No description available.

<p>Synaptic plasticity is the leading candidate for the cellular/molecular basis of learning and memory. One of the key molecules involved in synaptic plasticity is Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Kinase II (CaMKII). Synaptic plasticity can be expressed at a single dendritic spine independent of its neighboring dendritic spines. Here, we investigated how long the activity of CaMKII lasts during synaptic plasticity of single dendritic spines. We found that CaMKII activity lasted ~2 minutes during synaptic plasticity and was restricted to the dendritic spines undergoing synaptic plasticity while nearby dendritic spines did not show any change in the level of CaMKII activity. Our experimental data argue against the persistent activation of CaMKII in dendritic spines undergoing synaptic plasticity and suggest that the activity of CaMKII is a spine-specific biochemical signal necessary for synapse-specificity of synaptic plasticity. We provide a biophysical explanation of how spine-specific CaMKII activation can be achieved during synaptic plasticity. We also found that CaMKII is activated by highly localized calcium influx in the proximity of Voltage-dependent Calcium Channels (VDCCs) and a different set of VDCCs and their respective Ca2+ nanodomains are responsible for the differential activation of CaMKII between dendritic spines and dendritic shafts.</p> / Dissertation

Aggregating proteoglycans (PG) bearing chondroitin sulfate (CS) side chains are well-known inhibitors of neural plasticity and associate with hyaluronan and tenascin-R to form a complex of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about whether proteolytic cleavage of the core protein affects neural plasticity. Several members of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family of metalloproteinases are glutamyl-endopeptidases that cleave aggregating PGs. Our initial studies determined that neural cultures secrete a brevican-containing matrix, and that these neural cultures also produced ADAMTS4, a protease that cleaves brevican. Furthermore, this brevican-containing matrix in astrocytes could be modulated by treatment with transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) through the inhibition of the activity of the ADAMTSs.Once it was established that neural cultures produce a brevican-rich matrix, we s ought to utilize this matrix to determine whether cleavage of aggregating PGs, especially brevican, by the ADAMTSs influences neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Transfection of rat neurons with ADAMTS4 cDNA induced longer neurites, and interestingly, this effect proved to be independent of the proteolytic action of the ADAMTSs. Addition of recombinant ADAMTS4 or ADAMTS5 protein to immature neuronal cultures similarly enhanced neurite extension, an action dependent on the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 (MAP kinase 42/44), resulting in the first evidence that ADAMTSs may induce intracellular signaling events. Studies of dendritic spine morphology and levels of synaptic proteins in response to ADAMTS4 treatment were also undertaken. Neuronal cultures treated with ADAMTS4 showed increased length of dendritic spines and increased percent of immature spines detected. A concurrent decrease in post-synaptic protein staining was detected on the neurites of yo ung neurons overexpressing ADAMTS4 or expressing proteolytically-inactive mutant ADAMTS4 protein. Thus, ADAMTS4 may promote plasticity in neurons in vitro by preventing the formation, maturation, and/or stabilization of synapses. Overall, these experiments provide evidence that implicate the ADAMTSs as mediators of neural plasticity, and while primarily known only as proteases, these studies demonstrate that the ADAMTSs exert actions distinct from these proteolytic properties that require the induction of intracellular signaling events.

No description available.

