Holiday participation, whilst widespread in modern Western societies, is not universal. Evidence points to the existence of a 'tourist class', the number of holidays taken varying directly with socicreconomic status. Studies of tourist motivation, such as those by Dann (1977), Crompton (1979) and Krippendorf (1984), have suggested that holidays provide necessary breaks from the stresses and rigours of everyday li,fe. Yet it is precisely those who are likely to gain most from the benefits a holiday ca~ bring who are least able to afford one., Contemporary researchers into poverty such as Townsend (1979) and Mack and Lansley (1985), have included an enforced lack of holiday-taking as a symbol of relative deprivation in post-industrial society. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity of touristic experience by exploring the meaning and significance of the holiday for a particular sub-group of Haukeland's (1990) category C non-travellers: disadvantaged families with young children. Historical studies of sport and leisure-related activities indicate how, since the early 20th Century, successive governments of differing political ideologies have intervened with market forces in an attempt to make opportunities to participate in sport available to all. This contrasts sharply with holiday-taking where the State does not currently recognise participation in holiday-taking as a universal need. Research into the voluntary sector in Britain, such as that carried out by the Wolfenden Committee (1978), has highlighted inconsistencies in provision of services where charitable bodies are the sole, or major, suppliers. However, voluntary organisations such as the Family Holiday Association (FHA) remain virtually the sole source of financial assistance enabling low-income groups to participate in holiday-taking. The initial stage of this study was a content analysis of letters written to the FHA by a sample of families on their return from a recent holiday. Topics generated by both this analysis and the survey of literature were subsequently explored further by means of in-depth, tape-recorded interviews held with five social workers and members of 10 disadvantaged families. A number of meanings were attached to the holiday, many of them focusing on the importance of 'change' or an escape from routine. A holiday was a positive experience away from home, which resulted in the strengthening of family ties and improvements in physical and, particularly, mental well-being. New experiences could be enjoyed which gave purpose to an otherwise meaningless lifestyle. Unlike Urry's (1990) 'gazers', this study group found, in the British seaside resort, the excitement and spectacle lacking in their own, everyday lives. The study discovered a geographical disparity in requests for, and allocation of, assisted holidays, alongside a supply of funds that was both irregular and ad hoc. Such findings confirm those of, for example, the Wolfenden Committee (1978), Johnson (1981) and Gratton and Taylor (1987) that voluntary provision is often irregular, not always providing services at point of need. It is argued, finally, that if 'Tourism for All', like 'Sport for All', is to be implemented on any meaningful scale, the informal, voluntary, public and commercial sectors need to be unified as providers of a 'mixed economy' of welfare. In this way, voluntary bodies such as the FHA, would be financially-supported by the government but would retain their critical role of identifying real needs and influencing policy. By taking account of the historical development of policy in the field of sport and leisure, future research might usefully explore the most effective ways of extending participation in holiday taking.

