Businesses are continually striving to become more efficient. In an effort to achieve optimal efficiency, many companies have been forced to re-evaluate the efficiency of their business processes. Consequently, the term “business process re-engineering” (BPR) has been given to the activity of restructuring organizational policies and methods for conducting business. The refinement of business processes is the primary motivation behind the development of automated work- flow systems that ensure the secure and efficient flow of information between activities and participants that constitute the business process. A workflow is an automated business process that comprises a number of related tasks. When these tasks are executed in a systematic way, they contribute to the fulfilment of some goal. The order in which workflow tasks execute is of great significance because these tasks are typically dependent on each other. A workflow management system (WFMS) is responsible for scheduling the systematic execution of workflow tasks whilst considering the dependencies that exist between them. Businesses are realizing the necessity of information management in the functioning and general management of a company. They are recognizing the important role that information security has to play in ensuring that accurate information that is relevant is gathered, applied and maintained to enhance the company’s service to its customers. In a workflow context, information security primarily involves the implementation of access control security mechanisms. These mechanisms help ensure that task dependencies are coordinated and that tasks are performed by authorized subjects only. In doing so, they also assist in the maintenance of object integrity. TheWorkflow Authorization Model (WAM) was developed by Atluri and Huang [AH96b, HA99] with the specific intention of addressing the security requirements of workflow environments. It primarily addresses the granting and revoking of authorizations in a WFMS. TheWAM satisfies most criteria that are required of an optimal access control model. These criteria are the enforcement of separation of duties, the handling of temporal constraints, a role-based application and the synchronization of workflow with authorization flow. Some of these conditions cannot be met through pure role-based access control (RBAC) mechanisms. This dissertation addresses the delegation of task authorizations within a work- flow process by subject roles in the organizational structure. In doing this, a role may have the authority to delegate responsibility for task execution to another individual in a role set. This individual may potentially belong to a role other than the role explicitly authorized to perform the task in question. The proposed model will work within the constraints that are enforced by the WAM. Therefore, the WAM will play a part in determining whether delegation may be approved. This implies that the delegation model may not override any dynamically defined security constraints. The Delegation Authorization Model (DAM) proposed assists in distributing workloads amongst subject roles within an organization, by allowing subjects to delegate task responsibilities to other subjects according to restrictions imposed by security policies. As yet, this area of research has not received much attention. / Prof. M.S. Olivier

Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo econômico para os determinantes da alocação de autoridade em cadeias franqueadas no Brasil no setor de alimentação fora do lar - food service. Baseando-se no aporte teórico da economia neoinstitucionalista, especialmente na linha teórica desenvolvida por Claude Ménard (2004; 2010) para o estudo das formas híbridas, foi aplicado um estudo de múltiplos casos com foco em uma hamburgeria, uma pizza delivery e uma cafeteria, em que se procurou discutir a hipótese de que um aumento na complexidade no ponto de venda (lojas que demandam grande esforço operacional) levaria à descentralização do arranjo franqueado. Observou-se que a complexidade no ponto de venda realmente influencia a alocação de direitos de propriedade dos arranjos, mas no sentido contrário ao esperado, ou seja, no sentido da centralização. Tal centralização foi caracterizada por uma integração de determinadas tarefas básicas e pelo aumento do controle efetivo exercido pelas franqueadoras sobre as tarefas que continuaram sendo compartilhadas com as lojas franqueadas. / This work intends to propose an economic model reflecting the determinants of authority allocation on food service franchise chains in Brazil. Drawing on the New Institutional Economics framework and, in particular, on the hybrid forms approach by Claude Ménard (2004; 2010), a multiple case study has been conducted on a hamburger fast food restaurant chain, a pizza delivery chain and a special coffee shop chain, discussing the hypothesis that: the more outlet complexity increases (stores that demand high operational effort), the more decentralized the chain should be. Results show that outlet complexity is indeed a determinant of the allocation of property rights, although in the opposite direction, i.e. towards centralization. Such centralization was characterized as a mix of: vertical integration over key tasks and of an increase in the effective control over the remaining tasks that kept being shared with franchisees.

M. Tech. Education / The purpose of this study was to determine how delegation, as a management tool, is being used in primary schools in the Tshwane West District. There are indications in Tshwane West District primary schools which suggest that delegation is improperly employed or not used at all. In some cases, workloads become so unbearable that many people even at management level resign their posts. Many of the primary schools in Tshwane West District have been identified as underperforming primary schools by the GDE through the Gauteng Province Literacy Strategy. The study therefore endeavoured to determine the use of this most important tool in the daily duties of school managers.

