I början av 2014 infördes ett nytt regelverk för hur företag och ekonomiska föreningar ska avsluta sina räkenskapsår. Inte förrän media började rapportera om problemet tidigare i år har diskussionen satts igång och flera organisationer har gjort uttalande och förenklingar. De har visat sig vara svåra att tolka och implementera och för en del bostadsrättsföreningar kan tillämpningen vara ödesdiger. Valet står mellan två regelverk i det så kallade K-projektet.Syftet med studien är att utifrån bostadsrättsföreningarnas perspektiv utforska vilka faktorer som påverkar och hur de påverkas beroende av redovisningsvalet styrelsen gör. Detta kommer utföras genom att studera ekonomiska förvaltare som förser föreningarna med rekommendationer och information. Studiens problemformulering är därför vilka faktorer påverkar föreningarnas val av regelverk.Studien kommer utgå från ett abduktivt resonemang vilket är väsentligt för en explorativ studie. Tillsammans med teorier om rationella beslut, principal-agent förhållande, intressenter och risk, kommer vi att skapa en förståelse för hur föreningar fattar beslut. För att uppnå detta mål och få en bra helhetsbild kommer vi att utgå från kvalitativa undersökningar med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. För att styrka studiens tillförlitlighet utgick vi ifrån tillförlitliga metoder som är en central del för en god forskning. Vi har varit konsekventa och opartiska där vi utgick från samma material vid samtliga intervjuer för att forskningsfrågan ska anses korrekt framförd.Genom att analysera empirin har vi kunnat skapa exempel på möjliga scenario i resultaträkningar för att enklare kunna göra kopplingar till teorin. Resultatet av studien konstaterade att det är flera faktorer som påverkar valet som styrelsen gör. Det visade sig att styrelsen är beroende av information utifrån och att det finns flera intressenter som har ett egenintresse i valet. / In early 2014 introduced a new framework for how companies and economic associations must end their fiscal year. Not until the media began to report on the issue earlier this year, the debate has been launched and several organizations have made statements and simplifications. They have proven to be difficult to interpret and implement, and for some housing associations, the application may be fatal. The choice is between two sets of rules in the K-project. Depending on the choice that the Board make, the consequences of the different choices differ markedly.The purpose of the study is that the basis of condominium associations' perspective, exploring the factors that influence and how they are affected, depends on the accounting elections board does. This will be carried out by studying financial managers that provide boards with information and recommendations. The problem of the study is therefore what factors affect board election of the regulations.The study will be based on an abductive reasoning which is essential for an exploratory study. Along with theories of rational decisions, the principal- agent relationship, stakeholders and risk, we will create an understanding of how associations make decisions. To achieve this goal and get a good overall picture, we will start from qualitative research with semi-structured interviews. In order to prove the reliability of the study, we started from reliable methods that are a central part of good research. We have been consistent and impartial where we started from the same material at all interviews, to research the matter shall be correctly performed.By analyzing empirical data, we have been able to create examples of possible scenarios in the financial statements for easier linkage to theory. Results of the study found that there are several factors affecting the choice that the board does. It turned out that the Board is dependent on information from outside and that there are multiple stakeholders who have a vested interest in the election.

This diploma paper is extended from bachelor paper and the topic is based on the depreciation of long term property from financial and manager point of view and its connection to income tax. The diploma paper is focused on long term property as well as methods of depreciation. The better explanation is presented by examples and also by graphs. My attention was in area of tax income, deferred tax and accounting of grants too. The diploma paper describes connection of manager accounting to depreciation of long term property. The concrete depreciation system is worked up from materials of some unnamed company.

In the Czech accounting standards is defined only a general obligation of entities to account for the reduced value of the property and there is no contained detailed instructions for calculating impairment. In contrast, international accounting standards contain detailed requirements for impairment tests. It specifies when and how tests assets, how to account for impairment losses and indicate the conditions for reversal of these losses.

