular dispersion of the laser pulse, which is especially relevant when building compact, high-yield hard X-ray TWTS sources in large interaction angle setups. An example of such an enhanced Thomson source by TWTS, which provides orders of magnitude higher spectral photon density than a comparable head-on interaction geometry, is presented, too

Whereas the effects of a long-term activity of head-down tilt (HDT) in the angle between 3ř and 12ř were examined in details in cosmic medicine as the model of a state of weightlessness, literature concerning effect of HDT on cardiovascular control in the angle over 30ř is scarce. The aim of the thesis is to examine acute reaction of systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate during three minutes of 30ř, 50ř and 70ř HDT, realized on a tilt (inversion) table with fixed legs. For the combination of HDT and head-up tilt (HUT), the following protocol was chosen: 5 minutes lying in a horizontal position (HOR), 3 minutes of 70ř HUT, 3 minutes of 30ř HDT, 3 minutes of HOR, 3 minutes of 50ř HDT, 3 minutes HOR, 3 minutes of 70ř HDT, 3 minutes HOR and 3 minutes of 70ř HUT. A non-invasive continuous Peňáz method, using Finapres Ohmeda, was used to monitor beat-by-beat blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure was also measured by sphygmomanometer each minute for calibration. In the angle of 30ř HDT, there was a significant decline of heart frequency (p < 0,01). During the 50ř HDT, there was a significant rise of systolic blood pressure in the third minute, of diastolic and mean arterial pressure each minute and the heart rate dropped significantly (all p < 0.05). In the 70ř HDT,...

Purpose: This paper attempts to develop production functions (PF) between aerobic exercise inputs and long-run health outputs. Future studies could use such PF for estimating the benefits and costs (broadly defined) of different exercise programs to help develop optimal (utility maximizing) ones. Methods: To develop the PF, the paper reviewed the biomedical literature for the major dose-response relations between health, physical fitness, and exercise. Where relevant, the paper converted the dose-response relationships from relative risks to absolute probabilities and standardized terminology and units of measures. Results: The paper develops a clear set of biological PF that illustrate, quantitatively, how increases in peak cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness as measured by a short stress test reduce the probability of all-cause mortality; how increasing intensities of short (approximately 30 min, three to five times a week) exercise sessions increase peak CR fitness or retard its age-related decline; and how consistent exercise reduces the risk of myocardial infarctions (MI). Conclusions: The exercise-long-run health PF developed in this paper should provide a useful framework for other studies to estimate the broadly defined costs and benefits of different exercise programs and to help develop optimal ones.

All across physics research, incoherent and coherent light sources are extensively utilized. Especially highly brilliant X-ray sources such as third generation synchrotrons or free-electron lasers have become an invaluable tool enabling experimental techniques that are unique to these kinds of light sources. But these sources have developed to large scale facilities and a demand in compact laboratory scale sources providing radiation of similar quality arises nowadays. This thesis focuses on Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS) which allows for the realization of ultra-compact, inherently synchronized and highly brilliant light sources. The TWTS geometry provides optical undulators, through which electrons pass and thereby emit radiation, with hundreds to thousands of undulator periods by utilizing pulse-front tilted lasers pulses from high peak-power laser systems. TWTS can realize incoherent radiation sources with orders of magnitude higher photon yield than established head-on Thomson sources. Moreover, optical free-electron lasers (OFELs) can be realized with TWTS if state-of-the-art technology in electron accelerators and laser systems is utilized. Tilting the laser pulse front with respect to the wavefront by half of this interaction angle optimizes electron and laser pulse overlap by compensating the spatial offset between electrons and the laser pulse-front at the beginning of the interaction when the electrons are far from the laser pulse axis. The laser pulse-front tilt ensures continuous overlap between electrons and laser pulse while the electrons cross the laser pulse cross-sectional area. Thus the interaction distance can be controlled in TWTS by the laser pulse width rather than laser pulse duration. Utilizing wide, petawatt class laser pulses allows realizing thousands of optical undulator periods. This thesis will show that TWTS OFELs emitting ultraviolet radiation are realizable today with existing technology for electron accelerators and laser systems. The requirements on electron bunch and laser pulse quality of these ultraviolet TWTS OFELs are discussed in detail as well as the corresponding requirements of TWTS OFELs emitting in the soft and hard X-ray range. These requirements are derived from scaling laws which stem from a self-consistent analytic description of the electron bunch and radiation field dynamics in TWTS OFELs presented within this thesis. It is shown that these dynamics in TWTS OFELs are qualitatively equivalent to the electron bunch and radiation field dynamics of standard free-electron lasers which analytically proves the applicability of TWTS for the realization of an optical free-electron laser. Furthermore, experimental setup strategies to generate the pulse-front tilted TWTS laser pulses are presented and designs of experimental setups for the above examples are discussed. The presented setup strategies provide dispersion compensation, required due to angular dispersion of the laser pulse, which is especially relevant when building compact, high-yield hard X-ray TWTS sources in large interaction angle setups. An example of such an enhanced Thomson source by TWTS, which provides orders of magnitude higher spectral photon density than a comparable head-on interaction geometry, is presented, too

