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L’expérience T2K étudie les propriétés des neutrinos, en particulier le phénomène d’oscillation des neutrinos. Se déroulant au Japon, elle utilise un faisceau de neutrinos muoniques produit par le complexe d’accélérateur J-PARC, un détecteur proche, ND280 sur le site même de J-PARC pour caractériser le faisceau, et un détecteur lointain, Super-Kamiokande situé à 295 km pour mesurer les oscillations de neutrinos. Le détecteur proche permet également d’étudier les interactions des neutrinos et cette thèse porte sur la mesure des sections efficaces de diffusion profondément inélastique des neutrinos muoniques.Le manuscrit introduit d’abord la physique des neutrinos, puis l’expérience T2K et en particulier les chambres à projection temporelles du détecteur proche, en insistant sur la vérification de la qualité des données, dont j’avais la charge. L’analyse porte sur les données de T2K enregistrées jusqu’en 2013. La sélection d’interactions de neutrinos muoniques par courant chargé est ensuite présentée, ainsi qu’une étude préliminaire de la sélection d’interactions de neutrinos muoniques par courant chargé avec production d’un pion neutre. Un critère portant sur la multiplicité des traces permet d’enrichir le premier lot en interactions correspondant à une diffusion profondément inélastique de neutrinos. Finalement un ajustement, validé d’abord sur des données simulées, permet d’extraire les sections efficaces de diffusion profondément inélastique des neutrinos muoniques. / The T2K experiment studies the properties of neutrinos, particularly neutrino oscillations. It takes place in Japan and uses a muonic neutrino beam produced by the J-PARC accelerator complex, a near detector, ND280 on the J-PARC site in order to characterise the beam, and a far detector, Super-Kamiokande 295 km away in order to measure the neutrino oscillations. The near detector is also used to study the neutrino interactions and the goal of this thesis is the measurement of muonic neutrino deep inelastic scattering cross sections.The thesis first introduces neutrino physics, then the T2K experiment and more particularly the time projection chambers of the near detector, and its data quality checking that I was in charge of. The analysis is based on the T2K data recorded until 2013. The selection of charged current muonic neutrino interactions is then presented, as well as a preliminary study of the selection of charged current muonic neutrino interactions with the production of a neutral pion. A criterion on track multiplicity allows enriching the former sample in interactions corresponding to a neutrino deep inelastic scattering. Finally a fit, first validated on simulated data, allows the extraction of the muonic neutrino deep inelastic scattering cross sections.

One of the important issues of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - the fundamental theory of strong interaction, is the understanding of the role of the quark-gluon interactions in the processes involving nuclear targets. One direction in such studies is to explore the onset of the quark gluon degrees of freedom in nuclear dynamics. The other direction is using the nuclear targets as a “micro-labs” in studies of the QCD processes involving protons and neutrons bound in the nucleus. In the proposed research, we work in both directions considering high energy photo- and electro-production reactions involving deuteron and 3 He nuclei. In the first half of the research, we study the high energy break-up of the 3 He nucleus, caused by a incoming photon, into a proton-deuteron pair at the large center of mass scattering angle. The main motivation of the research is the theoretical interpretation of recent experimental data which revealed the unprecedentedly large exponent s −17 , for the energy dependence of the differential cross section. In the present research, we extend the theoretical formalism of the hard QCD rescattering model to calculate energy and angular dependences of the absolute cross section of the γ 3 He → pd reaction in high momentum transfer limit. The second half of the research explores the deep-inelastic scattering of a polarized electron off the polarized deuteron and 3 He nuclei, to explore the quark-gluon structure of polarized neutron. The main reason of using deuteron is that it is the most simple and best understood nucleus. While the reason of using polarized 3 He as an effective polarized neutron target is that because of the Pauli-principle, the two protons in the target are in the opposite spin states and thus the neutron has all the polarization of the 3 He nucleus. However this approximation is exact only for the S-state and becomes less accurate with the increase of the internal momentum of the bound nucleons in the nucleus. There are several planned experiments which will be performed during next few years at the kinematics in which the internal momenta of the probed neutron cannot be neglected. Therefore, for the reliable interpretation of the data, all the nuclear effects, especially the effects related to the relativistic treatment of high momentum component of the nuclear wave function, should be taken into account. In this work, we developed a comprehensive theoretical framework for calculation of the all relevant nuclear effects that will allow the accurate extraction of the neutron data from deepinelastic scattering involving deuteron and 3 He targets.

In this thesis, two studies of the diffractive phenomena in the electron proton collisions with the H1 detector at HERA are presented. The first is the study of the inclusive elastic diffractive events $ep o eXp$ in the regime of high photon virtuality ($Q^2 >$ few GeV$^2$), with the scattered proton detected by the Very Forward Proton Spectrometer (VFPS). The VFPS detector, designed to measure diffractive scattered protons with high acceptance, has been installed in 2004 to benefit from the HERA II luminosity increase. The selected event sample of an integrated luminosity of 130.2 pb$^{-1}$ was collected in years 2006-2007. Data sample distributions are compared to the prediction based on the diffractive parton distribution functions, as extracted from the H1 measurement of the diffractive structure function $F_2^{D(3)}$ at HERA I. After the study of the VFPS efficiency, the VFPS acceptance as a function of $xpom$ is estimated and studied in relation to the forward proton beam optics. The second study leads to the cross section measurement of the diffractive scattering of quasi-real photons off protons, $gamma p o gamma Y$, with the large momentum transfer, $|t|$. The final state photon is separated from the proton dissociation system, $Y$, by a large rapidity gap and has a large transverse momentum, $p_T > 2$ GeV. Large $p_T$ imply the presence of the hard scale $t$ ($|t| simeq p_T^2$) and allows predictions of the perturbative QCD to be applied. The measurement is based on an integrated luminosity 46.2 pb$^{-1}$ of data collected in the 1999-2000 running period. Cross sections $sigma(W)$ as a function of the incident photon-proton centre of mass energy, $W$, and $ud sigma/ud |t|$ are measured in the range $Q^2 < 0.01$ GeV$^2$, $175 < W < 247$ GeV, $4 < |t| < 36$ GeV$^2$ and $ypom < 0.05$. The cross section measurements have been compared to predictions of LLA BFKL calculations.

The diffractive open charm production is studied using data from 2006-2007, when the leading proton measurement by H1 Very Forward Proton Spectrometer was provided. The charm production is tagged by the decay products of D∗ meson. The cross section of e+ p → e+ D∗ X p in photoproduction regime defined by the value of virtuality Q2 < 2 GeV is determined and corrected for the detector effects. The diffractive D∗ meson photoproduction cross section is compared with the hadron level MC Rapgap prediction based on diffractive parton distribution functions extracted from inclusive ep DIS measurements. Measurement of leading proton provides a unique opportunity to investigate the response of forward detectors for the diffractive events. Using such events, the performance of the large rapidity gap selection is examined.

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