The thesis explores the meaning of caring in the lives of a group of people who are labelled as dependants, adults with learning difficulties. Through biographical interviews and documentary research the author examines how care for people with learning difficulties has developed over time in one local area; and the understandings people on the receiving end have of the care offered them by families and staff. The findings suggest that dependency is not acknowledged by the majority of people interviewed who present themselves as givers of care as much as recipients of care. The research identifies gender as an important variable in the way care and caring are understood and experienced. The research makes a contribution to the literatures on gender and caring; family; peer and staff relationships of adults with learning difficulties; the history of learning disability; and qualitative research with marginalised groups.

Orientador: Adilson Marques Gennari / Banca: Milton Lahuerta / Banca: Carlos Raúl Etulain / Resumo: Desde o momento em que se preocupa em analisar diferenças de desenvolvimento entre países, a análise da dependência econômica da América Latina chama a atenção dos estudiosos. Passando pelo nacional-desenvolvimento burguês do ISEB e do PCB, pelo estruturalismo da CEPAL, além de alguns estudos de Frank e Marini, colocam-se os primeiros passos para a obra de Cardoso. Nessa obram especialmente no que foi publicado em conjunto com Faletto, Cardoso vem mostrar que desenvolvimento e dependência não são conceitos exclusivos; aliás, na América Latina, segundo sua visão, são conceitos até interligados. Dentro do pensamento cardosiano, a Teoria da Dependência vem estabelecer os principais critérios de análise econômico-política, a qual deve obrigatoriamente passar pelos conflitos internos e externos entre as classes sociais envolvidas no sistema. / Abstract: From the moment someone concerns about the differences among economic development in several countries, Latin American economic dependency analysis calls scholars' attention. Going through bourgeoise national developmentalism by ISEB and PCB, through ECLA's structuralism, besides some studies by Frank and Marini, the first steps to Cardoso's work, specially the jiont study with Faletto, Cardoso shows that development and dependency are not exclusive; by the way, according to his point of view, they are even connected concepts. In Cardosian thought, the dependency theory comes to set the amin criteria for economic and political analysis, which must pass through internal end external struggles among social classes involved within the system. / Mestre

The State of Arizona remains one of the few states where the number of children entering care is increasing rather than remaining stable or decreasing (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). Although there is no research delineating the reasons for this trend, there are a multitude of challenges within Arizona’s child welfare system. This study examines one of the challenges within this system: the specific roles of two different legal representatives for children in dependency cases. The study aimed to discover how guardians ad litem (GAL) and children’s attorneys (CA) in Arizona perceive and execute their roles, as well as to better understand their needs. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five GALs, four CAs, and one attorney who identified as both. Results indicated both types of attorneys perceived their roles to be distinct statutorily, subjective, and an opportunity to provide their child clients with assistance in a variety of ways. Attorneys described execution of their roles through descriptions of general legal duties, communication with child clients, and interactions with other professionals. Lastly, attorneys detailed four challenges to successful execution of their roles including: coping with their own mental health, overwhelmed courts, limited training, and a lack of community resources. This study was limited by a homogeneous sample, in regard to both race (all Caucasian), as well as location which limits generalizability. Further, only one researcher conducted analyses. Future research should seek to better understand others' perspectives regarding child welfare cases, such as judges, parents' attorneys, Department of Child Safety (DCS) caseworkers, or the child clients. Research could also be helpful in creating specific guidelines in determining the "best interests" of a child, or developing materials and trainings that would assist attorneys in their current roles.

This study was undertaken to answer the following question: Is excessive dependence related to suicidal behavior? In addition, as depression may be an integral part of suicidal behavior, the following question was explored: Is depth of depression related to suicidal behavior? These questions were explored by the administration of three questionnaires - the Navran Dy, the Frequency of Dependency Expression Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The questionnaires were administered to two groups: Group 1 comprised those who had attempted suicide and Group 2, those who had not attempted suicide. In addition, the Navran Dy was administered to the mater of each client in both groups. There were ten clients and ten mates in each group. A t-test was done to determine whether the means of each group differed significantly on four measures: (1) the Navran Dy (administered to clients); (2) the Navran Dy (administered to mates); (3) the Frequency of Dependency Expression Questionnaire; and (4) the Beck Depression Inventory. The findings partially supported the notion that those who attempted suicide are excessively more dependent than those who did not. That is, their mean scores on the Navran Dy were significantly different; however, the mean scores on the Frequency of Dependency Expression Questionnaire did not differ. Dependency of mates in both groups was identical. Finally, there was a borderline significance between both groups in depth of depression with the suicidal group being more depressed than the non-suicidal group. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

