Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da variação do pH da solução desmineralizante em modelo de ciclagem de pH na dureza de superfície, liberação de flúor e característica de superfície dos materiais restauradores: Ketac-Fil Plus, Vitremer, Fuji II LC, Freedom e Fluorofil. Foram confeccionados, para cada material, 34 corpos-de-prova que tiveram a dureza de superfície inicial (DSI) determinada após a confecção. A seguir, foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=30) de acordo com a variação de pH (4,3; 4,6; 5,0; 5,5 e 6,2) da solução desmineralizante e submetidos a períodos cíclicos em solução desmineralizante (Des-6 horas) e remineralizante (Re-18 horas) por 15 dias. Decorrido este período, verificou-se a dureza de superfície final (DSF) e a característica de superfície (n=24). As soluções armazenadas diariamente foram utilizadas para a determinação da concentração de flúor (Des+Re). As variáveis DSI, DSF e alteração de dureza de superfície (% ADS) foram submetidas à análise de variância e a liberação de flúor ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). A variação do pH proporcionou relação direta quando se comparou a dureza e inversa para a liberação de flúor nos cimentos de ionômero de vidro. Para as resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos foi verificada relação inversa para a liberação de flúor, não havendo correlação na dureza. A característica de superfície foi influenciada pela variação do pH, ficando mais evidente nos menores pHs, exceto para as resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos. Baseados nos resultados, concluiu-se que a variação do pH da solução desmineralizante do modelo de ciclagem influenciou a liberação de flúor dos materiais testados. Essa variação alterou a dureza e a característica de superfície dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro, mas não das resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH of the demineralizing solution in a cycling model on surface hardness, fluoride release and surface aspects of restorative materials (Ketac-Fil Plus, Vitremer, Fuji II LC, Freedom and Fluorofil). Thirty-four specimens of each material were made and surface hardness was measured. Then, the specimens were randomized in five groups (n=30), according to pH (4.3; 4.6; 5.0; 5.5; and 6.2) of the demineralizing solution and submitted to a cycling model during 15 days. The specimens remained in the demineralizing solution for 6 hours and in the remineralizing solution for 18 hours. After that, surface hardness was measured again and surface aspects were observed (n=24). Fluoride concentration was determined daily in all solutions (De+Re). Data from SMH (before and after pH-cycling) and %SMHC were analyzed by analysis of variance (p<0.05); Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out for the results of fluoride release. For glass ionomer cements, the variation of pH led to a direct relationship when hardness was compared and to an inverse relationship with regards to fluoride release. For polyacid-modified resin composites, an inverse relationship was found regarding fluoride release; no correlation was observed with regards to hardness. Surface aspect was influenced by pH variation: an acidic pH led to a greater alteration, except for polyacid-modified resin composites. It was possible to conclude that pH of the demineralizing solution did influence fluoride release from the tested materials. The pH variation altered hardness and surface aspects of glass ionomer cements, but it did not influence polyacid-modified resin composites in those analysis. / Orientador: Denise Pedrini / Coorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andres Felipe Cartagena Molina.pdf: 3076315 bytes, checksum: 06060dc51df633a32dd15312c25f51cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Endodontically treated molars generally present reduced crown structure, with a greater risk of biomechanical failure when compared with living teeth, restoration technique thereof being a challenge for dental profession. The aim of this paper was to analyze, using the finite elements method (FEM), the stresses distribution in a first molar restored with the Endocrown technique, after simulating functional forces. A lithium disilicate ceramic (IPSe.max Press) and a second generation indirect resin composite (SR Adoro) were used as restorative materials, adhesively cemented to the tooth with a dual polymerization luting agent (Variolink II). In order to obtain their mechanical properties, specimens of these materials were subjected to compressive and diametral tensile strength tests 24 h after manipulation. Based on a CAT scan of the lower third of the face, a 3D model of tooth 36 endodontically treated was simulated. Tooth was sectioned nearly 1 mm above the enamel margin, inner angles were rounded, a layer of 0.05 mm of luting agent was manufactured and the remnant of the original tooth was modeled with both restorative materials. The following models were obtained: Model 1, Endocrown in SR Adoro under axial load; Model 2, Endocrown in IPSe.max Press under axial load; Model 3, Endocrown in SR Adoro under oblique load; Model 4, Endocrown in IPS e.max Press under oblique load. Each model was subjected to a force of 100 N. The strength of the luting and restorative materials and of tooth tissues was evaluated using the Mohr Coulomb (MC) failure criterion, and tensile and compressive contact stresses and shear stresses at the adhesive interface were analyzed. As a result of simulations, according to the MC criterion, Model 2 proved to be 17% better than Model 1, and Models 3 and 4 showed failures in the restorative material. In the adhesive cement and enamel, both for axial and oblique loads, it was found that distribution of stresses was more homogeneous for models with more rigid restorative material, behavior which is repeated in the analysis of tensile and compressive contact stresses and shear stresses. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that Endocrown restorations, when perfectly cemented and made of ceramic are more resistant to fracture than composite Endocrown. Loads of the oblique direction represent a critical point in the success of the restoration, integrity of the margin and conservation of the tooth remaining. / Dentes tratados endodonticamente apresentam geralmente reduzida estrutura coronária e grande risco de falha biomecânica, quando comparados com dentes vitalizados, sendo, portanto, sua técnica restauradora um desafio para a Odontologia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar, usando o método de elementos finitos (MEF), a distribuição de tensões em um primeiro molar restaurado com a técnica Endocrown, após a simulação de cargas oclusais funcionais. Uma cerâmica à base de dissilicato de lítio (IPSe.max Press) e uma resina composta laboratorial de segunda geração (SR Adoro) foram selecionadas como materiais restauradores, cimentados adesivamente ao dente por uma camada cimento de polimerização dual (Variolink II). Com o objetivo de obter suas propriedades mecânicas, corpos de prova dos materiais cimentante e restaurador foram submetidos a testes de resistência a compressão e tração diametral 24 h após sua manipulação. Utilizando-se uma tomografia do terço inferior da face, um modelo 3D do dente 36 com tratamento endodôntico foi obtido. O dente foi seccionado aproximadamente 1 mm acima do limite amelocementário, os ângulos internos do preparo foram arredondados, uma película de 0,05 mm de cimento foi construída e o restante do dente foi modelado com ambos os materiais restauradores. Foram obtidos os seguintes modelos: Modelo 1, Endocrown confeccionada em SR Adoro submetida a carga axial; Modelo 2, Endocrown confeccionada em IPSe.max Press submetida a carga axial; Modelo 3, Endocrown confeccionada em SR Adoro submetida a carga oblíqua; Modelo 4, Endocrown confeccionada em IPSe.max Press submetida a carga oblíqua. Cada modelo foi submetido a carga de 100 N. A resistência dos materiais cimentante e restauradores e também dos tecidos dentais foi avaliada segundo o critério de falha de Mohr Coulomb (MC), e as tensões de tração e de compressão de contato e as de cisalhamento na interface adesiva foram calculadas. De acordo com os resultados das simulações, segundo o critério de MC, o Modelo 2 demonstrou ser 17% superior ao 1, e os Modelos 3 e 4 demonstraram falha do material restaurador. A distribuição de tensões no cimento e no esmalte dentário, tanto para carga axial quanto para oblíqua, foi mais homogênea nos modelos restaurados com o material mais rígido, comportamento esse que se repetiu na análise de tensões de tração e compressão e de cisalhamento na interface. Concluiu-se que restaurações Endocrowns, se cimentadas adequadamente e confeccionadas em cerâmica, são mais resistentes à fratura do que as de resina laboratorial. As cargas oblíquas representam um ponto crítico para o sucesso da restauração, da sua integridade marginal e da conservação do remanescente dental.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Both quaternary ammonium bromide (QAB) and furanone derivatives were synthesized, characterized and formulated into dental resin composites for improved antibacterial properties. Compressive strength (CS) and S. mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the restoratives. The effects of chain length, loading, saliva and aging on CS and S. mutans viability were investigated. Chapter 2 describes how we studied and evaluated the formulated antibacterial resin composites by incorporating the synthesized QAB-containing oligomers into the formulation. The results show that all the QAB-modified resin composites showed significant antibacterial activity and mechanical strength reduction. Increasing chain length and loading significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity but dramatically reduced the CS as well. The 30-day aging study showed that the incorporation of the QAB accelerated the degradation of the composite, suggesting that the QAB may not be well suitable for development of antibacterial dental resin composites or at least the QAB loading should be well controlled. Chapter 3 describes how we studied and evaluated the formulated antibacterial resin composite by incorporating the synthesized furanone derivative into the formulation. The results show that the modified resin composites showed a significant antibacterial activity without substantially decreasing the mechanical strengths. With 5 to 30% addition of the furanone derivative, the composite kept its original CS unchanged but showed a significant antibacterial activity with a 16-68% reduction in the S. mutans viability. Further, the antibacterial function of the new composite was found not to be affected by human saliva. The aging study indicates that the composite may have a long-lasting antibacterial function. In summary, we have developed a novel QAB- and furanone-containing antibacterial system for dental restoratives. Both QAB- and furanone-modified resin composites have demonstrated significant antibacterial activities. The QAS-modified experimental resin composite may not be well suitable for development of antibacterial dental resin composites due to its accelerated degradation in water unless the QAB loading is well controlled. The furanone-modified resin composite shows nearly no reduction in mechanical strength after incorporation of the antibacterial furanone derivative. It appears that the furanone-modified resin composite is a clinically attractive dental restorative that can be potentially used for long-lasting restorations due to its high mechanical strength and permanent antibacterial function.