Il n'existe pas de méthode non invasive validée pour déterminer la valeur absolue de la pression intracrânienne (PIC). Le liquide céphalorachidien (LCS) et le liquide cochléaire sont reliés par l'aqueduc cochléaire. Le but de ce projet est d'utiliser l'absorbance de l'oreille, optimale lorsque les structures vibrantes sont en position de repos, de sorte que les étriers lorsque la pression à l'extérieur de l'oreille (dans le conduit auditif externe -P_cae ) contrarie la PIC par les osselets de l'oreille moyenne. Les sujets ont été testés dans différentes positions d'inclinaison du corps, ce qui augmente la PIC, à l'aide d'un tympanomètre à large bande. 78 oreilles (sujets témoins entre 20 et 30 ans) ont montré que l'absorbance est maximale à toutes les fréquences à P_cae = 0 mmH2O en position début, elle diminue de façon complexe à P_cae zéro, mais à nouveau identique l'absorbance maximale à P_cae = 13 mm H2O ± 7 en position allongée, et 23 mm H2O ± 14 en position Trendelenburg (-30°), en 68 oreilles sur 78. Les 10 oreilles restantes présentaient un dysfonctionnement anatomique. Un modèle physique a été établi à partir d'un modèle d'oreille électromécanique classique, qui reproduit le comportement observé en attribuant à la PIC la cause des changements d'absorbance et en prédisant la capacité du P_cae pour compenser les changements d'absorbance dus à la PIC. De plus, 3 patients traités par un test de perfusion ont été testés, ainsi que 2 patients traités par ponction lombaire. Ces patients ont montré l'effet de la pression positive et négative dans les courbes d'absorbance. La littérature permet d'établir une corrélation entre la PIC absolue (dans chaque position du corps) et l'absorbance, nous pouvons conclure qu'en raison de la géométrie de l'oreille moyenne, la relation d'équilibre entre les valeurs absolues est PIC = 15 x P_cae , où 15 est le rapport des surfaces entre la MT et la platine de l’étrier. Des sujets suivis par une mesure invasive de la PIC seront nécessaires pour la continuation de cette étude. / There is no validated non-invasive method for determining the absolute value of intracranial pressure (ICP). Ear connect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cochlear fluid via cochlear aqueduct. The goal of this project is to use ear absorbance, optimal when the vibrating structures are in resting position, so the stapes when the pressure outside the ear (in the external ear canal -Peec) counteracts the ICP through the middle ear ossicles. Subjects are testing in different tilt body position, which increase ICP, using a tympanometer Wideband. 78 ears of control subjects between 20 and 30 years have shown that the absorbance is maximum at all frequencies at Peec = 0 mmH2O in standing posture, decreases in a complex way at zero Peec, but again identical to the maximum absorbance at Peec = 13 mm H2O ± 7 in supine, and 23 mm H2O ± 14 in Trendelenburg posture (-30 °), this in 68 ears out of 78. The remaining 10 ears had an anatomical dysfunction. A physical model was established from a classical electromechanical ear model, which reproduces the observed behavior by attributing to the ICP the cause of changes in absorbance and predicting the ability for Peec to offset the absorbance changes due to ICP. Furthermore, 3 patients treated with a perfusion test were tested as well as 2 patients treated by a lumbar puncture. These patients showed the effect of positives and negatives pressure in absorbance curves. Literature make possible a correlation between absolute ICP (in every tilt body position) and absorbance, we can conclude that due to the geometry of the middle ear, the equilibrium relationship between absolute values is ICP = 15 x Peec, where 15 is the ratio of the areas between the tympanic membrane and the stape plate. Subjects tested by invasive measurement of ICP will be required for the continuation of this study.

