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Due to the increasingly uncertain environments that global supply chains operate within, both due to component shortages and other types of challenges, the possibility of managing demand variability and balancing it with supply capabilities is getting more challenging. The primary way to deal with these fluctuations in demand is by building flexibility in the supply chain to meet the variations that occur and keep the customers satisfied. However, when flexibility is not enough, and the supply chain becomes increasingly strained due to geopolitical factors and customers demanding higher customizations, more efforts are required to manage the variability. This study investigates the possibility that instead of relying solely on flexibility, try to deal with the variations that arise in demand. This relates both to internal processes that increase variation but also to the variations that are caused by actual changes in demand. The study partly examines what drives internal variation and how one should work to minimize it. Moreover, concerning the external variation, demand shaping theory is applied. This is to understand how external variation can be handled by trying to steer the demand. As the theory in previous studies has primarily been applied in B2C contexts, the applicability of the theory in a B2B context is also examined. Furthermore, the study also investigates how demand and supply should be integrated to utilize the concepts in the best way possible when managing demand variability. The study has been conducted through a case study at Ericsson, where people who work within sales and supply have participated and contributed with their knowledge. The results show the importance of integration between different functions to succeed in managing demand variations and having a more significant impact on what customers buy. This means both clear communication, internally and externally, and the importance of having a unified vision and incentives that drive the company towards the same goal. In addition, the results also show that although the academic literature is mainly aimed at B2C companies, it is possible to apply the concept to B2B companies as well. / Till följd av den alltmer osäkra omvärld som globala leveranskedjor arbetar inom, med både komponentbrist och andra typer av utmaningar, blir det allt svårare att hantera den varierande efterfrågan och balansera den mot den kapacitet som företag besitter. Det primära sättet att hantera dessa fluktuationer i efterfrågan är genom att bygga in flexibilitet för att kunna bemöta de variationer som uppstår och för att behålla kunder nöjda. När flexibiliteten inte räcker till och leveranskedjan blir alltmer ansträngd, på grund av geopolitiska faktorer och kunder som kräver alltmer kundanpassade produkter, behöver man arbeta än mer med att försöka hantera variationen som uppstår. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka möjligheten att, i stället för att enbart förlita sig på flexibilitet, försöka hantera de variationer som uppstår i efterfrågan. Detta relaterar både till interna processer som driver variationen men också de variationer som orsakas av faktiska förändringar i efterfrågan. Studien undersöker vad det är som driver intern variation och hur man bör arbeta för att minimera denna. I relation till den externa variationen, används bland annat demand shaping teori för att förstå hur denna typ av variation kan hanteras genom att försöka ha mer inflytande över vad kunderna väljer att köpa. Då teorin i tidigare studier enbart applicerats i B2C sammanhang, undersöks även om teorin är applicerbar i en B2B kontext. Studien undersöker också hur funktioner inom försäljning och supply bör integreras för att möjliggöra detta. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie på Ericsson där personer som arbetar inom försäljning och supply deltagit och bidragit med sin kunskap. Resultaten visar på vikten av integration mellan olika funktioner för att lyckas hantera demand variationer och på att ha större inverkan på det kunderna köper. Detta innebär tydlig kommunikation både internt och externt, samt värdet av att ha gemensamma mål och incitament som driver företaget mot samma vision. Resultaten visar dessutom på att det finns förutsättningar för att applicera det undersökta konceptet på B2B företag trots att den akademiska litteraturen främst riktat in sig mot B2C företag.

O efeito chicote é um fenômeno que está associado às incertezas na previsão da demanda e pode causar impactos negativos nas cadeias onde ele ocorre. Este trabalho buscou verificar a ocorrência do fenômeno no recorte específico da cadeia Estado produtor – porto exportador do Brasil no período de 2010 a 2012. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação do modelo de Fransso e Wouters (2000) para a verificação da ocorrência do efeito. Os resultados apontam para a ocorrência do fenômeno de forma diferente nos três portos, em função da diferente forma de escoar a produção adotada pelos Estados produtores brasileiros; o efeito chicote encontrado apresentou nível de significância baixo para esse recorte da cadeia provavelmente devido a características das cadeias de commodity agrícola. / The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon that is associated with the uncertainties in forecasting of demand and may negatively impact chains where it occurs. This study search to verify the occurrence of the phenomenon in the specific focus of the chain producer State -. Exporter port in Brazil in the period 2010-2012. The methodology used was the application of the model Fransso and Wouters (2000) to verify the occurrence of the effect. The results point to the occurrence of the phenomenon differently in the three ports due to the different way of disposing of production adopted by Brazilian States producers, the bullwhip effect found showed low level of significance for this clipping the chain probably due to characteristics of the chains agricultural commodity.

