Resumo: O uso do fluoreto tem sido considerado um importante fator na redução da incidência da cárie dentária, porém tem-se verificado um aumento da fluorose dentária quando associado ao uso deste elemento. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de um dentifrício com concentração reduzida de fluoreto suplementado com glicerofosfato de cálcio (GPCa) em inibir o processo de desmineralização e sobre a placa dental formada in situ. Voluntários (n=10) participaram de 4 fases experimentais de 7 dias de duração cada, em cada fase utilizaram um dispositivo palatino contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental bovino. O desafio cariogênico foi realizado por meio de solução de sacarose 30%, 6 vezes ao dia. Os dentifrícios utilizados neste estudo foram: placebo, 500 μg F/g, 500 μg F/g com 0,25% de GPCa e 1100 μg F/g. Decorrido o período experimental, a placa dental foi coletada, processada, a concentração iônica (fluoreto, cálcio e fosfato) e de polissacarídeos extracelulares (PEC) determinadas. Analisou-se a dureza de superfície inicial e final e em secção longitudinal. Determinou-se a concentração de fluoreto, cálcio e fosfato no esmalte. O uso de dentifrícios contendo 1100 μg F/g e 500 μg F/g com 0,25% de GPCa levou a concentrações semelhantes de fluoreto, cálcio e fosfato na placa, as quais foram maiores que as obtidas após o uso dos demais dentifrícios. A concentração de PEC e a perda mineral foram menores nos dentifrícios 1100 μg F/g e 500 μg F/g com 0,25% de GPCa, seguido pelo 500 μg F/g e placebo, o qual apresentou os menores valores. As concentrações de fluoreto, cálcio e fosfato no esmalte foram menores no grupo placebo, sendo os maiores valores encontrados nos grupos 500 μg F/g com 0,25% de GPCa e 1100 μg F/g (p<0,05). De acordo com os resultados o dentifrício com baixa concentração associado ao GPCa, apresentou resultado semelhante ao ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of fluoride has been considered as an important factor for decrease in the incidence of dental caries, however dental fluorosis increase associated with the use of this element. This in situ study aims to evaluate the effect of low fluoride concentration dentifrices supplemented with calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) in inhibiting the demineralization process and on the dental plaque formed in situ. Ten volunteers wore palatal devices containing 4 blocks of bovine dental enamel over 3 periods of 7 days each. In each phase, treatment was accomplished with a nonfluoride dentifrice (placebo), a 500 μg F/g, a 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP and a 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice, under cariogenic challenge with 30% sucrose solution 6 times a day. After that, the dental plaque was collected and processed, and the ionic (fluoride, calcium, and phosphate) and insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) concentrations were appraised. To evaluate mineral loss, we determined both the initial and final surface hardness and cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN). The fluoride, calcium, and phosphate concentration in the enamel were determined. The use of dentifrices containing 1100 μg F/g and 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP led to similar concentrations of fluoride, calcium and phosphate in dental plaque, but higher than those obtained after the use of the placebo and 500 μg F/g dentifrices . The concentration of EPS and mineral loss was lower in 500 μg F/g with 0.25% of CaGP e 1,100 μg F/g. The concentration of fluoride, calcium, and phosphate in enamel was higher in groups 500 μg F/g with 0.25% of CaGP e 1,100 μg F/g (p <0.05). It was concluded that the low fluoride concentration dentifrice with 0.25% CaGP, showed similar efficacy to the positive control (1,100 μg F / g) in demineralization in situ, could be an alternative to improve the risk-benefit relationship between fluorosis and dental caries / Orientador: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues Martinhon / Coorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Banca: Daniela Rios / Banca: Célio Percinoto / Mestre

Orientador: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues Martinhon / Banca: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Banca: Juliano Pelim Pessan / Banca: Ana Carolina Magalhães / Banca: Daniela Rios / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in situ/ex vivo a ação de agentes fluoretados e suplementados com trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) sobre a erosão (ERO) associada ou não a abrasão (ERO+ABR) de esmalte dentário bovino. O 1º capitulo abordou o efeito de dentifrícios de diferentes concentrações de fluoreto (F) suplementados com TMP sobre a ERO e ERO+ABR do esmalte. Os voluntários (n=15) foram aleatoriamente divididos em 5 grupos de acordo com os dentifrícios: placebo, 1100 μg F/g, 1100 μg F/g + 3% TMP, 500 μg F/g + 3%TMP e 5000 μg F/g. Os voluntários utilizaram dispositivos palatinos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte organizados em duas fileiras que correspondiam a ERO e ERO+ABR. Os blocos foram submetidos a desafio ácido com Coca-Cola® (pH 2,6) por 5 minutos 4x/dia, por 7 dias. Em metade dos blocos (ERO) foi aplicada uma suspensão do dentifrício utilizado em cada etapa, durante 15 segundos, enquanto a outra metade (ERO+ABR) dos blocos foi submetida à abrasão (escovação por 15 segundos). Foram verificados o desgaste (μm) e a dureza final (SHf). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA a 2 critérios seguido pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Foi observado desgaste significativamente menor para os grupos 500 μgF /g + TMP3% e 5000 ug F/g em comparação aos demais grupos em ERO e ERO+ABR (p<0,05). Quanto à SHf, valores significativamente maiores foram observados para o grupo 5000 ugF/g, não havendo diferenças significativas entre os demais grupos, com exceção do placebo, em ERO e ERO+ABR (p<0,05). No 2º capítulo foram utilizados vernizes fluoretados e um verniz com concentração reduzida de F suplementado com TMP. Os voluntários (n=10) foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com os vernizes: placebo, NaF 5%, NaF 2,5%, NaF 2,5% + TMP 3%. Os voluntários... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in situ/ex vivo fluoridated agents supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on bovine enamel erosion (ERO) with or without abrasion (ERO+ABR). The 1st chapter addressed the effect of dentifrices with different fluoride (F) concentrations supplemented with TMP on ERO and ERO+ABR. Subjects (n=15) were randomly assigned into 5 groups according to the dentifrices: placebo, 1100 μg F/g, 1100 μg F/g + 3% TMP, 500 μg F/g + 3% TMP and 5000 μg F/g. The volunteers wore palatal appliances containing four enamel blocks arranged in two rows corresponding to ERO and ERO+ABR. All blocks were subjected to acid challenge with Coca-Cola® (pH 2.6) for 5 minutes 4x/ day, for 7 days. Half of the blocks (ERO) was exposed to a slurry of the dentifrice used in each phase for 15 seconds, while the other half of the blocks (ERO+ABR) was subjected to abrasion (brushing for 15 seconds) using the same slurry. Enamel wear (μm) and final surface hardness (SHf) were assessed after the experimental periods. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Significantly lower wear values were observed for groups 500 μg F/g + 3 %TMP and 5000 μg F/g in comparison to other groups for ERO and ERO+ABR (p<0.05). Concerning SHf, significantly higher values were observed for the group 5000 μg F/g, with no significant differences among the other groups except the placebo for both ERO and ERO+ABR (p <0.05). In the 2nd chapter the protective effect of varnishes with different F concentrationns as well as a F varnish supplemented with TMP were assessed. Volunteers (n=10) were randomly divided into four groups according to the varnishes: placebo, 5% NaF, 2.5% NaF, 2.5% NaF + 3% TMP. The volunteers wore palatal appliances similar to those... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Velo_MariliaMattardeAmoedoCampos_M.pdf: 855154 bytes, checksum: aa7280748fec61b1b73d187abc6b7b38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O efeito de dentifrícios fluoretados na prevenção da cárie dentária na dentição decídua é concentração-dependente. No entanto, não há um modelo de ciclagens de pH validado em termos de dose-resposta ao fluoreto (F) para esmalte de dente decíduo humano. Assim, esse estudo validou um modelo de ciclagens de pH em termos de dose-resposta ao F para avaliar a desmineralização do esmalte de dente decíduo, e posteriormente, o modelo foi testado com dentifrícios comerciais com diferentes concentrações de F. Dois estudos independentes foram realizados e blocos de esmalte de dente decíduo (3 X 3 X 2 mm), selecionados pela dureza de superfície, foram usados em ambos. Para validar o modelo, blocos dentais (n=12/grupo) foram submetidos ao modelo de ciclagens de pH e tratados duas vezes ao dia com: água purificada (controle negativo) e soluções contendo 62,5; 125, 250 e 375 ?g F/mL. Essas concentrações de F foram escolhidas para simular a diluição (1:3 g/g) que ocorre na cavidade oral quando dentifrícios contendo 250, 500, 1000 e 1500 ?g F/g, respectivamente, são usados. O modelo durou 10 dias e os blocos permaneceram diariamente por 6 h em solução desmineralizante e 18 h em solução remineralizante a 37°C. Após a validação, o modelo foi testado com dentifrícios comerciais e blocos de esmalte (n=15/grupo) foram tratados com: dentifrício não fluoretado, 500 ?g F/g, como dentifrício de baixa concentração de F, 1100 e 1450 ?g F/g, como dentifrícios convencionais. A porcentagem de perda de superfície (%PDS) e área da lesão de cárie (?S) foi determinada. O efeito dose-resposta ao F foi analisado por regressão quadrática e o efeito do teste com dentifrícios pelo teste de Tukey. O modelo mostrou relação dose-resposta entre concentração de F e %PDS (R²=0,7047; p<0,01) e ?S (R²=0,4465; p<0,01). Quando o modelo de ciclagens de pH foi usado para avaliar o potencial anticárie de dentifrícios fluoretados comerciais, a média (±DP) de %PDS e ?S para o grupo tratado com 500 ?g F/g foi 36,6±8,0 e 6298,5±1221,3, respectivamente, os quais foram significativamente maiores que os grupos tratados com dentifrícios de 1100 (25,2±8,7 e 4565,7±1122) e 1450 ?g F/g (24,2±5,2 e 2339,1±879,7), respectivamente. Em conclusão, o modelo proposto validado é capaz