L'efficacité de la transmission synaptique GABAergique est influencée par la concentration intracellulaire en ions chlorure. Dans les neurones matures, l'extrusion de ces ions par le transporteur neuronal potassium chlore de type 2 (KCC2) permet l'influx d'ions chlorure lors de l'activation des récepteurs du GABA de type A. Néanmoins, KCC2 est aussi enrichi à proximité des synapses excitatrices portées par les épines dendritiques qui correspondent à des protrusions dendritiques enrichies en actine. Alors que l'effet d'une suppression de KCC2 sur l'homéostasie des ions chlorure et la transmission GABAergique est largement documenté, peu de choses sont connues sur l'impact qu'une telle suppression peut avoir sur la transmission glutamatergique. Lors de ma thèse, j'ai exploré le rôle de KCC2 dans la potentialisation à long terme (LTP) de la transmission glutamatergique à l'origine des phénomènes d'apprentissage et de mémorisation. Ce travail a révélé que la suppression de KCC2 compromet les modifications fonctionnelles et structurales sous-tendant la LTP. Cet effet est associé à une inhibition de la cofilin, protéine responsable de la dépolymérisation de l'actine, qui corrèle avec une augmentation de la quantité d'actine filamenteuse dans les épines dendritiques. En empêchant l'inhibition de la cofilin liée à l'absence de KCC2, il m'a alors été possible de restaurer la LTP suggérant que KCC2 pourrait influencer cette forme de plasticité en régulant la dynamique de polymérisation du cytosquelette d'actine. Mes résultats démontrent que la fonction de KCC2 va au-delà du contrôle de l'homéostasie des ions chlorure et influence les mécanismes de plasticité de la synapse excitatrice. / The polarity and efficacy of GABAergic synaptic transmission are both influenced by the intra-neuronal chloride concentration. In mature neurons, chloride extrusion through the neuronal K/Cl cotransporter KCC2 allows an inhibitory influx of chloride upon activation of GABAA receptors. Nevertheless, KCC2 is enriched in the vicinity of excitatory synapses within the dendritic spines that are actin-rich protrusions emerging from dendritic shafts. While it has become clear that KCC2 suppression alters chloride homeostasis and GABA signaling, little is known on its impact on glutamatergic transmission. In the laboratory, we have previously demonstrated that KCC2 suppression in mature neurons leads to decreased glutamatergic transmission efficacy through an ion-transport independent function of KCC2. During my PhD, I have explored how KCC2 may also impact LTP of glutamatergic synapses. My work reveals that KCC2 suppression compromises both functional and structural LTP at these synapses. This effect is associated with inhibition of the actin-severing protein cofilin and enhanced mobilization of F-actin in dendritic spines. Since LTP can be rescued by preventing cofilin inhibition upon KCC2 suppression, I suggest KCC2 might influence LTP through altered actin cytoskeleton dynamics. My results demonstrate that KCC2 function extends beyond the mere control of neuronal chloride homoeostasis and suggest regulation of KCC2 membrane stability may act as a metaplastic switch to gate long term plasticity at excitatory synapses in cortical neurons.

Sensory, cognitive, and emotional processing are rooted in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is comprised of six layers defined by the neurons within them that have distinctive connection, both within cortex itself and with other subcortical structures. Although still far from solving the mysteries of the mind, it is clear that networks form by neurons in the cerebral cortex provide the computational substrate for a remarkable range of behaviours. This neuron to neuron activation is mediated through dendritic spines, the postsynaptic target of most excitatory synapses in the cerebral cortex. Dendritic spines are small protrusions found along dendrites of neurons, and their number, as well as structural changes, accompany the development of synapses and establishment of neuronal networks. In fact, dendritic spines undergo rapid structural and functional changes guided by neuronal activity. This marriage between structural and functional plasticity, makes dendritic spines crucial in fine-tuning of networks in the brain; not surprisingly, dendritic spine aberrations are a hallmark of multiple neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. With this in mind, I considered Pannexin 1 (Panx1) an interesting novel candidate for a regulatory role on cortical neuronal network and dendritic spine development, for the following reasons. First, Panx1 transcripts are enriched in the brain and in the cortex are most abundant during the embryonic and early postnatal period. . This timing roughly corresponds to a period of synaptogenesis in the postnatal brain. Second, Panx1 localizes to postsynaptic compartments in neurons and its disruption leads to enhance excitability and potentiation of neuron-to neuron communication. Third, disruption of Panx1 (either knockdown or pharmacological blockade) leads to neurite outgrowth in neuron-like cells. Lastly, genetic variants in PANX1 have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. This dissertation explores the role of Panx1 in the development of dendritic spines and neuronal networks, furthering our understanding on cortical development and placing Panx1 as a novel regulator of structural and functional plasticity in the brain. Chapter 1 discusses core concepts on cortical development, with an emphasis on