O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a discussão acerca das mudanças por que passa o sistema demonstrativo do Português Brasileiro, comparando-o ao Português Europeu. Concentramos nossa atenção sobre a oposição entre "este" e "esse". Para tanto não nos limitamos à oralidade, mas procuramos estudar as ocorrências desses demonstrativos em corpora diferentes, que representassem três tipos discursivos distintos: a escrita ficcional, a escrita jornalística e a oralidade. O tratamento dado a cada corpus respeitou a divisão proposta por Halliday e Hasan (1997) que separa as referências endofórica e as exofórica. A pesquisa selecionou dos níveis sintático, semântico e discursivo as variáveis que impactassem na distribuição de "este" e "esse". O resultado mostrou que os brasileiros só fazem uso significativo de "este" nos gêneros marcados pela revisão gramatical. Os portugueses, no entanto, mantêm o sistema ternário, ainda ancorado na questão espacial / no campo de interlocução, tanto na fala como na escrita. Nos tipos de textos em que a norma dos manuais se impõe, os dois sistemas encontram espaço para optar livremente cada qual por uma forma: o português opta por "este", enquanto o brasileiro, por "esse". A presente pesquisa contestou a interpretação de Marine (2004) que via na oralidade brasileira um caso de especialização de formas em função do tipo de referência. Os nossos dados mostraram que na fala do brasileiro a forma "este" é apenas residual e está em vias de substituição por "esse". O binarismo brasileiro não tem mesma configuração daquele vigente no Inglês. Os resultados mostraram que não há uma inteira adesão entre a forma "esse" e "this", e o demonstrativo brasileiro aparece em contextos de uso onde no Inglês apenas "that" seria possível. Outra conclusão importante de nossa pesquisa foi a de sugerir uma relação entre a hierarquia referencial e a escolha do demonstrativo. Na maior parte dos corpora, nós encontramos uma associação entre o aumento do uso percentual de "este" e a referência a elementos marcados por uma maior carga de referencialidade. / The aim of the following project is to contribute to the discussion regarding the changes through which the Brazilian Portuguese demonstrative system goes, comparing two types of Portuguese language, the Brazilian and the European. We will concentrate our attention on the opposition between “este" e “esse." Furthermore, we will not limit ourselves to the way of speaking and will focus on studying the occurrence of such demonstratives in several corpora that represent three different discourse types: fictional and journalistic writing, and also the way of speaking. Each corpus was treated according to the characterization proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1997), separating both references, endophoric and exophoric. The research selected from the three levels (syntactic, semantic and discursive), variables that would have impact on the usage of “este" e “esse." The results show that Brazilians only use “este" significantly in the genders characterized by the existence of grammatical review. However, the Portuguese people maintain the ternary system which is still rooted in the spatial issue/ interlocution field in speaking as well as in writing. Texts in which manual’s rules are emphasized have enough room for both nationalities to choose between the two options: the Portuguese people choose “este" while the Brazilians prefer “ esse." This research disputes Marine´s (2004) view that the Brazilian oral system shows a specialization according to the kind of reference. Our data has shown that within the Brazilian speech "este" appears just residually and is bound to be replaced with "esse". The Brazilian binary configuration is different from the one used in English. The results show that the words “this" and “esse" are not exactly synonyms. The usage of the Brazilian demonstrative appears in contexts where in English only “that" could be used. The research reached another important conclusion. It suggests the existence of a relationship between the referential hierarchy and the choice of demonstrative. In most corpora we found an association between a higher usage percentage of “este" and the reference to elements characterized by a larger load of references.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a discussão acerca das mudanças por que passa o sistema demonstrativo do Português Brasileiro, comparando-o ao Português Europeu. Concentramos nossa atenção sobre a oposição entre "este" e "esse". Para tanto não nos limitamos à oralidade, mas procuramos estudar as ocorrências desses demonstrativos em corpora diferentes, que representassem três tipos discursivos distintos: a escrita ficcional, a escrita jornalística e a oralidade. O tratamento dado a cada corpus respeitou a divisão proposta por Halliday e Hasan (1997) que separa as referências endofórica e as exofórica. A pesquisa selecionou dos níveis sintático, semântico e discursivo as variáveis que impactassem na distribuição de "este" e "esse". O resultado mostrou que os brasileiros só fazem uso significativo de "este" nos gêneros