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Thesis (M. Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Dental diseases are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. A recent epidemiological survey has shown that about 49 to 83% people are affected by dental caries. Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan is one of the medicinal plants used traditionally to treat dental diseases. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds from the leaf and stem extracts of C. bispinosa on oral pathogens. Nine solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, butanol and water) were used for the extraction of the leaf and stem powder of C. bispinosa. Biochemical tests were performed to determine the presence of phytochemical constituents and the phytochemical profile was generated through thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC- 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (TLC-DPPH) assay was used to determine the qualitative antioxidant activity while DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assay were used for the quantification of antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity was tested on five pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) qualitatively using the TLC-bioautography assay and quantitatively using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Cytotoxicity was tested on the THP-1 cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The active compound was isolated through open column chromatography and preparative-TLC guided by bioassays. Structural elucidation was achieved from the analysis of spectral data generated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. A variety of phytochemicals were detected on the leaf and stem extracts. The extracts had high antioxidant activity, especially those extracted with polar solvents. All the pathogens, except C. glabrata, demonstrated susceptibility to the extracts on the qualitative assay. For the leaf extracts, methanol extract had the lowest average MIC value (0.81 mg/ml) making it the most activity across the microorganisms, whereas hexane had the highest MIC value (1.63 mg/ml). C. albicans demonstrated higher susceptibility with an average of 0.73 mg/ml while C. glabrata displayed the least (2.8 mg/ml). Compared to the leaf extracts, lesser activity was observed for the stem extracts on bioautography and MIC. The percentage viability was decreasing as the concentration of the extract was increasing. However, the highest concentration resulted xxiv in more than 50% cell viability. The compound was isolated as a white powder (10.5 mg). It was identified based on its physical properties, spectroscopic data and comparing the data with scientific literature and was found to be β-Sitosterol, a member of plant steroids (Phytosterols). The study is the first to detect the presence of the antimicrobial compound (β-Sitosterol) and isolate it from the leaves of Carissa bispinosa. / Department of Science and Innovation-Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

Veterinarinė odontologija – tai nauja greitai besivystanti veterinarinės medicinos sritis. Daugelyje šalių veterinarinė odontologija jau egzistuoja kaip atskira disciplina, tirianti dantų ir burnos ertmės ligas, profilaktiką bei gydymą. Remiantis statistiniais duomenimis, dantų, žandikaulio ir burnos ertmės ligos gyvūnų tarpe - labai paplitusios visame pasaulyje. Daugiau nei 95 proc. kačių ir šunų per visą jų gyvenimą pasireiškia dantų ir burnos ertmės patologijos. Kadangi kačių dantų ligų gydymas yra gana sudėtingas ir skausmingas gyvūnui procesas, geriau tinka taikyti profilaktikos priemones, nei gydymą. Todėl nuo mažens gyvūną reikia pratinti prie burnos ertmės higienos. Lietuvoje dar labai mažai dėmesio skiriama šiai problemai. Deja, tik 8 proc. gyvūnų savininkų laiku pastebi dantų ligų požymius. Šeimininkai neskiria reikalingo dėmesio savo augintinio burnos ertmės priežiūrai, nesusimąstydami, kad dantų ligos gali būti bendros gyvūno savijautos pablogėjimo ir daugelio ligų priežastimi. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti kačių sergamumą dantų ligomis, bei apžvelgti jų gydymą ir profilaktikos priemonių taikymą. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. išanalizuoti ir apžvelgti literatūros šaltinius, susijusius su šia tema; 2. išnagrinėti dantų ligų diagnozavimo ir gydymo metodus; 3. išsiaiškinti ar kačių lytis turi įtakos dantų ligų pasireiškimui; 4. nustatyti kokiomis dantų ligomis dažniausiai serga katės; 5. nustatyti kokios ligos kokiose amžiaus grupėse paplitusios dažniausiai; 6. nustatyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work is to determine morbidity of feline dental disease,and review the treatment and prevention measures. The objectives: 1. To examine and review literature sources and information concerning the work objectives. 2. To review dental disease diagnostic and treatment methods. 3. To detemine whether cat gender has an effect on dental diseases. 4. To determine which dental diseases are the most popular in cats. 5. To determine what kind of dental diseases are the most popular in age groups. 6. To determine which breed of cats most likely have dental diseases. 7. To analyze prevention measures of dental disease. The research results and conclusions are: Cat sex does not have an effect on dental diseases. Dental diseases are most likely to develop in mixed breed cats. The most popular dental disease in cats is calculus. Mostly dental diseases affect cats which are older than 10 years. Periodontitis usually affects cats at age of 7 to 9 and those older than 10 years. Dental diseases mostly occur in the Siamese – oriental group of cat, and less longhaired cat group. The most common prevention measure is the specific cat food for teeth. Most cat owners do not clean their cat teeth in veterinary clinic. In conclusion, the cat owners do not have enough knowledge about dental diseases, its treatment and prevention factors.

