For degenerate elliptic partial differential equations, it is often desirable to show that a weak solution is smooth. The first and most difficult step in this process is establishing local Hölder continuity. Sufficient conditions for establishing continuity have already been documented in [FP], [SW1], and [MRW], and their necessity in [R]. However, the complexity of the equations discussed in those works makes it difficult to understand the core structure of the arguments employed. Here, we present a harmonic-analytic method for establishing Hölder continuity of weak solutions in context of a simple linear equation div(Q?u) = f in a homogeneous space structure in order to showcase the form of the argument. Ad- ditionally, we correct an oversight in the adaptation of the John-Nirenberg inequality presented in [SW1], restricting it to a much smaller class of balls.

We consider linear and semilinear stochastic partial differential equations that in some sense can be viewed as being at the "endpoints" of the classical variational theory by Krylov and Rozovskii [25]. In terms of regularity of the coeffcients, the minimal assumption is boundedness and measurability, and a unique L2- valued solution is then readily available. We investigate its further properties, such as higher order integrability, boundedness, and continuity. The other class of equations considered here are the ones whose leading operators do not satisfy the strong coercivity condition, but only a degenerate version of it, and therefore are not covered by the classical theory. We derive solvability in Wmp spaces and also discuss their numerical approximation through finite different schemes.

En septembre 2015, le détecteur LIGO a permis la première observation directe d'ondes gravitationnelles. Ce détecteur terrestre, tout comme le détecteur européen VIRGO, est basé sur des technologies purement optiques. Ces instruments sont extrêmement sensibles autour de 100 Hz mais ils sont limités en dessous de quelques dizaines de Hertz par différentes sources de bruit (bruit sismique, bruit newtonien...) qui ne sont pas distinguables de l'effet du passage d'une onde gravitationnelle.Le principe du projet MIGA (Matter wave – laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna) est de coupler un interféromètre optique avec plusieurs interféromètres atomiques séparés spatialement afin d'être sensible aux ondes gravitationnelles à plus basse fréquence (typiquement autour d'un Hertz). Les atomes froids sont lancés en configuration fontaine et sont séparés, réfléchis et recombinés par des impulsions laser effectuées dans une cavité optique de 300 m de long. Ces impulsions bénéficieront du gain optique intrinsèque au résonateur, leur permettant d'atteindre la puissance nécessaire à la réalisation de transitions de Bragg d'ordre élevé, augmentant ainsi la sensibilité des interféromètres atomiques. Chaque interféromètre mesure le champ gravitationnel local et les vibrations des miroirs. Le bruit sismique est donc rejeté dans le cas de mesures différentielles et en reconstruisant spatialement le champ gravitationnel, on pourra différencier le signal dû aux ondes gravitationnelles, qui est un pur gradient à l'échelle de l'instrument, du bruit newtonien qui a une signature spatiale.Les cavités de 300 m seront installées au LSBB (Laboratoire Souterrain Bas Bruit) à Rustrel, où l'antenne MIGA pourra bénéficier d'un environnement remarquablement calme. Cet instrument permettra de cartographier le champ gravitationnel du site, ce qui sera d'un grand intérêt pour l'étude géologique du massif karstique.Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous réalisons au LP2N une expérience préliminaire dont l'objectif est de générer un interféromètre de 87Rb en cavités en configuration de fontaine atomique. Cet instrument utilise une nouvelle architecture de résonateurs optiques demi-dégénérés afin de manipuler les atomes de façon cohérente avec des impulsions de Bragg. / In September 2015, the LIGO detector realized the first direct observation of gravitational waves. This ground-based detector, as well as the European detector VIRGO, is based on purely optical technologies. These instruments are extremely sensitive around 100 Hz but they are limited below few tens of Hertz by several sources of cavity length noise (seismic noise, Newtonian noise...) that mimic the effect of a gravitational wave.The idea of the MIGA (Matter wave-laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna) is to couple an optical interferometer with several atom interferometers spatially separated to be sensitive to gravitational waves at lower frequencies (typically around 1 Hz). The cold atoms are launched in a fountain configuration and are then split, deflected and recombined by laser pulses generated in a 300 m long optical cavity. These laser pulses will benefit from the intrinsic optical gain of the resonator, which will allow them to reach the needed power to generate high order Bragg transitions and to improve the sensitivity of the atom interferometers. Each interferometer measures the local gravitational field and the motion of the cavity. The seismic noise can be rejected by doing differential measurements and by reconstructing the spatial gravitational field, one can differentiate the gravitational wave signal, which is a pure gradient at the scale of our instrument, from the Newtonian noise that has a spatial signature.The 300 m long cavities will be implemented at the LSBB laboratory in Rustrel, where the antenna will benefit from an outstanding low noise environment. This instrument will allow to map the gravitational field of the site which will be of great interest for the geological study of the karstic massif.In the frame of this project, a preliminary experiment is currently under construction at the LP2N laboratory whose objective is to generate a 87Rb interferometer in a cavity in a atomic fountain configuration. This instrument uses a new architecture of half-degenerate optical resonators to manipulate coherently the atomic cloud with Bragg transitions.