Restructuring of health care has become widespread in hospitals across the United States. The emphasis on reducing healthcare costs has forced many organizations to redesign the roles and responsibilities of care givers. The American Hospital Association (1990) reported that 97% of hospitals were using unlicensed assistive personnel for care.The purpose of the study was to determine if registered nurses in central Indiana were utilizing delegation in the workplace and to determine if the use of unlicensed personnel affected nurse satisfaction with work. The theoretical framework was General Systems Theory.The population (N=292) was registered nurses working with unlicensed assistive personnel in a four-hospital network. The number of participants was 66 (23%). The questionnaire, who Helps You with Your Work?, was utilized. Participation was strictly voluntary and the identity of the participants was kept confidential.Data revealed that 95% of nurses who responded were utilizing unlicensed assistive personnel in the workplace. Delegation of certain tasks, such as bed making, weighing of delegation and the personnel should be broadened patients, and measuring and recording intake and output, was occurring. Nurses were not delegating more complex tasks, such as monitoring IV infusions or assisting physicians with examinations.Nurses, overall, were only slightly satisfied with work, as evidenced by a mean of 3.3 (3=neither satisfied or dissatisfied). Job satisfaction was not significantly related to utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel.Unlicensed assistive personnel were being utilized in hospitals in Central Indiana. Nurses were responsible for work delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel. Nurses should realize the importance of determining capabilities and limitations of unlicensed assistive personnel. Job satisfaction was not significantly related to utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel.Future research on the subject utilization of unlicensed assistive to include more than four hospitals. Job satisfaction needs to be measured using different staffing patterns and workload as well as the utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel. The data supported the need for further research on delegation, job satisfaction and the utilization of unlicensed assistive personnel. / School of Nursing

Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1994. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-171).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo econômico para os determinantes da alocação de autoridade em cadeias franqueadas no Brasil no setor de alimentação fora do lar - food service. Baseando-se no aporte teórico da economia neoinstitucionalista, especialmente na linha teórica desenvolvida por Claude Ménard (2004; 2010) para o estudo das formas híbridas, foi aplicado um estudo de múltiplos casos com foco em uma hamburgeria, uma pizza delivery e uma cafeteria, em que se procurou discutir a hipótese de que um aumento na complexidade no ponto de venda (lojas que demandam grande esforço operacional) levaria à descentralização do arranjo franqueado. Observou-se que a complexidade no ponto de venda realmente influencia a alocação de direitos de propriedade dos arranjos, mas no sentido contrário ao esperado, ou seja, no sentido da centralização. Tal centralização foi caracterizada por uma integração de determinadas tarefas básicas e pelo aumento do controle efetivo exercido pelas franqueadoras sobre as tarefas que continuaram sendo compartilhadas com as lojas franqueadas. / This work intends to propose an economic model reflecting the determinants of authority allocation on food service franchise chains in Brazil. Drawing on the New Institutional Economics framework and, in particular, on the hybrid forms approach by Claude Ménard (2004; 2010), a multiple case study has been conducted on a hamburger fast food restaurant chain, a pizza delivery chain and a special coffee shop chain, discussing the hypothesis that: the more outlet complexity increases (stores that demand high operational effort), the more decentralized the chain should be. Results show that outlet complexity is indeed a determinant of the allocation of property rights, although in the opposite direction, i.e. towards centralization. Such centralization was characterized as a mix of: vertical integration over key tasks and of an increase in the effective control over the remaining tasks that kept being shared with franchisees.

A leader's unwillingness to delegate critical decision-making authority to subordinate managers and employees negatively impacts the performance of a firm. There is a lack of research that measures a leader's willingness to delegate critical decision-making authority to subordinate managers and employees based on their individual risk propensities. The purpose of this study was to provide empirical evidence of the influence risk propensity has on a leader's willingness to delegate critical decision-making authority. Specifically, this study examined the extent that risk propensity of leaders affect delegating critical decision making authority to subordinate managers and employees. The research design was a quantitative cross-sectional, correlation study that involved 56 questions. The study participants (N = 102) were presidents, CEOs, corporate executives, and chairpersons. The Stimulating-Instrumental Risk Inventory measured risk propensity and the Delegation Decision Instrument measured the willingness delegate critical decision-making authority. Both instruments showed to be reliable in terms of internal consistency for the measurement tests. Survey results revealed a significant negative correlation between a leader's risk propensity and the willingness to delegate critical decision-making authority. These findings suggested that leaders who retain primary responsibility for critical decision making have high risk propensity while those who delegate decisions have less risk propensity. These findings may equip theorists of risk propensity and decision-making on the relationship between delegation behaviors, risk propensity, and organizational performance. This research and the resulting analysis provides decision makers a window into their individual risk propensity preferences.