Dada sua origem no code law, a Contabilidade brasileira era baseada em regras e muito influenciada pelas normas fiscais. Com a adoção das IFRS, esperava-se que essa Contabilidade se aproximasse mais da essência econômica. Contudo, é possível encontrar estudos que apontam para o fato de existirem evidências da permanência da utilização de certos aspectos da Contabilidade anterior. Ao mesmo tempo, com a adoção das normas internacionais, a depreciação acabou ganhando uma importância maior devido ao fato de que agora as empresas têm maior liberdade para definir seus valores. Dessa forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolução da apresentação, nas demonstrações financeiras anuais, das informações referentes à depreciação dos ativos imobilizados no Brasil. Para isso, por meio de Análise de Conteúdo, foram analisadas as demonstrações financeiras padronizadas das maiores companhias abertas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, que possuíam ativos imobilizados e/ou despesas de depreciação de 2006 a 2012. A amostra final contou com 74 empresas - ou seja, 518 observações - e o período foi divido em três: antes, durante e depois da adoção das IFRS. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de utilização das taxas fiscais era, de maneira geral, muito maior antes da adoção das novas normas. Por outro lado, ainda que existisse um ambiente mais propício para utilização dessas taxas, antes da adoção algumas empresas já utilizavam outras taxas nesse período. Verificou-se que, após a adoção, passou-se a utilizar com mais frequência o método das taxas médias e que as empresas que utilizaram intervalos de taxas para alguns ativos foram sempre as mesmas. Ademais, com o passar dos anos, as taxas de depreciação quase não se alteraram em todos os grupos de ativos imobilizados analisados. Mas, após a adoção das normas internacionais e em especial para o exercício de 2010, as empresas aumentaram o nível de revisão. Contudo, em 2011 e 2012 houve uma nova queda desse nível para todos os imobilizados estudados. Algumas empresas, 2,51% da amostra estudada, não apresentaram a metodologia de cálculo antes, durante e depois da adoção das normas internacionais. Da mesma forma, as informações sobre depreciação acumulada e despesa de depreciação por classe de imobilizado não foram apresentadas por algumas empresas (14,48% e 57,92%, respectivamente), mesmo com a exigência do CPC 27. E por fim, constatou-se que, antes das IFRS, a depreciação acumulada era apresentada no cálculo do valor líquido do imobilizado; e após, passou a ser apresentada na composição do saldo do mesmo, junto à depreciação do período. Conclui-se que as Notas Explicativas sofreram mudanças consideráveis, principalmente após a adoção das IFRS, mas ainda permanecem muitos resquícios da cultura anterior, desde a utilização das taxas fiscais, passando pelo baixo nível de revisão das taxas, até a não apresentação de informações obrigatórias sobre depreciação. Dessa forma, afirma-se que muitas empresas ainda precisam se adequar completamente às novas normas no que tange depreciação, disponibilizando mais informações para os usuários, pois somente assim eles poderão utilizá-las para suas tomadas de decisão sobre investimento. / Given its origins in the code law, the Brazilian Accounting was rules-based and much influenced by tax rules. With the adoption of the IFRS, it was expected that the Accounting would get closer to its economic essence. However, it is possible to find studies that point to the existence of evidences of the permanence of the use of certain aspects of the previous Accounting. At the same time, with the adoption of the international rules, depreciation has gotten a greater importance given the fact that nowadays the companies have greater freedom to define its values. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to analyze the evolution of the presentation, in the annual financial statements, of the information about the depreciation of property, plant and equipment in Brazil. To do so, it was analyzed through Content Analysis the standard financial statements of the biggest public companies listed in BM&FBOVESPA that had property, plant or equipment and/or depreciation expenses from 2006 to 2012. The final sample had 74 companies - i.e., 518 observations - and the period was divided in three: before, during and after the adoption of the IFRS. The results have shown that the tax rates levels of use were, in general, bigger before the adoption of the new rules. On the other hand, even though the environment before the adoption was more favorable to the use of these tax rates, some companies already used other rates in this period. It was verified that after the adoption, the average rates began to be used and the companies that used rates intervals to some assets were always the same ones. Thus, over the years, the depreciation rates almost did not change in all the analyzed assets groups. But, after