The present study investigated the interpersonal schemata of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency as cognitive vulnerability factors to depression. The study's primary hypothesis was that dependency and self-criticism schemata remain stable at remission and that they are independent of mood. Stability in these two factors was related both to their self-report at remission and to their endurance as components influencing the information processing of patients during remission. Twenty clinically depressed individuals, 20 remitted depressives, and 20 normal controls were compared on memory tasks, a modified Stroop task, the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) and the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI). The above instruments converged to measure dependency and self-criticism. Current and remitted depressives reported significantly higher levels of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency than the normal control group, when measured by the DEQ and the IDI. Performance on the three memory tasks was more ambiguous. For the free recall task, remitted depressives recalled more self-critical traits than other traits; however, the control group also recalled more self-critical traits than dependent ones, and the current depressives did not show the predicted bias. Performance on the recognition and impression formation tasks did not support' the study's main hypothesis. For the Stroop interference scores, currently depressed individuals demonstrated a trend to have more interference on the mood-congruent cards than the normal control group. Overall, the three components of the study -- questionnaires, memory tasks and Stroop task -- elicited three different patterns of results. The DEQ and the IDI indicated the presence of self-criticism and dependency in both current and remitted depressives, and thus supported the schemata's stability and independence from mood. Performance on the memory tasks offered weak support to the proposition that remitted depressives process information according to a self-critical schema, although no evidence was obtained for the dependent schema. Results of performance on the Stroop task suggested the presence of a mood congruent attentional bias in currently depressed individuals; however, no evidence was found for a self-critical or dependent attentional bias in either groups of depressives. Two explanations are offered to interpret the conflicting findings. First, a negative mood induction may be necessary to prime the interpersonal schemata. Second, tasks that are more self-focused, such as the questionnaires, than other-focused, such as the memory and Stroop tasks, may be needed to activate the schemata. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Dependency problems for developers are like sneezing for people with pollen allergies during the spring, an everyday problem. This is especially true when working in multi-repositories. The dependency problems that occur do so as a byproduct of enabling developers to work on different components of a project in smaller teams, where everything is version controlled.Nearly all developers use version control systems, such as Git, Mercurial, or Subversion. While version control systems have helped developers for nearly 40 years and are constantly getting updated, there are still functionalities that do not exist. One example of that is having a good way of managing dependencies and allowing developers to download projects without having to handle dependency problems manually. The solutions that version control systems offer to help manage dependencies (e.g., Git’s submodules or Mercurial’s subrepositories), do not enable developers a fail-safe download or build the project if it contains dependency problems.In this study, a case study was conducted at Saab Training and Simulation to explore methods for dependency management as well as discuss and highlight some of the problems that emerge when working with dependencies in multi-repositories.An argument can be made that the functionality of dependency management systems, both package managers and version control systems’ solutions are not up to date on how dependencies are used in the development, during this time.In this paper, a novel approach to dependency management is introduced with the possibility to describe the dependencies dynamically by providing the utility to describes usages of a repository (such as simulation of hardware or the main project). As well as discussing the necessary functionalities that are required to handle such a system.By re-opening the dialog about dependency management as well as describing problems that arise in such environments, the goal is to inspire further research within these areas.

Diffusion MRI is established as an essential tool for both clinicians as well as biomedical scientists. Its application plays an important role in diagnosis and management of acute stroke, tumors, trauma, and infectious disease, among myriad other applications. Furthermore, diffusion studies are crucial for understanding disease processes caused by developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The latest developments in quantitative diffusion imaging have broadened the potential application of the technique for both clinical and research applications. However, ongoing research is critical in order to further improve the accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative diffusion MRI techniques. Correlation time diffusion (D-CT) is emerging as an alternative technique for obtaining diffusion qMRI data[1][2][3]. Using the D-CT technique, T1 relaxation data is analyzed, using a modified BPP relaxation theory, in order to calculate the correlation times of protons’ stochastic processes and relate these times to solution viscosity in order to calculate proton diffusion coefficients, ADCs. The purpose of our study was to compare age related changes, during childhood and early adulthood, of global brain diffusion coefficients obtained by correlation time technique to global brain diffusion coefficients obtained by a conventional pulsed field gradient technique. In our study, we used the data of 27 subjects (0.5-24 years old), who were scanned with Mixed-TSE and DW-SS-SE-EPI pulse sequences. Subsequently, we processed the resulting directly acquired images to generate T1, T2, PD, ADC maps as well as volumetric data. We used the student t-test and linear regression analysis to compare and interpret our data. Our results show a strong positive correlation between the volumetric data. Good correlation between ADC values was observed, with the widest discrepancy between DCT, DPFG (about 17%) observed in the youngest subjects, and the smallest discrepancy noted in the older subjects.