TITLE: Manpower Management Specification AUTHOR: Hana Spurná DEPARTMENT: The School Management Center SUPERVISOR: Mgr.Irena Lhotková, PhD. Abstract: (angl.) The final thesis deals with the issue of leadership management by means of selected examples from literature, documents, internet, study of opinions and questions of both international and Czech experts in the field of leadership management and finally by means of analysis of the term leadership management with focus on development and taking into consideration the life and professional context. The goal of the project is to understand the sense and formulation - definition of the term leadership management, overview of historic development of the term on the ground of theoretical information, a comparison of experience in the field of leadership management in the view of selected experts. This research is based on induction. On the ground of analysis of expert publications of people who were or still are active in the field of management and who have the necessary knowledge and experience in the field of leadership management. The final thesis strives for a more extensive research of opinions on the widely defined term of leadership management, and aims at bringing as much information about it as possible. Key words: leadership management, leadership,...

Delegationsordningen påverkar socialsekreterares handlingsutrymme att leva upp till barnets bästa. Socialsekreterare styrs dagligen i sitt yrkesutövande av politiska beslut som utgörs av lagstiftning. Det politiska landskapet avser att bidra till en demokratisk process med avsikt att leda till likabehandling och rättssäkerhet för att stärka legitimiteten inom välfärden. Samtidigt är individer i behov av individuella lösningar och behovsanpassade insatser, något som lämnar socialsekreterare med ett handlingsutrymme att agera efter egen yrkesprofessionalism i försök att leva upp till barnets bästa. Socialsekreterare lever i ett mellanting mellan dessa två världar där organisationsprofessionalism och yrkesprofessionalism möts. Studiens resultat visar på svårigheter att definiera barnets bästa vilket medför en prövning av socialsekreterarens handlingsutrymme och flexibilitet i varje enskilt fall. Dessutom framgår det av det empiriska materialet att tillit utgör grundval för att handlingsutrymme ska bli önskvärt hos socialsekreterare. På barn- och utredningsenheten där studien utfördes upplever socialsekreterare generellt att de har tillit från ledningen på arbetsplatsen. Däremot framkommer det att delegationsordningen upplevs som ett ekonomiskt styrmedel för att reglera de offentliga utgifterna. Slutligen visar resultatet att socialsekreterare är oense om vem som ska vara yttersta beslutsfattare och efterfrågar expertkunskap i socialnämnden där de tyngsta besluten fattas. / The delegation of authority affects social workers discretion to live up to the best interests of the child. Social workers are affected daily by political decisions. The political landscape contribute to a democratic process with the intention of leading to equal treatment and the rule of law. At the same time, individuals are in need of individual solutions and needsadapted efforts, which leaves the social worker with the discretion to use occupational professionalism in an attempt to live up to the child's best of interests. Social workers act in between two worlds where organisational professionalism and occupational professionalism meet. The results of the study show difficulties in defining the best interests of the child, which challenges the social workers discretion in each single case. Trust is the foundation for making discretion desirable amongst social workers. At the child welfare unit, social workers feel that they have trust from their management. On the other hand, the delegation of authority is perceived as an economic instrument for regulating public expenditure. Finally, the results shows that the social workers disagrees on who should be the ultimate decisionmaker and demand expertise among the politicians in the social committee where the toughest decisions are made.

Le rôle des salariés dans le fonctionnement des entreprises trouve appui sur l’alinéa 8du Préambule de la Constitution de 1946 : « tout travailleur participe, par l’intermédiaire de ses délégués, à la détermination collective des conditions de travail ainsi qu’à la gestion des entreprises. ». La participation des salariés a pourtant été lente à s’imposer. La crise économique a révélé l’importance de leur association aux décisions sociétales. Les politiques publiques ont tenté de rééquilibrer les forces en présence afin de circonscrire les effets du capitalisme. Des lois successives ont accru les pouvoirs des salariés et des institutions représentatives du personnel dans l’entreprise pour en faire de véritables acteurs dans la gestion de celle-ci. Le paysage législatif révèle la volonté du législateur de faire de l’entreprise une démocratie dans laquelle toutes les parties doivent s’exprimer. Toutefois, que le salarié soit traité comme un associé ou un administrateur, salariés et entrepreneurs demeurent distincts. / The role of the employees in the management of the companies is based on paragraph 8 ofthe preamble of the Constitution of 1946 : « Every employee participates, through one of its delegates, to the collective determination of the working conditions as well as the company management. » The implementation of the employees’ participation has however been slow. The economic crisis has revealed the importance of the employees’ association in corporate decisions. Public politics have tried to rebalance current forces in order to circumscribe the effects of the capitalism. Successive laws have increased the powers of employees and of the representative institutions of the personnel in the company so that they could become real actors in the management of the company. The legislative landscape reveals the intention of the legislator to design the company as a democracy in which all the parties shall express themselves. However, regardless of whether the employee is a shareholder or an administrator, employees and entrepreneurs remain distinct.