de diferenciar o potencial anticárie de dentifrícios de baixa concentração de F (500 ?g F/g) dos dentifrícios de concentração convencional (1000-1500 ?g F/g) / Abstract: The effect of fluoridated toothpaste on dental caries prevention in primary dentition is concentration-dependent. However, there is no pH-cycling model validated to assess the dose-response to fluoride (F) in human primary teeth enamel. Thus, this study validated a pH-cycling model in terms of dose-response to F to evaluate primary teeth enamel demineralization, and later, the model was tested with commercial toothpastes with different F concentrations. Two independent studies were conducted and primary teeth enamel slabs (3 X 3 X 2 mm), selected according to the surface hardness, were used in both. To validate the model, dental slabs (n=12/group) were submitted to the pH-cycling model and treated twice a day with: purified water (negative control) and solutions containing 62.5; 125; 250 and 375 ?g F/mL. These F concentrations were chosen to simulate the dilution (1:3 w/w) that occurs in the oral cavity when dentifrices containing 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ?g F/g, respectively, are used. The model lasted 10 days and the slabs remained daily for 6 h in a demineralizing solution and 18 h in a remineralizing solution at 37°C. After validation, the model was tested with commercial toothpastes and enamel slabs (n=15/group) were treated with: no F toothpaste, 500 ?g F/g, as low F toothpaste, 1100 and 1450 ?g F/g, as standard toothpastes. The percentage of surface microhardness loss (%SMHL) and the carious lesion area (?S) were determined. The dose-response effect to F was analyzed by quadratic regression and the toothpaste effect by Tukey¿s test. The model showed dose-response relationship between F concentration and %SMHL (R²=0.7047; p<0.01) and ?S (R²=0.4465; p<0.01). When the pH-cycling model was used to evaluate the anticaries potential of commercial toothpastes, the mean (±SD) of %SMHL and ?S for the group treated with 500 ?g F/g was 36.6±8.0 and 6298.5±1221.3, respectively, which were significantly higher than those treated with 1100 (25.2±8.7 and 4565.7±1122) and 1450 ?g F/g toothpastes (24.2±5.2 and 2339.1±879.7), respectively. In conclusion, this validated model is able to differentiate the anticaries potential of toothpaste with low F concentration (500 ?g F/g) from those with standard concentrations (1000-1500 ?g F/g) / Mestrado / Cariologia / Mestra em Odontologia

Orientadores: José Roberto Lovadino, Debora Alves Nunes Leite Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VieiraJunior_WaldemirFrancisco_M.pdf: 2625418 bytes, checksum: 9b4424cf9945e3e37e733389e7cacc32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de dentifrícios com diferentes princípios ativos aplicados previamente ao clareamento dental com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% (PH) nas propriedades físicas e cromáticas do esmalte, conteúdo mineral e na morfologia superficial. Métodos: Blocos de esmalte bovino foram submetidos a protocolos de tratamento na máquina simuladora de escovação (n = 10): 1) escovação com água destilada e exposição ao gel placebo (PLA - controle negativo) ou 2) gel clareador (PH - controle positivo), escovação com diferentes dentifrícios previamente ao clareamento com PH, sendo: 3) dentifrício com nitrato de potássio e fluoreto de sódio (PN), 4) com monoflúorfosfato de sódio (FT), à base de 5) arginina 8%, Pro-Argin¿ (PA), 6) arginina 1,5%, Neutraçúcar¿ (SAN), ou 7) com vidro bioativo NovaMin¿ (NM). No capítulo 1 foi realizada nos tempos inicial e final a análise da rugosidade superficial (Ra) e cor pelo sistema Cie L*a*b* (?E, ?L, ?a e ?b). No tempo final foi avaliada a microdureza superficial (SMH) e a microdureza em profundidade (CSMH - 10, 25, 50, 75 e 100?m). No capítulo 2, a concentração iônica de fósforo no gel [P] foi analisada e determinada o nível elementar (%) de Ca, Na, P e proporção entre Ca / P por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva por raios-x (EDS) e a morfologia de superfície por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados foram submetidos a teste Proc-Mixed de medidas repetidas (Ra), ANOVA (SMH, Nível elementar, [P] e Cor), ANOVA de parcelas subdivididas (CSMH) e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: O clareamento dental (PH) diminuiu os valores de SMH e CSMH, entretanto os dentifrícios diminuíram o efeito da perda de CSMH e aumentaram a SMH (NM > PA = SAN > outros grupos). O clareamento aumentou a Ra em comparação ao PLA, todos os grupos tiveram aumento da Ra, exceto NM que não diferiu de PLA. Os valores de ?E, ?L e ?b não diferiram entre os grupos experimentais e o controle positivo (PH). O grupo PH aumentou a perda de fósforo [P], entretanto NM não diferiu de PLA. PH diminuiu os valores de % Ca em comparação PLA, no entanto PA não diferiu de PLA. MEV, apenas os grupos PH e FT demonstraram alteração de morfologia. Conclusão: O clareamento dental alterou as propriedades e conteúdo mineral do esmalte, entretanto a utilização prévia de dentifrícios preveniu os efeitos negativos, sem interferir na eficácia do tratamento. O dentifrício com vidro bioativo demonstrou potencial efeito benéfico na terapia