Ancient Egyptian dentists come into the spotlight in this dissertation. While some scholars doubt their existence, it is indisputably shown that not only did they exist as a profession, but evidence is offered as to the various diagnoses and treatments they rendered. The Ebers medical papyrus together with other ancient similar medical ‘textbooks’ are analysed and prescriptions dealing with dental maladies are presented. Dentistry as a profession is elucidated in all its facets: diagnosing and treating dental diseases; prevention and care; and restorative and surgical treatment. This dissertation discusses dental anthropology as a vital part of bioarchaeology, which is the study of human remains in archaeological contexts in ancient Egypt. Dental enamel is the hardest material in the human body, and teeth are often preserved even when bones are not. Teeth are one of the most informative parts of the human body, and are incredibly well preserved archaeologically. Teeth provide insight into numerous issues that palaeodemography and historians are concerned with, including diet changes, general stress, how closely groups were related, and markers of social identity / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient and Near Eastern Studies)

The master’s degree job is on topic Dental Diseases Prevention Presumptions in a Schoolchildren Population. The object of this job is health care education. The purpose of this research is to evaluate dental diseases prevention presumptions in a schoolchildren population. The main tasks are: 1) to review health care education literature, 2) to evaluate children oral health status and need for dental prevention, 3) to analyze community health care specialists abilities realizable dental diseases prevention in schools, 4) to suggest some recommendations for dental prevention organization in schools. The review of literature has shown that in organization of dental diseases prevention should take part different institutions: government, municipalities, health care centers, schools and families. A prevalence of dental diseases will decline if all those institutions will interfere in organization and realization of prevention. It was examined the state of mouth and teeth of 3838 6-10 years old children in 47 Panevėžys children gardens and schools. The epidemiological survey has shown, that only 22 percent children has healthy teeth, and 78 percent children need dental treatment. There are a lot of 6-10 years old children with permanent teeth that are needed a sealing pits and fissures and a big amount are needed treatment. Oral hygiene status is not good for 41 percent of examined children. Children often need a consultation of dental specialists – orthodontist, oral surgeon... [to full text]

Ancient Egyptian dentists come into the spotlight in this dissertation. While some scholars doubt their existence, it is indisputably shown that not only did they exist as a profession, but evidence is offered as to the various diagnoses and treatments they rendered. The Ebers medical papyrus together with other ancient similar medical ‘textbooks’ are analysed and prescriptions dealing with dental maladies are presented. Dentistry as a profession is elucidated in all its facets: diagnosing and treating dental diseases; prevention and care; and restorative and surgical treatment. This dissertation discusses dental anthropology as a vital part of bioarchaeology, which is the study of human remains in archaeological contexts in ancient Egypt. Dental enamel is the hardest material in the human body, and teeth are often preserved even when bones are not. Teeth are one of the most informative parts of the human body, and are incredibly well preserved archaeologically. Teeth provide insight into numerous issues that palaeodemography and historians are concerned with, including diet changes, general stress, how closely groups were related, and markers of social identity / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient and Near Eastern Studies)