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This study was an attempt to better understand the antecedents of epileptic children's overdependency. To provide a conceptual and empirical basis for investigation of the problem, the general problem of overdependency in children was examined in some detail. Then this general discussion was applied to the specific problem of epileptic children's overdependency. The following hypotheses were developed for the study: Overdependency in epileptic children will be: 1) directly related to the severity of the child's seizures; 2) inversely related to the age of onset of seizures; and 3) directly related to the degree of maternal overrestrictiveness and overprotectiveness. To test these hypotheses, 40 8-11 year old female subjects were randomly selected from the Seizure Unit of Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Boston. To measure instrumental dependency (ID) - i.e., the seeking out of another individual as a means toward the attainment of some other goal , e .g. , being fed - the Anchor Referral technique (Mostofsky, 1972) was used . This is an interactional measure whereby the subject is afforded an opportunity to ask t he experimenter for help on a color comparison task . To measure emotional dependency (ED) - i. e., the seeking out of another individual as a goal in itself, e. g., for affection and praise - the Children ' s Dependency Scale (Golightly, et al., 1971) was employed. This is a 65- item self-report pencil-and- paper measure developed for latency age children. Maternal child-rearing attitudes were measured by the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (Schaefer & Bell , 1958), a 110- item survey of a wide range of child-rearing attitudes. Both seizure severity and frequency were measured by ad hoc scales developed for the study; age of onset of seizures was expressed in months . Data analysis employed the Pearson r and chi-square. Results were that none of the hypotheses was confirmed f or the total sample . However , after breaking down the sample into 2 Age Groups , a number of significant relationships appeared following an exploratory look at the data . These relationships are best summarized in terms of three patterns: 1) Age Group differences : Whereas both maternal attitudes and seizure parameters were related to degree of dependency among the older Ss, only seizure parameters were so related in the younger group . 2) Significant relationships of different form or in different direction from prediction: Maternal overrestrictiveness and type and onset age of seizures covaried significantly with dependency; however, relationships obtained were either negative Pearson r's or chi-squares, as opposed to the predicted positive Pearson r's. 3) ED-ID differences: ID was significantly related to all of the independent variables (maternal attitudes,seizure severity, onset age) in some way; ED was only related somewhat to seizure parameters, and almost not at all to maternal attitudes. Results were discussed in terms of the variables hypothetically antecedent to children's overdependency. Specifically, two such variables - latency age counterdependency and preadolescent sex-typing of dependency - seem to contribute more to overdependency than do two of those variables which were originally hypothesized to be major contributors (i.e., oral fixation and regression fostered by maternal child rearing attitudes). In the discussion it was also suggested that seizure parameters, including onset age, type of seizures, and frequency of seizures, do in fact influence the degree of epileptic children's overdependency. However, the nature of this influence is not as simple as was hypothesized. Each parameter has a different effect, and each effect in turn is influenced by the age of the individual. Further discussion dealt with causative processes in emotional vs instrumental dependency; implications of the study for further research; and the clinical implications of the study.