pyramidal neuron, the most abundant and only known projection neurons in the cerebral cortex. Here, I review the embryonic origin of pyramidal neurons, their postnasal development, and how cortical circuits are assembled. I finish this chapter with a brief review on Panx1 and its known expression and involvement in neuronal function. In Chapter 2 I explore the functional properties of neuronal networks and synaptic composition of cortical neurons in the absence of Panx1. Using live cell imaging and analysis of Ca2+ transients in dense primary cortical cultures, revealed that Panx1 knock-out (KO) cultures exhibit more and larger groups of significantly co-activated neurons, known as network ensembles. These network properties were not explained by differences in cell viability or cell-type composition. Examination of protein expression from cortical synaptosome preparations revealed that Panx1 is enriched in synaptic compartments, while also confirming a developmental downregulation. This analysis also revealed increased levels of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95, along with the postsynaptic glutamate receptors GluA1 and GluN2A. Lastly, ex vivo tracing of dendritic spines on apical dendrites of Layer 5 pyramidal neurons in global and glutamatergic-specific Panx1 KO brain slices revealed higher spine densities in early and late postnatal development, with no differences in spine length. Analysis of dendritic spine densities in fixed cultured cortical neurons revealed an increase associated with Panx1 KO. Altogether, this work presents for the first time a connection between Panx1 and structural development of dendritic spines and suggest that Panx1 regulates cortical neuronal networks through changes in spine density. Chapter 3 examines the influence of Panx1 on spiny protrusions growth and movement. Spiny protrusion are long, thin, highly dynamic spine precursors. Taking advantage of a fluorescent signal localized to the plasma membrane, I visualized spiny protrusions and quantified their dynamics in wildtype (WT) and Panx1 KO developing cortical neurons, both under fixed and live conditions. I found that transient Panx1 expression is associated with decreased spiny protrusion density both in WT and Panx1 KO neurons. Using live cell imaging, I found that spiny protrusions are more stable and less motile in Panx1 KO neurons, while its transient expression reversed both of these phenotypes. These results suggest that Panx1 regulation of dendritic spines development is rooted partly in the regulation of spiny protrusion dynamics. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that Panx1 negatively regulates dendritic spines in part by influencing spiny protrusion dynamics. It is reasonable to speculate that Panx1 regulation of dendritic spines underlies its newly discovered role in the formation network ensembles, providing a putative mechanism for previously described roles of Panx1 in synaptic plasticity. Likewise, this body of work furthers our understanding of Panx1 by filling some of the gaps attached to its developmental expression and association with neurodevelopmental disease. / Graduate / 2021-04-16

In the nervous system, billions of neurons undergo a multistep process to establish functional circuits. This entails accurate extension of dendritic and axonal processes and coordinated efforts of pre- and postsynaptic neurons to form synaptic connections. Although many axon guidance molecules and synaptic organizers have been identified, the molecular redundancy and the vast number of synapses in the brain has complicated attempts to define their precise roles. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms that encompass these processes, my studies utilize the genetic strengths and cellular precision available in Caenorhabditis elegans for in vivo investigations of nervous system development. In this work, I unravel cell-specific requirements for the transmembrane receptor integrin in regulating developmental axon guidance of GABAergic motor neurons. Furthermore, I address important questions about mechanisms of synapse formation and maintenance using a novel dendritic spine model in C. elegans. Using high resolution microscopy, I find that the formation of immature presynaptic vesicles and postsynaptic receptors are established prior to the outgrowth of dendritic spines at nascent synapses. During this early period of synapse formation, the kinesin-3 family protein UNC-104/KIF1A transports a transsynaptic adhesion molecule neurexin/NRX-1 to developing active zones, in order to maintain postsynaptic receptors and dendritic spines in the mature circuit. In the absence of nrx-1, spines initially form normally but collapse following their extension. These findings demonstrate that presynaptic NRX-1 is required to maintain postsynaptic structures. Together my work provides new insights into molecular mechanisms that define spatiotemporal characteristics of nervous system development and the maintenance of connectivity.