Matter exists in many different phases, for example in solid state or in liquid phase. There are also phases in which the ordering of atoms is the same, but which differ in some other respect, for example ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states. According to Landau's symmetry breaking theory every phase transition is connected to a symmetry breaking process. A solid material has discrete translational symmetry, while liquid phase has continuous translational symmetry. But it has turned out that there also exist phase transitions that can occur without a symmetry breaking. This phenomenon is called topological order. In this thesis we consider one example of a theoretical model constructed on a two dimensional lattice in which one obtains topological order.

Nitrogen cycling processes can be tracked using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) to determine the presence and qReverse Transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine expression of key genes, or ‘biological markers’, for nitrogen metabolism. Nitrification is catalyzed in part, by two enzymes: ammonia monooxygenase (AMO; NH3 NH2OH) and nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR; NO2- NO3-). For denitrification, four enzymes act sequentially: nitrate reductase (NAR/NAP; NO3- NO2-), nitrite reductase (NIR; NO2- NO), nitric oxide reductase (NOR; NO  N2O), and nitrous oxide reductase (NOS; N2O  N2). A principle of wastewater treatment (WWT) is to remove excess nitrogen by taking advantage of natural nitrogen cycling or biological nitrogen removal (BNR). This process involves using microorganisms to bring influent ammonia through nitrification and denitrification to release nitrogen gas, which does not contribute to eutrophication. A novel shortcut nitrogen removal configuration could increase nitrogen removal efficiency by promoting nitritation/denitritation, reducing the classic nitrogen cycle by removing the redundant oxidation/reduction step to nitrate (NO3-). Here, three nitrogen transformations were used to track the three main phases in the nitrogen cycle; ammonia monooxygenase for nitrification, nitrite oxidoreductase for shortcut, and nitrous oxide reductase for denitrification. Primers for qPCR and qRT-PCR were designed to capture as much sequence diversity as possible for each step. Genes from bacteria known to perform the nitrogen transformations of interest (amoA, nxrB, nosZ) were used to BLAST-query the Integrated Microbial Genomes & Microbiomes database (img.jgi.doe.gov) to find homologs from organisms commonly found in WWT. These sequences were then aligned to find regions sufficiently conserved for primer design. These PCR primers were tested against standards for each gene and used to track nitrogen transformation potential and expression in a novel lab-scale algal photo-sequencing batch reactor which promotes shortcut nitrogen removal from wastewater across three solids retention times (SRT, or mean cell residence time); 5, 10 and 15 days. SRT 15 had the greatest total nitrogen removal with nitritation and denitritation observed. Nitrate was not detected in the first cycle and shortcut nitrogen removal was supported by low levels of nxrB genes and transcripts. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification was supported by elevated concentrations of nosZ during the light period and less nitrite produced than ammonium consumed. Nitritation was predominantly performed by Betaproteobacteria amoA and nitrous oxide reduction was predominantly from nosZ group I (Proteobacteria-type).

Liver perfusion can be modelled by Darcy's flow in multiple connected com- partments. The first part of the present thesis shows in detail the existence of a solution to the multi-compartmental model. The flow in each compartment in this model is characterized by a permeability tensor, which is obtained from the geometry of liver vasculature. It turns out that this tensor might be singular, which potentially causes solvability problems. The second part deals with this abnormality in one compartment. By using the theory of degenerate Sobolev spaces, an appropriate weak formulation is defined. Analogues of Poincar'e and traces inequalities in this degenerate setting are proved, which also imply the existence of the weak solutions. In addition, this part justifies another possibil- ity how to deal with degenerate permeability, which is regularizing the tensor by adding a small isotropic permeability to it. In the third part, the aim is to find subdomains of autonomous perfusion with respect to the source positions. This is formulated as a minimization problem and several numerical results are presented. 1

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First we consider implicit finite difference schemes on uniform grids in time and space for second order linear stochastic partial differential equations of parabolic type. Under sufficient regularity conditions, we prove the existence of an appropriate asymptotic expansion in powers of the the spatial mesh and hence we apply Richardson's method to accelerate the convergence with respect to the spatial approximation to an arbitrarily high order. Then we extend these results to equations where the parabolicity condition is allowed to degenerate. Finally, we consider implicit finite difference approximations for deterministic linear second order partial differential equations of parabolic type and give sufficient conditions under which the approximations in space and time can be simultaneously accelerated to an arbitrarily high order.