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-24T17:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT José Antonio dos Santos Martins.pdf: 2220571 bytes, checksum: d2a8c0ae3c3c50da3e560e214a0093ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-29T15:56:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT José Antonio dos Santos Martins.pdf: 2220571 bytes, checksum: d2a8c0ae3c3c50da3e560e214a0093ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T15:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT José Antonio dos Santos Martins.pdf: 2220571 bytes, checksum: d2a8c0ae3c3c50da3e560e214a0093ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-08 / Nos dias atuais, a presença do cirurgião-dentista especialista em Odontologia do Trabalho se faz necessária e de fundamental importância no ambiente laboral das diversas classes de trabalhadores, com o intuito de atuar favoravelmente sobre a saúde destes, através da identificação de potenciais riscos a ela e, também, pela necessidade de se educar o trabalhador para que ele mesmo seja o melhor promotor da saúde na empresa. Neste sentido a Odontologia do Trabalho visa à busca permanente da compatibilidade entre a atividade laboral e a preservação da saúde bucal do trabalhador e, sob a ótica da gestão, a Odontologia do Trabalho difere das atividades comumente praticadas no consultório, exatamente por não mais caracterizar uma relação simples entre Dentista-cliente. Dentro deste contexto o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a contribuição dos exames periódicos odontológicos na manutenção da saúde bucal dos servidores do Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN), através da avaliação do prontuário de saúde bucal do Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO). Como metodologia, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura que fundamentou a pesquisa de campo que visa mapear a percepção de 30 (trinta) especialistas em odontologia do trabalho sobre o protocolo utilizado durante os exames periódicos odontológicos do IEN, através da aplicação de um questionário. Nos resultados da pesquisa, observa-se que todos os respondentes possuem mais de 10 (dez) anos de experiência profissional, e os itens que julgaram mais importantes nas investigações clínicas foram as doenças cardiovasculares, hematológicas, transmissíveis e as hepáticas. Além disso, foi atribuída também uma importância alta na realização dos exames clínico e radiológico. Sendo assim, conclui-se com as respostas obtidas, que a aplicabilidade e eficiência dos exames periódicos odontológicos são de grande valor para a saúde dos servidores do IEN. Desse modo, tem-se a expectativa de que este trabalho auxilie na conscientização sobre saúde bucal com os trabalhadores, buscando-se relacionar os riscos ocupacionais com as doenças manifestadas na cavidade bucal e contribuindo essencialmente para a manutenção da saúde bucal dos servidores do IEN. / Nowadays, the work of Surgeon Dentist specialized on Occupational Odontology, it is more essential than ever, being extremely necessary in the labor of many work classes, acting in favor over the health of the employees, by the identification of potential risks associated to their labors and also by the need to educate the employee in order to make himself the best promoter of health in their companies. With this main goal, the occupational odontology aims the constant searching of the compatibility between the labor activity and the preservation of the worker´s oral health and under the management point of view, what makes the activities from this professional different from the usual activities practiced in a dentist office, not being an ordinary relation between client and dentist. Inside this context, the goal of this research it is analyze the contribution of dental periodical examinations in the oral health maintenance of the workers from Nuclear Engineering Institute (IEN), through an evaluation of the oral dental health record from Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO). As methodology, a literature review was made to substantiate the field research that aims to map the perception of 30 (thirty) dentistry experts on the protocol used for the periodic dental checks from IEN, applying a survey. The results of the research, it is observed that all respondents have more than 10 (ten) years of professional experience and the items that they judged more relevant in clinical investigations were: cardiovascular, hematologic, assignable and liver diseases. In addition, it was also given a high importance of performing the clinical and radiological examinations. Thus, its concluded with the answers that the applicability and efficiency of dental periodic examinations have a great value for the health of IEN employees. In this way, it is hoped this research helps the awareness of the employers regarding oral health, seeking to relate occupational hazards with the diseases that emerged from the oral cavity and essentially contributing for the maintenance of oral health from IEN´s workers.