Aim: To investigate the clinical survival and success, including both function and aesthetics, of tooth supported crowns in the anterior region after a minimum of 5 years after installation in the student as well as teacher clinic of the Faculty of Odontology, Malm. University, Sweden. Materials &amp; method: Eligible patients were identified through screening of dental technician invoices stretching back to 2012. 78 patients were invited to participate in the study and 39 patients were examined, 28 and 11 from student and teacher clinics respectively. A modified examination protocol based on the CDA protocol was used by two examiners to score the crowns. Moreover, patients’ own views on aesthetics and function of their crowns were collected through a questionnaire. Results: Patient satisfaction with function and aesthetics was equally high in teacher and student clinic as well as for the different crown materials. Examiner ratings found overall successful results across the investigated categories “surface and colour”, “anatomic form” and “margin integrity”. No significant differences were found with regards to the operator or the different materials. The 5-year survival rate among the examined patients was 89% resp. 91% in the student and teacher clinic. Conclusion: Patients at the Faculty of Odontology in Malm. can expect to receive satisfying crown treatments in the anterior region of the mouth regardless of whether the operator is a teacher or a student and regardless of the chosen material. / Syfte: Att undersöka klinisk överlevnad och lyckandefrekvens, med hänsyn till funktion och estetik, av tandstödda kronor i framtandsregionen som installerades för minst 5 år sedan på student och lärarklinik vid Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö Universitet, Sverige. Material och metod: 78 lämpliga patienter identifierades genom granskning av  tandtekniska fakturor från 2012 och framåt, och bjöds in att delta i studien. 39 patienter undersöktes, 28 respektive 11 från student- och lärarklinik. Två granskare använde ett modifierat granskningsprotokoll baserat på CDA protokollet för att betygsätta kronornas utseende och funktion. Utöver detta användes ett frågeformulär för att få patientens syn på estetik och funktion av kronan. Resultat: Patienternas omdömen av kronans funktion och estetik var lika hög i lärar- och studentkliniken liksom för de olika kronmaterialen. Granskarnas bedömning visade hög lyckandefrekvens för de undersökta kategorierna ”yta och färg”, ”anatomisk form” och ”kantanslutning”. Inga signifikanta skillnader kunde ses med avseende på vem som var operatör eller vilket material som valts. 5-års överlevnaden bland de undersökta patienterna var 89% resp. 91% p. student- och lärarkliniken. Slutsats: Patienter som behandlas vid Odontologiska fakulteten i Malmö kan förvänta sig ett tillfredsställande resultat vid kronterapi i framtandsregionen oavsett om operatören är en lärare eller en student och oavsett vilket material som väljs.