There are two leading perspectives on trade and economic development: the classical view based on the ideas of free trade and comparative advantage, which regards the international division of labor through free trade as supporting economic development; and the dependency theory view regards the international division of labor as an obstacle to the economic development of the now underdeveloped countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate hypotheses advanced by dependency theory, and, more particularly, by Galtung's Structural Theory of Imperialism. According to Galtung's theory, the world is divided into center and periphery countries, themselves divided into center and periphery sectors. The distinction between center and periphery is based on differences among nations in trade partner concentration, export commodity concentration, vertical trade, and quality of life. A periphery country is said to have most of its trade with one center country, while a center country IS free to trade with many partners. A periphery country tends to export a small number of primary products, while a center country has a greater diversity of exports, which are principally manufactured goods. These factors reflect a dependence of the periphery on the center and produce a gap in the quality of life between the two. The synchronic properties of the center-periphery relationship are tested for 127 countries for the years 1962, 1970, and 1980 with bivariate correlation calculations among ten variables: 1- Trade Partner Concentration (EPC), 2- Total Trade Linkages (TTL), 3- Import Partner Concentration (IPC), 4- Export Commodity Concentration (ECC), 5- Import Commodity Concentration (ICC), 6- Vertical Trade (VT), 7- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), 8- Percent share of GOP in Agriculture (AGR/GDP), 9- GNP per capita (GNP), and 10- Export Dependency (ED). The diachronic properties of the world system at the regional and global levels are investigated by: 1- developing export trade hierarchies to identify center and associated periphery countries; 2- comparing regional and global averages for the national variables; 3- conducting decomposition analysis of export/import activity to assess diversities within and among regions; and 4- calculating system-wide variables, Global Polarization (GP) and Global Concentration (GC), based also on import/export data. At the national level, all hypothesized relationships among the ten variables are confirmed (are statistically significant at the .05 level), except for all relationships involving ICC and some relationships involving ED. The ICC results support the contention of Michaely that import and export commodity concentrations are positively correlated, in contradiction to assertions made by Leontief. All correlations between TPC, ECC, VT, and POLl agree with the propositions of dependency theory. At the regional level, the study reveals the continued existence of differences between the industrialized region and the other regions of the world, despite improvements for some regions in some variables (e.g., EPC, VT, and POLl). Regions are more homogeneous with respect to member countries than the world is with respect to regions. At the global level five major hierarchies (United States, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Soviet Union) are identified. From 1962 to 1980, the United States' hierarchy grew, mostly at the expense of that of the United Kingdom. Japan's hierarchy, nonexistent in 1962, emerged strongly by 1980. The systemic variables, GP and GC showed moderate to high, but constant, levels. No clear trend is apparent over this study period for the world system as a whole. While global averages and averages for the non-industrialized regions show changes in many variables in the direction of reduced world system differentiation, the systemic variables and the results of the decomposition analysis show constancy over time. However, an increased differentiation is suggested by GNP I capita data. In summary, although systemic changes over time are complex and individual countries may show ascent or decline, the general pattern of differentiation between center and periphery, as proposed by Galtung and others, holds true for the post World War II period.

Prompts are implemented often in training procedures, to include conditional discriminations, and this can lead to prompt dependency. The current study extends a prior study that suggested that the effectiveness of supplementary visual stimuli displaying the sample and comparison was dependent on the timing in relation to the selection task, presented as a prompt or feedback, in a match-to-sample procedure. The current research examines if the differences in that effectiveness were due to differences in observing behavior in those two conditions. Measures of observing behavior were determined by making access to the individual visual stimuli contingent on clicking on the visual stimulus and keeping the cursor located on the stimulus. Participants viewed the sample comparison much less than the comparison stimulus in both the prompt and feedback conditions. Latency to select the comparison stimulus was much shorter for the prompt condition suggesting that the participants might have interacted differently with the selection task in the two conditions.

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Much of the research investigating color as an image characteristic for enhancing recognition memory has focused on comparisons between black-and-white images and full color images. These comparisons have only recently been extended to differentiate how color impacts learners of different cognitive style and in particular how color influences field dependency. Learners predisposed to field-dependence continually demonstrate a lower capacity than field-independent learners in terms of performance tasks where organizing or restructuring visual information is required. By using color as a mechanism to highlight objects within a visual field, we potentially increase figure-ground separation, which may help facilitate learning for field-dependents in instances where visual information is present. Thus this study undertook to examine the effects highlight color offers as a means of addressing individual learner differences. Undergraduate students were identified on the field-dependence-independence continuum using the Group Embedded Figures Test. Each student then received an instructional lesson on the anatomy of the heart where images were presented in one of four color variations; black-and-white, full realistic color, realistic highlight color, or contrived highlight color. All participants were given two tests following the instructional lesson, one for identification and the other for terminology. Test scores for the two tests indicated no differences for any variation of the color variable. Field-independents were observed to outperform field-dependents in all instances for both tests. / Ph. D.

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