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (AD) est une pathologie neurodégénérative caractérisée par une atrophie cérébrale progressive associée à une mort neuronale. Plus récemment, il a été suggéré que la perte des fonctions cognitives survenant pendant la maladie s'explique principalement par une atteinte au niveau synaptique préalable à la mort neuronale. Ainsi il a été observé que le peptide β-amyloïde ou Aβ constituant des plaques séniles, l'un des deux marqueurs histologiques de la maladie, existe sous une forme soluble/oligomérique (Aβo), et cette conformation lui confère des propriétés synaptotoxiques. L'Aβo agit préférentiellement sur le compartiment post-synaptique des synapses excitatrices également appelées épines dendritiques, structures sub-cellulaires dont la forme est régie par un cytosquelette d'actine riche et dynamique. Parmi les nombreuses hypothèses émises pour expliquer la synaptotoxicité de l'Aβo, il a été suggéré que la disparition des épines était due à une dépolymérisation anormale des filaments d'actine par une enzyme : la cofiline. Pourtant des données récentes ont montré à l'inverse une phosphorylation/inactivation de la cofiline dans le cortex frontal de patients AD, mais aussi dans le cerveau de la lignée de souris APP/PS-1, modèle de AD. De plus, des analyses morphologiques des synapses de la région CA1 chez la souris APP/PS-1 ont montré une réduction de la densité d'épines, associée à une augmentation du volume des épines survivantes. Les variations de volume de la tête de l'épine sont des phénomènes très fréquents lors d'une induction de potentialisation à long terme, le corrélat électrophysiologique de la mémoire.. Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons cherché dans un premier temps à caractériser les altérations morphologiques des épines dendritiques chez la souris APP/PS-1 par microscopie électronique. Nous avons pu confirmer que dès 3 mois, les synapses excitatrices sont moins nombreuses, que les épines restantes sont plus larges, mais surtout, que l'épaisseur de la densité post-synaptique n'est plus proportionnelle à la surface de l'épine, ce qui suggère un découplage entre modifications morphologiques et fonctionnelles. Nous avons également mis en évidence la présence de spinules anormales sur les épines.En utilisant des cultures primaires de neurones corticaux, nous avons pu montrer qu'un traitement aigu avec de l'Aβo induit la formation de protrusions riches en actine filamenteuse ressemblant aux spinules observés chez les animaux transgéniques. En purifiant la fraction post-synaptique, nous avons montré que cette formation de protrusions est concomitante à une phosphorylation anormale de la cofiline induite par l'Aβo. Ainsi l'inactivation de la cofiline qui en résulte pourrait être à l'origine d'une stabilisation et donc d'un allongement des filaments d'actine synaptique conduisant à la formation des protrusions. Cette inactivation de la cofiline a également été retrouvée chez la souris APP/PS-1 et chez l'humain. En conclusion, l'ensemble des résultats de cette thèse montre que l'Aβo induit des déformations morphologiques des épines, qui se caractérisent par la formation de protrusions membranaires ressemblant à des spinules. Ces protrusions ne sont pas activité-dépendantes, mais proviennent plutôt d'une dérégulation de l'activité enzymatique de la cofiline par l'Aβo. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology associated with progressive cerebral atrophy linked to neuronal death. It has been recently suggested that loss of cognitive functions occurring during the disease was a consequence of synapse dysfunction and prior to neuronal death. Thus, it has been observed that Amyloïd-β peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques, one histological marker of the disease, also exists as soluble/oligomeric Aβ (Aβo). This Aβ conformation is known to be synaptotoxic. Aβo acts preferentially on the post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses, also named dendritic spines, sub-cellular micro-domains containing dynamic and filamentous actin as their main cytoskeleton component. Among numerous theories explaining Aβo synaptotoxicity, it has been suggested that spine collapsing was due to an abnormal actin depolymerisation through Cofilin enzyme. Yet, recent evidences inversely showed Cofilin phosphorylation/inactivation in frontal cortex of AD patients and in the APP/PS-1 transgenic mice brain, an AD animal model. Moreover, synapse morphological analysis in the CA1 region of APP/PS-1 mice showed a reduction in spine density and an increase in spine head volume of remaining ones. Spine head volume variations are commonly occurring during induction of Long Term Potentiation, the electrophysiological correlate of memory.During my thesis, we firstly characterized APP/PS-1 mice dendritic spine morphological alterations using electron microscopy. We confirmed that even at 3 month-old, excitatory synapses are fewer, but also that remaining ones display larger surfaces. In addition, PSD thickness is not proportional to spine surface anymore, which suggests an uncoupling between functional and morphological modifications. We also demonstrated the presence of abnormal shaped spinules onto spines.Using primary cortical neuron cultures, we demonstrated that acute Aβo treatment induces the formation of filamentous actin enriched protrusions, resembling spinules observed in transgenic mice. By purifying post-synaptic protein fraction, we showed that protrusions formation is correlated to an abnormal Cofilin phosphorylation/inactivation by Aβo. Thus, resulting Cofilin inactivation could trigger actin filament stabilization, leading to protrusion formation. We also found Cofilin phosphorylation in APP/PS-1 mice and in AD brains. Taken together, these results show that Aβo triggers dendritic spine abnormal alterations, characterized by the formation of membrane protrusions ressembling spinules. These protrusions are not activity-dependant, but may instead originate from a disregulation of Cofilin enzymatic activity by Aβo.