clareadora / Abstract: Objective: Evaluate the effect of toothpastes with different active agents applied prior to dental bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on enamel properties, whiteness effectiveness, enamel mineral content and morphology surface. Methods: 70 enamel blocks (4x4x2 mm) were submitted to in vitro treatment protocols in tooth-brushing machine (n=10): 1) with distilled water and exposure to placebo gel (PLA) or 2) bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP); brushing with different toothpaste was performed prior the bleaching treatment (HP), being: 3) potassium nitrate toothpaste (PN) containing NaF, 4) conventional MFP fluoridated toothpaste (FT), 5) arginine-carbonate (8% arginine) based toothpaste (PA), 6) arginine-carbonate (1.5% arginine) based toothpaste (SAN) and 7) toothpaste containing bioactive glass (NM). In chapter 1, the color changes were characterized using the Cie L*a*b* system (?E, ?L, ?a and ?b) and roughness (Ra) analysis was performed before and after treatments, surface microhardness (SMH) and cross- sectional microhardness (CSMH) were analyzed after treatments. In chapter 2, the phosphorus concentration in gel ([P]) was performed and the elemental levels (%) of Ca, Na, P and proportion between Ca/P were determined by Energy Dispersive X- ray Spectrometer (EDS) and morphology surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed PROC MIXED (Ra), ANOVA (SMH, %, [P], ?E, ?L, ?a and ?b), ANOVA split plot (CSMH) and Tukey's test post hoc (p<0.05). Results: ?E, ?L and ?b were statically similarity in all bleached groups. After bleaching, SMH and CSMH decreased in HP and increased signi?cantly in the treatment groups (SMH) versus the negative and positive control (NM > PA = SAN > all others groups) or decreased HP effects (CSMH). Ra increased in all bleached groups, with exception in NM that did not differ to PLA. HP increased the [P] loss, however only NM group application prior to HP did not differ of PLA. EDS analysis showed that HP decreased the % Ca values differing to PLA, the % P was increased in bleaching groups, however the PA group did not differ to PLA. SEM analysis presented the decrease of demineralization effect in groups submitted the toothpaste application prior to HP, with exception the HP and MFP group that demonstrated morphology alteration. Conclusion: Dental bleaching affect the enamel properties and mineral content however toothpastes showed a potential effect in reducing the bleaching effects on the enamel properties without influence on the whiteness effectiveness. Furthermore, the toothpaste containing bioactive glass showed potential beneficial effect for bleaching therapy / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) can be defined as the loss of dental hard tissue near the cemento-enamel junction without bacterial involvement. Abrasion, erosion and abfraction have been mentioned as common etiological factors of NCCLs. Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure due to friction by materials such as toothbrushes or abrasives in toothpaste. In contrast, dental erosion is the loss of tooth structure driven by acids. Abfraction, on the other hand, starts due to the weakening of the tooth structure in areas of concentrated stress as a result of cuspal flexure from heavy and repeated occlusal loading, which progresses to dental hard-tissue loss. Purpose: The present study focused on the abrasion aspect of NCCLs. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the influence of dentifrice abrasivity and toothbrush stiffness on the development of NCCLs in vitro Hypothesis: NCCL development is affected by both the abrasive level of the dentifrice and the stiffness of the toothbrush, as well as their interaction. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 extracted human upper first premolars, free of any dental caries and root defects, were selected. The teeth were be cleaned with a hand periodontal scaler and randomly assigned into twelve groups (total of 24 teeth/group). Specimens were brushed in an automated toothbrushing machine, using simulated toothpaste slurries of varying abrasivity and toothbrushes of varying stiffness. This study examined three experimental factors: 1. Toothpaste abrasivity, at four levels: high, medium, low, and non-abrasive slurry (as negative control); 2. Toothbrush stiffness, at three levels: soft, medium, and hard; 3. Toothbrushing cycles at three levels: baseline, 35k, and 65k strokes. Specimens were analyzed by optical profilometry at baseline and after each brushing level. The response variable was the dentin volumetric loss, in mm3. All toothbrushes caused significantly higher tooth wear when associated to the high abrasive slurry, compared to medium- and low-abrasive slurries. Medium- caused more tooth wear than low-abrasive slurry, which in turn led to more tooth wear than the control. Hard and medium toothbrushes were not significantly different, but both caused significantly higher volumetric loss than Soft toothbrushes. There were no differences among toothbrushes, when used with the non-abrasive (control) and low- abrasive slurries. Overall, 35k strokes resulted in significantly less tooth volumetric loss than 65k.