No description available.

<p> InxGa1_xAs (0.00</= x </= 0.42) metamorphic pseudosubstrate layers (MSLs) were studied as a means to change the lattice constant of the substrates and to modify the growth conditions of InAs quantum dots (QDs) by varying the strain. The MSLs showed symmetrical mosaicity about the 110 axes but the spread was different in the two orthogonal [110] and [110] directions. The anisotropy in the mosaic spread in two < 11 O > directions was correlated to asymmetry of kinks and multilevel-terrace growth front during the growth of InxGa1_xAs buffer layers. X-ray and electron diffraction along with the least squares criterion can interchangeably be employed to determine the lattice constant of the MS Ls. It is possible to grow a defect free MSL with employing a compositional undershoot relative to the terminating buffer layer. Asymmetric tilt was found in an In0.42Ga0.58As MSL grown on a singular (001) GaAs substrate with an initial layer of a low temperature ( < 300 °C) grown InGaP prior to the growth of step-graded InxGa1-xAs (x = 0.02 to 0.42) buffer layers. The tilt around [110] axis was correlated with the imbalance of the tilt component of the Burgers vector (BV) of the 60° α-dislocations. Climb and jog formation of β-dislocations in the presence of P-interstitials were considered as a plausible mechanism for multiplication of the like-sign BV α-dislocations. These results show that an asymmetric tilt boundary can be induced in mismatched heterointerfaces grown on singular substrates. The evolution of InAs QDs on InxGa1-xAs(0.0</= x </= 0.3) MSLs on GaAs substrates was studied. The results indicate that the ratio of the height (h) over lateral diameter (d) of the QDs decreases with decreasing strain (i.e. the morphology of the coherent islands evolve toward a uniform film morphology (h/d=0) with deceasing strain). This evolution is analogous to the current </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

As multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) continues to evolve and find applications in complex real-world systems, the imperative for explainability in these systems becomes increasingly critical. Central to enhancing this explainability is tackling the credit assignment problem, a key challenge in MARL that involves quantifying the individual contributions of agents toward a common goal. In addressing this challenge, this thesis introduces and explores the application of Local and Global Shapley Values (LSV and GSV) within MARL contexts. These novel adaptations of the traditional Shapley value from cooperative game theory are investigated particularly in the context of optimizing remote electrical tilt in telecommunications antennas. Using both predator-prey and remote electrical tilt environments, the study delves into local and global explanations, examining how the Shapley value can illuminate changes in agent contributions over time and across different states, as well as aggregate these insights over multiple episodes. The research findings demonstrate that the use of Shapley values enhances the understanding of individual agent behaviors, offers insights into policy suboptimalities and environmental nuances, and aids in identifying agent redundancies—a feature with potential applications in energy savings in real-world systems. Altogether, this thesis highlights the considerable potential of employing the Shapley value as a tool in explainable MARL. / I takt med utvecklingen och tillämpningen av multi-agent förstärkningsinlärning (MARL) i komplexa verkliga system, blir behovet av förklarbarhet i dessa system allt mer väsentligt. För att förbättra denna förklarbarhet är det viktigt att lösa problemet med belöningstilldelning, en nyckelutmaning i MARL som innefattar att kvantifiera de enskilda bidragen från agenter mot ett gemensamt mål. I denna uppsats introduceras och utforskas tillämpningen av lokala och globala Shapley-värden (LSV och GSV) inom MARL-sammanhang. Dessa nya anpassningar av det traditionella Shapley-värdet från samarbetsbaserad spelteori undersöks särskilt i sammanhanget av att optimera fjärrstyrda elektriska lutningar i telekommunikationsantenner. Genom att använda både rovdjur-byte och fjärrstyrda elektriska lutningsmiljöer fördjupar studien sig i lokala och globala förklaringar, och undersöker hur Shapley-värdet kan belysa förändringar i agenters bidrag över tid och över olika tillstånd, samt sammanfatta dessa insikter över flera episoder. Resultaten visar att användningen av Shapley-värden förbättrar förståelsen för individuella agentbeteenden, erbjuder insikter i policybrister och miljönyanser, och hjälper till att identifiera agentredundanser – en egenskap med potentiella tillämpningar för energibesparingar i verkliga system. Sammanfattningsvis belyser denna uppsats den betydande potentialen av att använda Shapley-värdet som ett verktyg i förklaringsbar MARL.