Au sein des synapses comme dans les régions extra synaptiques, la diffusion latérale joue un rôle critique dans la densité membranaire des récepteurs. En face des zones actives, l’accumulation de récepteurs détermine en particulier l’efficacité de la transmission synaptique. Il est important de comprendre les paramètres cellulaires qui jouent sur l’accès au compartiment synaptique, qu’ils soient d’origine moléculaires ou morphologiques. Dans les synapses excitatrices, la tige de l’épine dendritique se comporte comme une barrière à la diffusion. Cette barrière pourrait être fonction de la longueur et du diamètre de la tige (paramètre géométrique), ou résider dans la présence d’éléments spécifiques constituant des obstacles à la diffusion. Une sous-population d’épines contient dans sa tige une forme spécialisée de réticulum endoplasmique, appelé appareil épineux et constituée d’un empilement des accules de réticulum. Une protéine liant l’actine, nommée synaptopodine, est associée de façon étroite à l’appareil épineux et participe aux mécanismes de plasticité synaptique. La question centrale de ce travail de thèse était de définir si la présence de synaptopodine influait sur les caractéristiques de la diffusion dans la tige de l’épine, et d’identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents. Afin d’étudier la diffusion membranaire, j’ai utilisé trois protéines recombinantes différentes: une protéine associée au feuillet extérieur de la membrane plasmique (GFP-GPI), une protéine avec un domaine transmembranaire et une courte séquence intracellulaire (TMD-pHluorin), et la sous-unitéGluR5 du récepteur métabotropique (mGluR5) contenant 7 domaines transmembranaires et une séquence intracellulaire volumineuse. Les trois constructions portent une étiquette (GFP ou pHluorin) du côté extracellulaire. Les propriétés diffusives de ces molécules ont été mesurées par un suivi de particules uniques, à base de quantum dots. Ces expériences ont révélé que la diffusion des protéines membranaires est fonction du diamètre de la structure cylindrique considérée, et par conséquent moins rapide dans la tige de l’épine que dans le tronc du dendrite. Mais les propritétés diffusives dépendent aussi de la taille et delà complexité des molécules membranaires considérées. En effet, la diffusion de molécules comportant des domaines transmembranaires est particulièrement faible dans les tiges contenant de la synaptopodine. Cet aspect a été approfondi par l’utilisation de traitements pharmacologiques, qui ont permis de modifier la structure interne de la tige dendritique. Les variations des tailles des domainesoccupés par l’actine-F, et par lesaggrégats de synaptopodine, ont été observées à l’échelle nanoscopique en utilisant l’imagerie PALM/STORM. En conditions contrôle, la synaptopodine occupe la partie centrale de la tige. La dépolymérisation indirecte de l’actine-F par le 4-Aminopyridineentraîne une diminution des zones occupées par ces deux composants, corrélée à une augmentation de la vitesse de diffusion de mGluR5. En revanche, la dépolymérisation par la latrunculin-A (effet direct sur l’actine) induit une augmentation de la taille des clusters de synaptopodine et donc de la surface occupée par ceux-ci dans la tige. Les mesures de la diffusion de la sous-unité mGluR5 réalisées dans ces conditions montrent une accélération de la vitesse de diffusion, indiquant que la mobilité de mGluR5 n’est pas régulée par une interaction directe avec la synaptopodine. En conclusion, je propose un rôle de stabilisation mutuel pourl’actine-F et la synaptopodinedans la tige des épines dendritiques de neurones d’hippocampe en culture. Les épines contenant de la synaptopodine dans leur tige auraient une organisation unique du cytosquelette qui