Caries is one of the most common diseases in dentistry. The key to preventing caries is the balance between demineralization and remineralization. Dental delivery methods such as toothpaste, gels, and varnishes are commonly applied as preventative methods against caries. With the advancement of nano-technology, dentistry can supplement traditional diagnostic and treatment methods with more advanced, efficient, and personalized dental care. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomimetic agent that aims to remineralize and protect the enamel from erosion. It is formed by nanoparticles similar to apatite crystals of tooth enamel. Furthermore, it is one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials. Because HA is present in our enamel, it will be proven as an effective biomimetic agent for the prevention and remineralization of caries. The Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) tool helps dental care professionals identify high-risk patients more susceptible to caries. With the addition of biomimetic agents such as hydroxyapatite, dentists can effectively provide treatment to detect early-stage lesions and correctly intervene with remineralization techniques in all patient types. Studies have shown that HA toothpastes have anti-bacterial properties against S. mutans caries causing bacteria, and inhibit demineralization, similar to fluoride. In orthodontic patients, no significant difference was found between fluoride and HA dentifrice on caries progression nor between HA and fluoride gel in remineralizing initial caries. Similar reports found non-inferiority of hydroxyapatite toothpaste compared to fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride's mechanism of action differs from HA in that hydroxyapatite protects enamel by creating a new layer of enamel, and fluoride hardens the existing enamel layer. A comparison of three biomimetic agents, Casein Phosphopeptides Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP), Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP), and hydroxyapatite found hydroxyapatite to have the highest amount of remineralization with nHA being more effective in managing early caries and decreasing lesion depth. Hydroxyapatite toothpaste was also shown to be a favorable alternative to oxidizing bleaching agents and zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite being more effective than a fluoride/potassium nitrate dentifrice in reducing dentin hypersensitivity. With the high consumption of acidic food and beverages, a Zinc-nHA toothpaste was to be more effective than fluoride toothpaste in remineralization and protection after the acid attack and demineralization from Coca-Cola. In conclusion, with the reported results of the studies in this paper, it is known that nano- hydroxyapatite is an effective and safe alternative to fluoride. Many studies have proven nano-hydroxyapatite effective in helping to remineralize early carious lesions. In some studies, it is just as promising as fluoride is. It is especially beneficial for high-risk patients to implement nHA into their oral care routine. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) has been proven to promote remineralization, inhibit demineralization, whiten teeth, protect against dental erosion, and reduce dentin hypersensitivity.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Whitening dentifrices use different mechanisms for stain removal and prevention. These approaches are abrasives, oxidizing agents, and chemical cleaning agents. The objectives of this in-vitro study were: 1) To compare the whitening effect of commercial whitening and non-whitening dentifrices; 2) To verify the mechanism of action of whitening dentifrices by contrasting two experimental models: chemical model (toothpaste exposure only) and chemo-mechanical (toothpaste exposure with tooth-brushing abrasion). The 256 bovine enamel specimens (10 mm x10 mm) were prepared and partially stained. They were assigned to 8 groups: 6 whitening dentifrices, 1 non-whitening reference dentifrice and deionized water (control); and they were further divided in 2 subgroups (n = 16), chemical and chemo-mechanical. Specimens were exposed to dentifrice slurries 2X/day for 1 min and brushed or not, according to each model. In between dentifrice treatments, specimens were exposed to the staining solution for 5 h. This protocol was repeated for 5 consecutive days and enamel color changes (∆E, ∆L) were measured by spectrophotometry after each day. The abrasivity of the toothpastes was determined using a standard test (ISO 11609). Significantly higher ∆E values (whitening effect) were observed for all groups (p < 0.05), except for the control, when tested in the chemo-mechanical model. In this model, the whitening ability of the toothpastes was mainly determined by their abrasive levels. For the chemical model, no significant differences were observed among groups (p > 0.05). Whitening dentifrices can be effective in preventing and removing enamel surface staining, when associated with tooth-brushing abrasion. This was modulated by the abrasive level of the tested toothpastes, with no chemical action attributed to the chemical agents. / indefinitely