the adoption and especially in 2010, the companies have increased this level of revision. However, in 2011 and 2012 there was a new decrease in this level to every analyzed asset. Some companies, 2.51% of the studied sample, did not present the calculation method before, during and after the adoption of the international rules. Similarly, some companies did not present the information about accumulated depreciation and depreciation expenses by class of property, plants and equipment (14.48% and 57.92%, respectively), even with the requirement of the CPC 27. Finally, before the IFRS, the accumulated depreciation was presented in the calculus of the net value of property, plants and equipment; and after, it began to be presented inside the reconciliation of the carrying amount, along with the depreciation. It is possible to conclude that the Notes have suffered considerable changes, especially after the adoption of the IFRS, but residues of the previous culture remain, since the use of tax rates, through the low level of rates revision, until the non-presentation of mandatory information. Therefore, it is possible to assert that many companies still have to completely adequate themselves to the new rules regarding to depreciation, by providing more information to the users, because only after that they will be capable of using it for their investment decision making.

This paper investigates the factors driving the real exchange rate in the Ghanaian economy. The paper aimed at finding the principal factor(s) that influence the real exchange rate and explains the channels by which these factors exert their influence using standard empirical methods of vector autoregressive (VAR) models. The paper established that inflation rate differentials and interest rate differentials influence the exchange rate through the expectations medium. Domestic and foreign money supplies which are exogenous macroeconomic variables were also found to be important in the Ghanaian money market as far as the exchange rate matters. The paper also highlighted how the great recession in the United States may have affected the cedi/dollar rate of exchange after this economic event swept through the United States generating spillover effects on economies around the world.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify key factors underlying exchange rate developments during the European sovereign debt crisis by examining the impact of credit rating news, published by the three leading credit rating agencies, on conditional returns and volatility of EUR/USD (direct quotation) exchange rate. Empirical results highlight the importance of interest rate differential and volatility index of options exchange in explaining EUR/USD exchange rate volatilities. Downgrade announcements by Standard & Poor’s as well as watch revisions by Fitch Ratings had a detrimental impact on the value of Euro, leading to a subsequent Euro depreciation over the period under consideration (January 2009 – April 2012).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 320-341.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Dada sua origem no code law, a Contabilidade brasileira era baseada em regras e muito influenciada pelas normas fiscais. Com a adoção das IFRS, esperava-se que essa Contabilidade se aproximasse mais da essência econômica. Contudo, é possível encontrar estudos que apontam para o fato de existirem evidências da permanência da utilização de certos aspectos da Contabilidade anterior. Ao mesmo tempo, com a adoção das normas internacionais, a depreciação acabou ganhando uma importância maior devido ao fato de que agora as empresas têm maior liberdade para definir seus valores. Dessa forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolução da apresentação, nas demonstrações financeiras anuais, das informações referentes à depreciação dos ativos imobilizados no Brasil. Para isso, por meio de Análise de Conteúdo, foram analisadas as demonstrações financeiras padronizadas das maiores companhias abertas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, que possuíam ativos imobilizados e/ou despesas de depreciação de 2006 a 2012. A amostra final contou com 74 empresas - ou seja, 518 observações - e o período foi divido em três: antes, durante e depois da adoção das IFRS. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de utilização das taxas fiscais era, de maneira geral, muito maior antes da adoção das novas normas. Por outro lado, ainda que existisse um ambiente mais propício para utilização dessas taxas, antes da adoção algumas empresas já utilizavam outras taxas nesse período. Verificou-se que, após a adoção, passou-se a utilizar com mais frequência o método das taxas médias e que as empresas que utilizaram intervalos de taxas para alguns ativos foram sempre as mesmas. Ademais, com o passar dos anos, as taxas de depreciação quase não se alteraram em todos os grupos de ativos imobilizados analisados. Mas, após a adoção das normas internacionais e em especial para o exercício de 2010, as empresas aumentaram o nível de revisão. Contudo, em 2011 e 2012 houve uma nova queda desse nível para todos os imobilizados estudados. Algumas empresas, 2,51% da amostra estudada, não apresentaram a metodologia de cálculo antes, durante e depois da adoção das normas internacionais. Da mesma forma, as informações sobre depreciação acumulada e despesa de depreciação por classe de imobilizado não foram apresentadas por algumas empresas (14,48% e 57,92%, respectivamente), mesmo com a exigência do CPC 27. E por fim, constatou-se que, antes das IFRS, a depreciação acumulada era apresentada no cálculo do valor líquido do imobilizado; e após, passou a ser apresentada na composição do saldo do mesmo, junto à depreciação do período. Conclui-se que as Notas Explicativas sofreram mudanças consideráveis, principalmente após a adoção das IFRS, mas ainda permanecem muitos resquícios da cultura anterior, desde a utilização das taxas fiscais, passando pelo baixo nível de revisão das taxas, até a não apresentação de informações obrigatórias sobre depreciação. Dessa forma, afirma-se que muitas empresas ainda precisam se adequar completamente às novas normas no que tange depreciação, disponibilizando mais informações para os usuários, pois somente assim eles poderão utilizá-las para suas tomadas de decisão sobre investimento. / Given its origins in the code law, the Brazilian Accounting was rules-based and much influenced by tax rules. With the adoption of the IFRS, it was expected that the Accounting would get closer to its economic essence. However, it is possible to find studies that point to the existence of evidences of the permanence of the use of certain aspects of the previous Accounting. At the same time, with the adoption of the international rules, depreciation has gotten a greater importance given the fact that nowadays the companies have greater freedom to define its values. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to analyze the evolution of the presentation, in the annual financial statements, of the information about the depreciation of property, plant and equipment in Brazil. To do so, it was analyzed through Content Analysis the standard financial statements of the biggest public companies listed in BM&FBOVESPA that had property, plant or equipment and/or depreciation expenses from 2006 to 2012. The final sample had 74 companies - i.e., 518 observations - and the period was divided in three: before, during and after the adoption of the IFRS. The results have shown that the tax rates levels of use were, in general, bigger before the adoption of the new rules. On the other hand, even though the environment before the adoption was more favorable to the use of these tax rates, some companies already used other rates in this period. It was verified that after the adoption, the average rates began to be used and the companies that used rates intervals to some assets were always the same ones. Thus, over the years, the depreciation rates almost did not change in all the analyzed assets groups. But, after the adoption and especially in 2010, the companies have increased this level of revision. However, in 2011 and 2012 there was a new decrease in this level to every analyzed asset. Some companies, 2.51% of the studied sample, did not present the calculation method before, during and after the adoption of the international rules. Similarly, some companies did not present the information about accumulated depreciation and depreciation expenses by class of property, plants and equipment (14.48% and 57.92%, respectively), even with the requirement of the CPC 27. Finally, before the IFRS, the accumulated depreciation was presented in the calculus of the net value of property, plants and equipment; and after, it began to be presented inside the reconciliation of the carrying amount, along with the depreciation. It is possible to conclude that the Notes have suffered considerable changes, especially after the adoption of the IFRS, but residues of the previous culture remain, since the use of tax rates, through the low level of rates revision, until the non-presentation of mandatory information. Therefore, it is possible to assert that many companies still have to completely adequate themselves to the new rules regarding to depreciation, by providing more information to the users, because only after that they will be capable of using it for their investment decision making.

Two of the most robust results from dynamic competitive models of industrial organization suggest that higher sunk cost industries should exhibit (1) higher intertemporal variability in the market value of their firms, and (2) lower intertemporal variability in the size of their industries. These predictions have done well empirically. This paper argues on theoretical and empirical grounds that depreciation generates countervailing effects.