agirait comme une barrière additionnelle pour la diffusion de récepteurs aux neurotransmetteurs. / Lateral diffusion in and outside synapses plays a key role in the accumulation of receptors at synapses, which critically determines the efficacy of synaptic neurotransmission. Therefore, to better understand the trapping of neurotransmitter receptors in synapses, it is important to investigate the mechanisms that may affect receptors diffusion and their capacity to reach synapses. The neck of dendritic spine imposes a diffusional barrier that is considered to depend on the length and diameter of the spine neck. The origin of this barrier could be purely geometrical or could be induced by the presence of specific barriers/obstacles for diffusion. A subpopulation of spines contains a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum in the spine neck called spine apparatus. The actin-binding protein synaptopodin (SP) is tightly associated with the spine apparatus and participates in synaptic plasticity mechanisms. The central question of my research was to assess whether the presence of the SP affects the diffusion of receptors in the spine neck and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms. To study membrane diffusion, I have developed three different probes: a construct associated with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (GFP-GPI), a construct with one transmembrane domain and a short intracellular sequence (TMD-pHluorin), and a recombinant metabotropic mGluR5 receptor construct containing an extracellular domain tagged with pHluorin, seven transmembrane domains, as well as a large intracellular region. The diffusion properties of these molecules were measured by single particle tracking using quantum dots. My experiments revealed that the diffusion of membrane proteins was slower in the spine neck than in the dendrite as a result of the different diameter of the two compartments. Furthermore, the diffusion properties depended on the molecular size and complexity of the membrane proteins. Interestingly, the diffusion of membrane proteins with transmembrane domains was particular slow in spine necks containing SP. This could be the result of direct molecular interactions between the membrane proteins and SP or due to spatial constraints that are related to the structural organization of spine necks expressing SP. To address these questions further I used pharmacological treatments to change the internal organization of the spine neck, and measured their effect on the diffusion properties of mGluR5. The distribution of SP and F-actin in the spine neck was determined on the nanoscopic scale using PALM/STORM imaging. This showed that under control condition SP occupies only the central region of the spine neck. Activity-dependent depolymerization of F-actin by 4-Aminopyridine led to a simultaneous decrease of the amount of F-actin and SP and enhanced the diffusion of mGluR5 in all analyzed neck regions. Disruption of F-actin by latrunculin A induced the re-distribution of SP and the formation of larger SP clusters, occupying an increased region within the spine neck. The recruitment of SP was accompanied by an acceleration of mGluR5 diffusion in SP-positive spines, demonstrating that the mobility of mGluR5 is not controlled by direct interactions with SP. Instead, the diffusion of mGluR5 is dependent on the organization of the spine cytoskeleton. In conclusion, I propose that SP and the polymerization of actin filaments have a reciprocal effect on the stability of each other in the spine neck of cultured hippocampal neurons. Spine necks bearing SP have a unique F-actin cytoskeletal organization that acts as an additional diffusion barrier for neurotransmitter receptors such as mGluR5.