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a perda de massa e a alteração da rugosidade superficial causadas pela associação dos métodos mecânico (escovação) e químico (imersão) de higiene de próteses totais. Foram utilizados 72 corpos de prova (90 x 30 x 3 mm) de Plexiglass. O ensaio de escovação (método mecânico) foi realizado em máquina de escovação (Mavtec), em frequência de 356 rpm, curso da escova (Tek Macia) de 3,8 centímetros, peso da sapata de 200 gramas e tempo de 50 minutos (simulação de 01 ano de escovação). Como suspensões, foram utilizadas água destilada e 04 dentifrícios (02 convencionais: Sorriso e Colgate; e 02 específicos para próteses totais: Polident e Corega). Após a escovação, os corpos de prova foram imersos (hipoclorito de sódio 0,5% - NaClO) por 121,6 horas (simulação de 01 ano de imersão, por 20 minutos diários). Foram obtidos 06 grupos, sendo 01 controle (C - escovação e imersão em água) e 05 experimentais (Ex1 - água; Ex2 - Sorriso; Ex3 - Colgate; Ex4 - Polident; Ex5 - Corega; todos imersos em NaClO). A perda de massa foi avaliada pelo método Gravimétrico, sendo as pesagens realizadas em balança (Metler Toledo GMbH) antes dos procedimentos de higiene (M1), após a escovação (M2) e após a imersão (M3). A alteração da rugosidade superficial (m) foi avaliada por rugosímetro (Surftest SJ-201P), por meio da obtenção de média de três leituras (4,0 mm de comprimento e valor de &Prime;cut-off&Prime; de 0,8 mm, a 0,5 mm/s) antes dos procedimentos de higiene (R1), após a escovação (R2) e após a imersão (R3). Os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA (dois fatores) e teste de Bonferroni. Para a perda de massa, após o ensaio mecânico, entre os dentifrícios, os maiores valores foram registrados para Ex2 (-0,0137±0,0085), Ex3 (- 0,0123±0,0038) e Ex5 (-0,0121±0,0032), e menores para Ex4 (-0,0072±0,0017); após o método combinado, os maiores valores foram obtidos para os grupos Ex2 (-0,0184±0,0040) e Ex3 (- 0,0155±0,0034), e os menores para Ex4 (-0,0108±0,0023); o método combinado resultou em maior perda de massa que o método mecânico, exceto para o grupo Ex5. Para a alteração da rugosidade superficial, após o ensaio mecânico, os menores valores foram registrados para Ex1 (-0,007±0,016) e Ex4 (0,402±0,378) e maiores para os demais; após o método combinado, os maiores valores foram obtidos para Ex2 (1,617±1,190) e Ex5 (1,634±1,082), e os menores para Ex1 (-0,063±0,013); não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que: 1. A escovação com dentifrícios acarretou maior perda de massa e alteração da rugosidade que a escovação com água; 2. A imersão em NaClO 0,5% associada à escovação com dentifrícios, acarretou maior perda de massa e alteração da rugosidade, quando comparada à imersão em água; 3. O dentifrício Polident (específico) apresentou os menores valores de perda de massa e de rugosidade superficial para ambos os métodos (mecânico e combinado); 4. O método combinado não resultou em alteração da rugosidade superficial, mas acarretou maior perda de massa que o método mecânico, exceto para o dentifrício Corega (específico). / The aim of this study was evaluate the weight loss and changes in surface roughness when mechanical and chemical methods of denture cleanser were associated. Seventy-two Plexiglass specimens (90x30x3 mm) were used. The brushing test was carried out using a toothbrushing machine (Mavtec), with a frequency of 356 rpm, course covered by brush corresponds to 3.8 cm, the load was standardized at 200 g, and length of 50 minutes (01 year of brushing). Like suspension, were utilized distilled water and 04 dentifrices (02 conventional: Sorriso and Colgate; and 02 indicated for denture cleanser: Polident and Corega). After brushing, the specimens were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) 0,5% for 121,6 hours (01 year of immersion). Six groups were obtained, 01 control (C - brushing and immersion with water) and 05 experimental (Ex1: water; Ex2: Sorriso; Ex3: Colgate; Ex4: Polident; Ex5: Corega- all immersed in NaClO). The specimens were weighed before the tests (M1), after the brushing test (M2) and after the immersion test (M3) in a precision balance (Metler Toledo GMbH). The surface roughness (m) was evaluated by rugosimeter (Surftest SJ-201P) before the tests (R1), after the brushing test (R2) and after the immersion test (R3). The weight loss and roughness dates were subjected to ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (p < 0.05). After the brushing test, between the dentifrices, the greater values was registered for Ex2 (-0,0137±0,0085), Ex3 (-0,0123±0,0038) e Ex5 (-0,0121±0,0032), and the lowest for Ex4 (-0,0072±0,0017); after the association of the two methods, the grater values was obtained for Ex2 (-0,0184±0,0040) e Ex3 (-0,0155±0,0034), and the lowest for Ex4 (- 0,0108±0,0023); the association of the methods resulted in greater weight loss than the mechanical method, except for Ex5. For the surface roughness, after the mechanical test, the lowest values were registered for Ex1 (-0,007±0,016) and Ex4 (0,402±0,378), and the grater for the others; after the association of the methods, the greater values were obtained for Ex2 (1,617±1,190) and Ex5 (1,634±1,082), and the lowest for Ex1 (-0,063±0,013); there was no difference for the treatments. We conclude that: 1. Brushing with toothpaste resulted in greater weight loss and change in roughness that brushing with water. 2. The immersion in NaClO 0.5% associated with tooth brushing caused greater weight loss and change of roughness, when compared to immersion in water. 3. The toothpaste Polident (specific) had the lowest mass loss and surface roughness for both methods (mechanical and combined) 4. The association of the two methods resulted in no change in surface roughness, but in greater weight loss than the mechanical method, except for the Corega (specific).