Sexual objectification occurs when women’s participation in the society is represented merely by their bodies and thus women are deemed as mere tools to meet other’s desires (Bartkey, 1990). Sexual objectification happens frequently in women’s daily lives through media portrayals (e.g. Harper, & Tiggemann, 2008; Harrison & Fredrickson, 2003) and interpersonal encounters (e.g. Calogero, 2004; Tiggemann, & Boundy, 2008). Sexual objectification causes many negative outcomes to women. For example, objectified women suffer from negative emotions (e.g., shame and depression; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Quinn, Kallen, & Cathey, 2006), impaired intellectual performances (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, & Twenge, 1998), and decreased well-being and life satisfaction (Breines, Crocker, & Garcia, 2008; Mercurio & Landry, 2008). In the present investigation, I hypothesized that sexual objectification would lead women to feel that their personal growth and development are deprived which triggers an enhanced desire for financial resources as money. Consistent with my predictions, Study One showed that women’s trait self-objectification correlated positively with their materialism orientation. In Study Two, sexual objectification was manipulated by delivering appearance-related comments to female participants; and women’s desire for money was indexed by their donation intention to a student fund. It was found that sexual objectification increased women’s desire for money by decreasing the amount of money that women were willing to donate. In Study Three, a different paradigm was adopted to induce the feeling of objectification, specifically, participants viewed pictures that depicted women in a sexually objectified way. Then participants’ sense of deprivation as well as desire for money was directly measured to test the hypothesized relationship between objectification, deprivation and money desire. The results showed that women who viewed the pictures of objectified women reported stronger money desire and this effect was mediated by the perceived deprivation of personal growth and development. Study Four replicated the findings of Study Three by using a different paradigm (i.e. recalling past experience of being objectified) to induce the feeling of being objectified and thus provided further evidences for the hypothesized effect. Finally, using the same paradigm of objectification as Study Two, Study Five further substantiated the predicted relationship between sexual objectification, perceived deprivation and women’s money desire by showing that framing objectification experiences as beneficial to women’s personal growth and development was sufficient to remove the effect of sexual objectification on women’s desire for money. The five studies consistently demonstrated that sexual objectification induces a feeling of being deprived of personal growth and development in women, which further triggers a strong desire for money in women victims. These findings were discussed in terms of their implications on understanding women’s self-perception, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as well as general mental health and well-being. / published_or_final_version / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Urban areas are increasingly recognised as an important resource for wildlife, as studies have shown that gardens, parks and brownfield sites can contain high insect and plant diversity. Urban centres can also provide resources for species of conservation concern, and it is therefore important to monitor urban habitat quality and ensure the maintenance of urban biodiversity. However urban habitats are often difficult to monitor effectively due to access and sight restrictions in built up areas. This thesis investigates urban habitat quality in relation to an urban specialist species, the House Sparrow Passer domesticus. After considering the importance of urban habitats for biodiversity in general, I review the current status and distribution of the house sparrow in urban areas, with particular reference to the possibility that human socioeconomic status has influenced the decline of the species in some urban areas. I then consider which features of urban houses and gardens may provide a potential explanation for inter-city variation in habitat quality for urban birds. I present evidence that the age of houses; the prevalence of roof repairs; and the presence of extensive paved areas such as driveways are linked to areas with low levels of socioeconomic deprivation. I then use nationwide data to establish that house sparrows in English cities are more likely to occur in areas that are relatively deprived. Furthermore, analysis of land use data confirms that house sparrow occurrence decreases with increasing levels of building and paving, and increases with the area of green space available. However, house sparrow occurrence also appears to decrease with increasing garden area, a surprising finding given that gardens are important foraging habitats for urban birds. By radio tracking house sparrows in urban Bristol, I show that gardens are heavily utilised by house sparrows, but that those with a high proportion of paving are avoided. It appears that changes to areas with low levels of socioeconomic deprivation, notably an increase in paved areas, may have contributed to the urban decline of house sparrows in less deprived parts of English urban areas. These findings are discussed in relation to future urban planning requirements, and the need to mitigate for the detrimental effects of urban development on species of conservation concern. The contribution of large, nationwide datasets to the monitoring of urban habitats, and the implications of these findings for other urban species, including humans, are also highlighted.

No description available.

The study examined the differential effect of cognitive and affective fraternal relative deprivation (RD) on protest orientation. The subjects were 120 Indian adults comprising 60 professionals and 60 non-professionals. Cantril's (1965) ladder was used to tap cognitive fraternal RD. A list of six emotions gauged affective fraternal RD and the Muller (1972) and Grofman and Muller (1973) measure of potential for collective violence assessed protest orientation. Results show that blacks are perceived to be worse-off, whites better-off and coloureds similar to the ingroup. Professionals experience a greater absence of cognitive fraternal RD than nonprofessionals when the target comparison groups are blacks and coloureds, and greater affective fraternal RD than non-professionals when the target comparison groups are blacks and whites. To examine the effect of cognitive fraternal RD, affective fraternal RD and occupational status on protest orientation, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The model revealed that 35% of the variance was significantly accounted for (p<0.05). The affective component contributed the greater proportion of the variance. The results highlight the importance of differentiating the cognitive from the affective component of fraternal RD. The limitations of the study are considered and directions for future research are offered. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1991.

The relationship between level of deprivation and post-reinforcement pause length was investigated in such a way that the nature of the mathematical function which describes the relation could be determined. Three male, albino rats were tested on fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement at three levels of deprivation, according to the method of adjusted-percentages. Problems with the weight maintenance procedure necessitated changes in the design and may have affected the results. The initial hypothesis, that the function would be of the form Y=bXn, was not supported in any case. A function of the form logY=a+bX was found to best describe the relationship between rats' absolute body weight and the length of the post-reinforcement pause. Conclusions were centered around the need for further research on the effects of long-term deprivation on rats' growth and subsequent reexamination of the relationship under investigation in this thesis.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 70 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-45).

Thesis (M.S. in Human Systems Integration (HSI))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008. / Thesis Advisor(s): Miller, Nita Lewis. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 29, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99). Also available in print.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Typewritten. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).