L’odontologie conservatrice a connu une véritable révolution avec l’avènement de la dentisterie adhésive et le développement des résines composites associé au collage aux tissus dentaires. L’apparition il y a 20 ans des résines composites fluides a élargi encore les possibilités thérapeutiques des praticiens. La mise sur le marché d’un grand nombre de résines composites qui diffèrent par leur nature matricielle et par le type, la taille et la proportion des charges incorporées associée au manque d’informations des fabricants sur les compositions exactes de leurs produits empêchent les praticiens de réellement connaitre les caractéristiques des matériaux qu’ils utilisent. L’hyper-caractérisation in vitro desdits matériaux est une voie importante pour avancer dans la compréhension de leur comportement. Afin de juger de l’impact de la variation du taux de charges dans le comportement mécanique et physico-chimique des résines composites fluides, nous avons étudié deux groupes de matériaux : un premier groupe constitué de résines composites fluides expérimentales à matrice commune et à taux de charges variable et un deuxième groupe composé de résines composites fluides disponibles dans le commerce. Pour chacun de ces matériaux après la détermination du taux de charges par la méthode de la calcination, l’évaluation des caractéristiques rhéologiques (viscosité complexe et module de conservation), la mesure de la micro-dureté (micro-dureté Vickers), la contraction volumétrique de prise selon la méthode de la déflexion d’une lame de verre, l’analyse thermo-mécanique dynamique en flexion (module de conservation, module de perte, facteur d’amortissement) ainsi que les capacités d’absorption d’eau et de solubilisation (détermination par différentiel de gravimétrie après immersion dans différents milieux) sont autant de facteurs potentiellement influencés par ledit taux de charges qui ont été étudiés. Si le taux de charges devrait clairement faire partie des critères de choix du praticien tant il apparait influant sur les plans mécaniques et physico-chimiques, il apparait qu’un taux de charges élevé ne représente pas une garantie suffisante pour répondre de façon optimale au cahier des charges du matériau d’obturation idéal. L’emploi de résines composites fluides déformulées à taux de charges variable permet d’évaluer le rôle de la phase dispersée, pour autant, l’étude en parallèle de matériaux commerciaux met en lumière l’influence de la nature matricielle et des différentes entités monomériques entrant dans la structure polymère. / Conservative dentistry has undergone a genuine revolution, with the advent of adhesive dentistry and the development of resin composites combined with dental bonding. The emergence of flowable resin composites 20 years ago further expanded the treatment options open to dental practitioners. The appearance on the market of a large number of resin composites that differ in terms of their matrix type, along with the size and the proportion of the fillers incorporated, combined with a lack of information from manufacturers concerning the exact compositions of their products, means that practitioners do not really know all the characteristics of the materials they are using. In vitro hypercharacterization of these materials is an important approach to help us gain a better understanding of their properties. In order to assess the impact of variation of filler contents on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of flowable resin composites, we studied two groups of materials: a first group, composed of experimental flowable resin composites with the same matrix and a variable filler content, and a second group, composed of commercially available flowable resin composites. For each of these materials, after determination of the filler content using the calcination method, assessment of their rheological properties (complex viscosity and storage modulus), measurement of microhardness (Vickers microhardness), volumetric setting shrinkage using the glass slide deflection technique, dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis in flexure (storage modulus, loss modulus, damping factor), along with the water absorption and dissolution capacities (determination by thermal gravimetry differential following immersion in different media) are all factors potentially influenced by the said filler contents studied. While the filler content should clearly be one of the decision-making criteria used by practitioners given the influence it seems to have on both mechanical and physicochemical properties, it nonetheless appears that a high filler content is not, in itself, a sufficient guarantee that the material meets the optimum specifications for an ideal filling material. The use of deformulated flowable composite resins with a variable filler content makes it possible to assess the role of the dispersed phase. However, a parallel study of commercially available materials highlights the influence of the matrix type and the various monomeric entities included in the polymer structure.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Elucidating the lithium disilicate system like the popular IPS e.max® CAD (LS2), made specifically for Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM), as a function of temperature unravels new ways to enhance material properties and performance. Objective: To study the effect of various thermal processing on the crystallization kinetics, crystallite microstructure, and strength of LS2. Methods: The control group of the LS2 samples was heated using the standard manufacturer heating-schedule. Two experimental groups were tested: (1) an extended temperature range (750-840 °C vs. 820-840 °C) at the segment of 30 °C/min heating rate, and (2) a protracted holding time (14 min vs. 7 min) at the isothermal temperature of 840 °C. Five other groups of different heating schedules with lower-targeted temperatures were evaluated to investigate the microstructural changes. For each group, the crystalline phases and morphologies were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the activation energy of LS2 under non-isothermal conditions. A MTS universal testing machine was used to measure 3-point flexural strength and fracture toughness, and elastic modulus and hardness were measured by the MTS Nanoindenter® XP. A one-way ANOVA/Tukey was performed per property (alpha = 0.05). Results: DSC, XRD, and SEM revealed three distinct microstructures during LS2 crystallization. Significant differences were found between the control group, the two aforementioned experimental groups, and the five lower-targeted-temperature groups per property (p<0.05). The activation energy for lithium disilicate growth was 667.45 (± 28.97) KJ/mole. Conclusions: Groups with the extended temperature range (750-840 °C) and protracted holding time (820-840 °C H14) produced significantly higher elastic-modulus and hardness properties than the control group but showed similar significant flexural-strength and fracture-toughness properties with the control group. In general, explosive growth of lithium disilicates occurred only when maximum formation of lithium metasilicates had ended.