Foram avaliados dentifrícios experimentais à base de Ricinus communis (DR), Triclosan (DT) e Cloramina-T (DC) para higiene de próteses totais, tendo como controle dentifrício sem agente antimicrobiano (DB) e água. Para análise in vitro foram realizados ensaios físico-químicos (medida da densidade, pH, consistência e características reológicas); ensaio de abrasividade, avaliada em 30 espécimes de resina acrílica antes e após a escovação artificial e análise microbiológica com a formação de biofilme multiespécies (S. mutans, C. albicans e C. glabrata) sobre espécimes em resina acrílica. Estes, após contaminação, foram escovados por 60s com DR, DT, DC e DB e água (n=10). Foram empregados controles positivo (contaminado e não escovado) e negativo (sem contaminação). Para análise in vivo, seguiu-se o modelo \"crossover\" com \"washout\" de 7 dias. Os voluntários escovaram suas próteses superiores 3 vezes ao dia por 07 dias. A capacidade de remoção do biofilme foi avaliada empregando evidenciação, fotografia e quantificação com software Image Tool 3.0. Na avaliação antimicrobiana, o biofilme foi desprendido da prótese por escovação com solução salina e a suspensão resultante, semeada em meios de cultura específicos para Candida spp, S. mutans, S. aureus e bactérias Gram-negativas. As espécies de Candida foram identificadas pelo meio de cultura Chromagar e pela PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Na avaliação dos dentifrícios pelos participantes foi aplicado questionário. Os resultados das características organolépticas e físico-químicas foram informados em tabelas autoexplicativas. Os dados de rugosidade foram analisados por ANOVA e os dados da ação antimicrobiana in vitro, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Para os dados das variáveis clínicas (in vivo), empregou-se teste de Friedman e o teste de Cochran. Os testes estatísticos foram realizados com p<0,05. Os dentifrícios não apresentaram diferença quanto à abrasividade (DB=0,264±0,098; DR=0,236±0,236; DT=0,265±0,116; DC=0,203±0,105), porém promoveram aumento da rugosidade comparando à água (0,027±0,004). Frente às espécies de Candida, in vitro, o DT foi o mais eficaz (p=0,00; m=1,30) seguido do DC (m=2,6), DB (m=3,26) e DR (m=3,59). Para o S. mutans houve diferença entre a água (m=3,86) e os dentifrícios (p=0,001), porém não entre estes (DB: m=0; DR: m=2,3 e DC: m=0). DT inibiu o crescimento de S. mutans. Quanto à capacidade de remoção do biofilme, não houve diferença entre os dentifrícios (p=0,055; DB: m=7,39; DR: m=7,94; DT: m=10,16; DC: m=8,14), porém houve redução do biofilme comparando ao Baseline (m=16,53). Os dentifrícios não apresentaram diferença antimicrobiana, in vivo, contra Candida spp. (p=0,495), S. mutans (p=0,497), S. aureus (p=0,845) e bactérias Gram-negativas (p=0,425). Na identificação das espécies de Candida pelo Chromagar não houve diferença quanto ao seu aparecimento independente do dentifrício (p=0,466). O resultado pela PCR foi semelhante à identificação convencional e as espécies de C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. glabrata foram mais prevalentes, respectivamente. Na avaliação dos dentifrícios pelos participantes não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre eles para nenhuma questão. Os dentifrícios apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, apresentando potencial para uso clínico e controle do biofilme de próteses totais. / This study evaluated experimental dentifrices based on Ricinus communis (DR), Triclosan (DT) and Cloramina-T (DC) for complete denture cleaning. To in vitro analysis were performed physicochemical tests (measurement of density, pH, consistency and rheological characteristics); abrasiveness test evaluated in 30 acrylic resin specimens before and after artificial brushing and microbiological analysis with multi-species biofilm formation (Streptococcus mutans, C. albicans and C. glabrata) on the specimens of acrylic resin. This specimens were manually brushed for 60 seconds with DR, DT, DC and DB and water (n = 10). Positive controls were used (contaminated and not brushed) and negative (no contamination). To in vivo analysis the study followed the crossover model with washout of 7 days. The volunteers brushed their upper dentures 3 times daily for 07 days. The removal of biofilm capacity was evaluated employing evidenciation, photography and quantification with Image Tool 3.0 software. For the evaluation of antimicrobial activity, the biofilm was removed from the denture by brushing with saline solution and the suspension was seeded in culture media specific for Candida spp, S. mutans, S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria. The Candida species were identified by culture medium Chromagar and PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction). One questionnaire was used for the dentifrices evaluation by the participants. The results of physicochemical characteristics were informed in self-explanatory tables. The roughness data were analyzed by ANOVA and antimicrobial activity in vitro data by the Kruskal-Wallis test. To the data of the clinical variables (in vivo) was used Friedman test and Cochran test. Statistical tests were performed with p<0.05. The dentifrices showed no difference in the abrasiveness (DB=0.264 ± 0.098, DR=0.236 ± 0.236, DT=0.265 ± 0.116, DC=0.203 ± 0.105), but promoted increased roughness when compared to water (0.027 ± 0.004). To Candida species, in vitro, the DT was the most effective (p=0.00, m=1.30) followed by DC (m=2.6), DB (m=3.26) and DR (m=3.59). To S. mutans there was difference between the water (m=3.86) and dentifrices (p=0.001), but these did not showed difference from each other (DB: m=0; DR: m=2.3 and DC: m=0). DT inhibited the growth of S. mutans. There was no difference among the dentifrices for biofilm removal (p=0.055; DB: m=7.39; DR: m=7.94; DT: m=10.16; DC: m=8.14), but the biofilm decreased when compared to Baseline (m=16.53). The dentifrices showed no difference antimicrobial, in vivo, against Candida spp. (p=0.495), S. mutans (p=0.497), S. aureus (p=0.845) and Gram-negative bacteria (p=0.425). In the identification of Candida species by Chromagar there was no difference in the appearance of their independent dentifrices (p=0.466). The result by PCR was similar conventional identification, and the species of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more prevalent, respectively. In the evaluation of dentifrices by the participants there was no difference (p>0.05) among them to any question. The dentifrices showed satisfactory results with potential for its specificity.