La mémoire et l’apprentissage sont des phénomènes complexes qui demeurent encore incertains quant aux origines cellulaire et moléculaire. Il est maintenant connu que des changements au niveau des synapses, comme la plasticité synaptique, pourraient déterminer la base cellulaire de la formation de la mémoire. Alors que la potentialisation à long-terme (LTP) représente un renforcement de l’efficacité de transmission synaptique, la dépression à long-terme (LTD) constitue une diminution de l’efficacité des connexions synaptiques. Des études ont mis à jour certains mécanismes qui participent à ce phénomène de plasticité synaptique, notamment, les mécanismes d’induction et d’expression, ainsi que les changements morphologiques des épines dendritiques. La grande majorité des synapses excitatrices glutamatergiques se situe au niveau des épines dendritiques et la présence de la machinerie traductionnelle près de ces protubérances suggère fortement l’existence d’une traduction locale d’ARNm. Ces ARNm seraient d’ailleurs acheminés dans les dendrites par des protéines pouvant lier les ARNm et assurer leur transport jusqu’aux synapses activées. Le rôle des protéines Staufen (Stau1 et Stau2) dans le transport, la localisation et dans la régulation de la traduction de certains ARNm est bien établi. Toutefois, leur rôle précis dans la plasticité synaptique demeure encore inconnu. Ainsi, cette thèse de doctorat évalue l’importance des protéines Staufen pour le transport et la régulation d’ARNm dans la plasticité synaptique. Nous avons identifié des fonctions spécifiques à chaque isoforme; Stau1 et Stau2 étant respectivement impliquées dans la late-LTP et la LTD dépendante des récepteurs mGluR. Cette spécificité s’applique également au rôle que chaque isoforme joue dans la morphogenèse des épines dendritiques, puisque Stau1 semble nécessaire au maintien des épines dendritiques matures, alors que Stau2 serait davantage impliquée dans le développement des épines. D’autre part, nos travaux ont permis de déterminer que la morphogenèse des épines dendritiques dépendante de Stau1 était régulée par une plasticité synaptique endogène dépendante des récepteurs NMDA. Finalement, nous avons précisé les mécanismes de régulation de l’ARNm de la Map1b par Stau2 et démontré l’importance de Stau2 pour la production et l’assemblage des granules contenant les transcrits de la Map1b nécessaires pour la LTD dépendante des mGluR. Les travaux de cette thèse démontrent les rôles spécifiques des protéines Stau1 et Stau2 dans la régulation de la plasticité synaptique par les protéines Stau1 et Stau2. Nos travaux ont permis d’approfondir les connaissances actuelles sur les mécanismes de régulation des ARNm par les protéines Staufen dans la plasticité synaptique. MOTS-CLÉS EN FRANÇAIS: Staufen, hippocampe, plasticité synaptique, granules d’ARN, traduction, épines dendritiques. / Learning and memory are complex processes that are not completly understood at the cellular and molecular levels. It is however accepted that persistent modifications of synaptic connections, like synaptic plasticity, could be responsible for the encoding of new memories. Whereas long-term potentiation (LTP) is classically defined as a persistent and stable enhancement of synaptic connections, long-term depression (LTD) is a reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses. Numerous studies have identified some of the mechanisms of this phenomenon, in particular, the induction and expression mechanisms, as well as the changes in dendritic spine morphology. The most abundant type of synapse in the hippocampus is the excitatory glutamatergic synapse made on dendritic spines; the presence of the translational machinery in dendrites near spines strongly supports the concept of local mRNA translation. Moreover, those mRNA are transported in dendrites to activated synapses by RNA binding-proteins (RBP). Staufen proteins (Stau1 and Stau2) function in transport, localization and translational regulation of mRNA are now established. However, their precise roles in synaptic plasticity are still unknown. Thus, this Ph.D. thesis evaluates the importance of Staufen proteins in mRNA transport and regulation in synaptic plasticity. We have identified specific functions for each isoform; while Stau1 is implicated in late-LTP, Stau2 is required for mGluR-LTD. This specificity is also relevant for dendritic spine morphogenesis since Stau1 is involved in mature dendritic spine maintenance while Stau2 participates in dendritic spine morphogenesis at a developmental stage. Moreover, our studies have indicated that Stau1 involvement in spine morphogenesis is dependent on ongoing NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity. Finally, our results suggest that Stau2 is implicated in a particular form of synaptic plasticity through transport and regulation of specific mRNA granules required for mGluR-LTD such as Map1b. Our work uncovers specific roles of Stau1 and Stau2 in regulation of synaptic plasticity. These studies help to better understand mechanisms involving mRNA regulation by Staufen in long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. ENGLISH KEY WORDS: Staufen, hippocampus, synaptic plasticity, RNA granules, translation, dendritic spines