O efeito chicote é um fenômeno que está associado às incertezas na previsão da demanda e pode causar impactos negativos nas cadeias onde ele ocorre. Este trabalho buscou verificar a ocorrência do fenômeno no recorte específico da cadeia Estado produtor – porto exportador do Brasil no período de 2010 a 2012. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação do modelo de Fransso e Wouters (2000) para a verificação da ocorrência do efeito. Os resultados apontam para a ocorrência do fenômeno de forma diferente nos três portos, em função da diferente forma de escoar a produção adotada pelos Estados produtores brasileiros; o efeito chicote encontrado apresentou nível de significância baixo para esse recorte da cadeia provavelmente devido a características das cadeias de commodity agrícola. / The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon that is associated with the uncertainties in forecasting of demand and may negatively impact chains where it occurs. This study search to verify the occurrence of the phenomenon in the specific focus of the chain producer State -. Exporter port in Brazil in the period 2010-2012. The methodology used was the application of the model Fransso and Wouters (2000) to verify the occurrence of the effect. The results point to the occurrence of the phenomenon differently in the three ports due to the different way of disposing of production adopted by Brazilian States producers, the bullwhip effect found showed low level of significance for this clipping the chain probably due to characteristics of the chains agricultural commodity.

O efeito chicote é um fenômeno que está associado às incertezas na previsão da demanda e pode causar impactos negativos nas cadeias onde ele ocorre. Este trabalho buscou verificar a ocorrência do fenômeno no recorte específico da cadeia Estado produtor – porto exportador do Brasil no período de 2010 a 2012. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação do modelo de Fransso e Wouters (2000) para a verificação da ocorrência do efeito. Os resultados apontam para a ocorrência do fenômeno de forma diferente nos três portos, em função da diferente forma de escoar a produção adotada pelos Estados produtores brasileiros; o efeito chicote encontrado apresentou nível de significância baixo para esse recorte da cadeia provavelmente devido a características das cadeias de commodity agrícola. / The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon that is associated with the uncertainties in forecasting of demand and may negatively impact chains where it occurs. This study search to verify the occurrence of the phenomenon in the specific focus of the chain producer State -. Exporter port in Brazil in the period 2010-2012. The methodology used was the application of the model Fransso and Wouters (2000) to verify the occurrence of the effect. The results point to the occurrence of the phenomenon differently in the three ports due to the different way of disposing of production adopted by Brazilian States producers, the bullwhip effect found showed low level of significance for this clipping the chain probably due to characteristics of the chains agricultural commodity.

Supply chain leaders in the information technology industry face challenges regarding their ability to mitigate amplified demand and supply variability in a supply chain network--the bullwhip effect--and reduce adverse implications on their component supply chain networks. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies supply chain leaders in the United States used to reduce the bullwhip effect. Bullwhip effect theory served as the conceptual framework. Participants in the study were 5 purposefully selected supply chain leaders in the state of Texas who successfully implemented strategies to reduce the bullwhip effect on their networks. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and analysis of documents from the participants' websites. The data were analyzed using the 5 data analysis steps consistent with Yin's approach: collection, stratification, reassembly, interpretation, and conclusion. Four themes emerged from data analysis: (a) collaboration strategy, (b) communication strategy, (c) component shortage reduction strategy, and (d) resource management strategy. Supply chain leaders might use the findings of this study to reduce the bullwhip effect within their networks and improve their profitability. The implications for positive social change include the potential for leaders to improve environmental sustainability by using effective supply chain strategies to reduce the accumulation of excess inventories, reduce transportation fuel usage, and lessen the consumption of natural resources.

The evolution of supply chain management has made significant and continuous contributions to logistical processes. This is highly relevant to crude oil logistics in Nigeria, because both indigenous and multinational oil companies who distribute crude oil from Nigerian ports are yet to adopt an integrated export logistics operation. Besides, the study explores the philosophy of supply chain management applying theoretic frameworks of supply chain process management, demand variability, and vertical integration to encourage integrated export logistics for the distribution of crude oil from Nigeria to China. In addition, the research objectives are: to identify the components of crude oil exports; to review the principles of integrated supply chain management; to analyse crude oil demand in China; to evaluate the efficiency of oil distribution, and to propose strategies that will raise the efficiency of crude oil exports to China from Nigeria. A conceptual model was developed to identify relevant issues that guide the synergy of China’s requirement for energy security and Nigeria’s crude oil supply capability. Also, both a Delphi survey and an archival research method’s were adopted to elucidate on the characteristics of the research population, the shipment frequencies between the two countries, and the sources of competing crude oil exports to China. Measures of central tendency from respondent feedback and non-parametric tests support the study’s findings. Furthermore, recommendations for strategic, operational, and tactical organisation of resources were identified to raise integrated crude oil export efficiency from Nigeria to China directed by the theoretic framework. Moreover, their implications for sustainable logistics practice in the short, medium, and long-term are considered. Finally, it was found that adopting vertical integration in a crude oil supply chain will ensure responsiveness to support export efficiency, and enhance the geographic characteristics of Nigeria for increased export shipments to China.