Diante do aumento de lesões de erosão e a necessidade de métodos que controlem a sintomatologia dolorosa a elas relacionada, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através de um modelo in situ, crossover 2 x 2, o efeito de um dentifrício dessensibilizante associado ao laser de CO2 em controlar a permeabilidade da dentina radicular erodida. Oitenta fragmentos de dentina radicular bovina (3 x 3 x 2 mm) foram submetidos a um desafio erosivo inicial (ácido cítrico 0.3%, 2 h), seguidos por um período de remineralização em saliva artificial (24 h). Os espécimes foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento dentinário: dentifrício dessensibilizante, dentifrício dessensibilizante + laser CO2, dentifrício anticárie com flúor e dentifrício anticárie com flúor + laser de CO2. Após um período de lead-in de 2 dias, dez voluntários utilizaram dispositivo palatino contendo 4 fragmentos de dentina radicular em duas fases de 5 dias cada. Durante a fase intraoral, um dos lados do dispositivo era imerso em ácido cítrico 0.3%, e o lado oposto em água deionizada, quatro vezes ao dia. Uma hora após as imersões os espécimes foram escovados com slurry dos dentifrícios fornecido pelo pesquisador. Na primeira fase, metade dos voluntários tratou os espécimes com dentifrício dessensibilizante, enquanto a outra metade utilizou o dentifrício anticárie com flúor. Após um período de 7 dias de wash-out, os voluntários foram cruzados quanto ao dentifrício. Ao final de cada fase os espécimes foram submetidos à coloração histoquímica e seccionados para serem analisados quanto à permeabilidade por meio de microscopia óptica. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da ANOVA e não houve diferenças significantes (p=0,272) entre os tratamentos realizados na dentina radicular de dentes bovinos. Pode-se concluir que dentifrícios anticárie com flúor ou dessensibilizante, independente da associação com laser de CO2, podem controlar a permeabilidade em dentina radicular erodida. / Facing the increased prevalence of erosive lesion and the need of preventive means to control painful symptoms related to them, the aim of this study was to evaluate, through a crossover 2 x 2 in situ trial, the effect of a desensitizing dentifrice combined with CO2 laser irradiation to control the permeability of eroded root dentin. Eighty slabs of bovine root dentin (3 x 3 x 2 mm) were subjected to initial erosive challenge (citric acid 0.3%, 2 h), followed by a remineralizing period in artificial saliva (24 h). Specimens were then divided according to dentin treatment: desensitizing dentifrice, desensitizing dentifrice + CO2 laser, fluoride anticaries dentifrice and fluoride anticaries dentifrice + CO2 laser. After a 2-day lead-in period, ten volunteers wore an intraoral palatal appliance containing 4 root dentin slabs, in 2 phases of 5 days each. During the intraoral phase, one side of the appliance was immersed in 0.3% citric acid, and the opposite side in deionized water, four times a day. One hour after the immersions, all specimens were brushed with dentifrice slurry provided by the researcher. At the first phase, half of volunteers brushed the specimens with desensitizing dentifrice, and the other half used the fluoride anticaries dentifrice. After a 7-day wash-out period, volunteers were crossed-over on the dentifrice. Completed each phase the specimens were stained and sectioned to be assessed for permeability through optical microscope. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and no significant difference (p=0,272) was found between the surface treatments performed on bovine root dentin. It can be concluded that fluoride anticaries or desensitizing dentifrice, regardless of association with the CO2 laser irradiation, were able to permeability of eroded root dentin.