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The application of interactional power theory to sibling relationships was tested in a study of sibling pairs in middle childhood. Hypotheses were posed about sibling-status effects upon influence success, power, and dependence. Hypotheses were also posed for correlations among these variables, which correlations were expected irrespective of the sibling-status of the children in the sibling pairs. Hypotheses about dependence-based power, which stated that a child's power would be determined by the sibling's dependence upon him for good play outcomes, was the major tenet of interactional theory to be tested. Closely age-spaced sibling pairs were grouped by position, sex, and sex-of-sibling to form the eight cells of the 2x2x2 factorial design. One child in each pair influenced the other to eat mildly bitter crackers, yielding an influence success score. Each child also filled out a questionnaire designed to measure variables related to the child's general experience of dependence and power in the sibling relationship. The scales formed from this questionnaire were newTy devised and lacked demonstrated reliability and validity. The hypothesized sibling-status effects were not obtained in the influence procedure. One significant but oppositely predicted effect was obtained; children with a brother had greater influence success than children with a sister. This was not due to a sex-linked willingness for boys to eat more crackers than girls. Behaviors of the influencing children were interpreted to indicate that some of them reacted in a highly competitive fashion. The younger children in the pairs and the children with a brother appeared to form a stronger alliance with the investigator and then to use this alliance to pursue their influence attempts more vigorously. This account explained the unexpected sex-of-sibling effect and the expected but missing position effect. The influence procedure was not a measure of relative power but was a measure of how much the usually overpowered sibling seized the competitive possibilities offered by the situation. Sibling pairs differed from non-sibling peer pairs by reacting more competitively to this investigative procedure. No relationships were obtained between the questionnaire scales and influence success. On the questionnaire, older children in the pairs reported more usable power in the relationship than did the younger children. Children in same-sex pairs reported more affinity with the sibling (perceived similarity, play, friendship, and dependence) than did children in cross-sex pairs. Boys and children with sisters reported more power, while boys and children with brothers reported more affinity; these sex-of-child and sex-of-sibling effects were small, inconsistent, and inconclusive. Older children in same-sex pairs reported more affinity and less power than older children in cross-sex pairs. In cross-sex pairs wide differences in power (O > Y) and in affinity (Y > O) were obtained. In same-sex pairs the older and younger reported equal affinity and there was a muting of the reported power difference (O > Y). Greater conflict and greater development of counterpower in the more cohesive same-sex pairs were concluded to have led to this muted power difference. Tests of the dependence-based-power hypothesis were inconclusive. Neither influence success nor reported power showed the sibling-status results expected for dependence-based power. The empirical viability of this theoretical construct was questioned. The assumption that the sibling's dependence determines the child's power was not supported. The questionnaire responses were judged to support other aspects of interactional power theory. Overall, the results of the study were more simply explained by assuming that characteristics associated with sibling-status determine both a child's dependence and his power in the sibling relationship. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

Many states lack domestic access to crucial energy supplies and must deal with the challenge of formulating an energy security policy that informs their relations with energy producing states. While secure and uninterrupted access to energy is crucial to state security and welfare, some states fail to implement energy security policies and remain dangerously dependent on a foreign supplier. In the post-Soviet region many states even actively resist attempts by the European Union and others to diversify their supplies. Why and under what conditions do states pursue energy security? Conversely, why do some highly dependent states fail to maximize their security vis-à-vis a dominant supplier? I argue that that to understand the complex nature of energy dependence and security it is necessary to look beyond energy markets to domestic political capture and institutional design. More specifically, I argue that initial reform choices guiding transition had long-lasting affects on the ability to make coherent policy choices. States that did not move away from Soviet era property rights empowered actors with an interest in maintaining the status quo of dependence. Others that instituted de facto democratic property rights to guide their energy transitions were able to block energy veto players and move towards a security maximizing diversification policy. I term this the Strong Players, Weak Rules Theory. Although the institutional legacies of the Soviet Union had long-lasting effects on all states in the region, I argued that all states were not doomed to path dependency. Change is possible in both directions: towards and away from the institutional reform that facilitates energy security. To illustrate this logic I first present an original dataset, which facilitates an innovative method of accurately measuring the complex nature of energy dependence in the region. To examine the conditions under which states choose various energy security policies, it is first necessary to understand the extent to which they are dependent on their primary supplier. I argue that current measures of energy dependence are inadequate, and miss out key political and country level variables including provisions in bi-lateral contracts overseeing the provision of natural gas supplies across borders and ownership structures of key downstream infrastructure. I first review the components of an original index of energy dependency and then present my findings both within case over time and comparatively across countries. In Chapter Four I present initial quantitative evidence of a correlation between weak property rights, corruption and energy dependence. Due the magnitude of data collection and methodological issues regarding measurement of institutional development, this chapter is just the first step towards showing a relationship between institutional development and energy outcomes. I first review measures of the dependent and independent variable and then present findings as well as areas for future research. In Chapters Five through Seven I evaluate three cases of energy dependence post-1991: Ukraine, Lithuania and Hungary. Ukraine illustrates a classic case of Strong Players, Weak Rules. Lithuania shows how a state can break from path dependency to pursue energy security, and Hungary demonstrates how a state can regress from a policy of energy diversification to one of dependency. I find that institutional legacies of the Soviet period have long-lasting effects energy security even decades after independence. I further find that globalization has provided new avenues for corruption and reinforced Soviet patterns of elite resource distribution that can hamper a state’s ability to maximize its security. I conclude this study with broader applications and directions for future research and policy implications.