marcados pela revisão gramatical. Os portugueses, no entanto, mantêm o sistema ternário, ainda ancorado na questão espacial / no campo de interlocução, tanto na fala como na escrita. Nos tipos de textos em que a norma dos manuais se impõe, os dois sistemas encontram espaço para optar livremente cada qual por uma forma: o português opta por "este", enquanto o brasileiro, por "esse". A presente pesquisa contestou a interpretação de Marine (2004) que via na oralidade brasileira um caso de especialização de formas em função do tipo de referência. Os nossos dados mostraram que na fala do brasileiro a forma "este" é apenas residual e está em vias de substituição por "esse". O binarismo brasileiro não tem mesma configuração daquele vigente no Inglês. Os resultados mostraram que não há uma inteira adesão entre a forma "esse" e "this", e o demonstrativo brasileiro aparece em contextos de uso onde no Inglês apenas "that" seria possível. Outra conclusão importante de nossa pesquisa foi a de sugerir uma relação entre a hierarquia referencial e a escolha do demonstrativo. Na maior parte dos corpora, nós encontramos uma associação entre o aumento do uso percentual de "este" e a referência a elementos marcados por uma maior carga de referencialidade. / The aim of the following project is to contribute to the discussion regarding the changes through which the Brazilian Portuguese demonstrative system goes, comparing two types of Portuguese language, the Brazilian and the European. We will concentrate our attention on the opposition between “este” e “esse.” Furthermore, we will not limit ourselves to the way of speaking and will focus on studying the occurrence of such demonstratives in several corpora that represent three different discourse types: fictional and journalistic writing, and also the way of speaking. Each corpus was treated according to the characterization proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1997), separating both references, endophoric and exophoric. The research selected from the three levels (syntactic, semantic and discursive), variables that would have impact on the usage of “este” e “esse.” The results show that Brazilians only use “este” significantly in the genders characterized by the existence of grammatical review. However, the Portuguese people maintain the ternary system which is still rooted in the spatial issue/ interlocution field in speaking as well as in writing. Texts in which manual’s rules are emphasized have enough room for both nationalities to choose between the two options: the Portuguese people choose “este” while the Brazilians prefer “ esse.” This research disputes Marine´s (2004) view that the Brazilian oral system shows a specialization according to the kind of reference. Our data has shown that within the Brazilian speech "este" appears just residually and is bound to be replaced with "esse". The Brazilian binary configuration is different from the one used in English. The results show that the words “this” and “esse” are not exactly synonyms. The usage of the Brazilian demonstrative appears in contexts where in English only “that” could be used. The research reached another important conclusion. It suggests the existence of a relationship between the referential hierarchy and the choice of demonstrative. In most corpora we found an association between a higher usage percentage of “este” and the reference to elements characterized by a larger load of references.

This MA thesis is first of all concerned with the distribution of different types of reference of the English demonstrative pronoun this. Reference can be divided into exophoric (personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, social, empathetic, and emotional deixis), endophoric (anaphora and cataphora), and non-phoric reference (introductory and recognitional). The second aim of this thesis is to study the way by which the individual occurrences of the pronoun this with different reference are translated into the Czech language. The sample that was studied consisted of 219 occurrences of this collected from three British plays: The Caretaker (1960) by Harold Pinter, The Public Eye (1962) by Peter Shaffer, and The Real Inspector Hound (1968) by Tom Stoppard. The Czech translations of these plays were used for the second part of the research. The analysis of the plays showed that the most frequent type of reference of this is exophoric deictic reference, more precisely its subtype spatial deixis. The outcome of the translational analysis was the finding that this is most frequently translated by the Czech demonstrative pronoun ten. Keywords: demonstrative pronoun this, reference distribution, exophora, deixis, endophora, non-phoric reference, Czech translation equivalents

<p>The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English.</p><p>The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors.</p><p>The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.</p>

The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English. The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors. The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.