This study explored how psychodynamically oriented therapists understand and work with negative racial sentiments arising in traumatized clients. One of the aims of the study was to highlight and examine the technical, countertransferencial and ethical dilemmas faced when a patient brings ‘politically difficult’ material infused with negative racial sentiment to therapy. It was hoped that information gleaned would contribute to theoretical and technical understanding of this phenomenon and assist in working with such negative racial sentiments. In order to investigate the research questions eight therapists who identified themselves as ‘psychodynamically-oriented’ participated in semi-structured interviews on the topic of negative racial sentiment (NRS) in therapy. The study was located in the qualitative research tradition, and interview transcripts were subject to a critical thematic content analysis. The main themes were identified and presented under three sections, namely: how therapists understand, work with and respond to the phenomenon of NRS in traumatized clients. Understandings included the formation of NRS as inter alia reflecting the use of defenses such as splitting, projection, projective identification, the triumph of the bad object and a breakdown in the capacity to symbolize. Tensions in understanding the phenomenon of NRS post-trauma and related latent themes were also identified. Therapists’ approaches to working with NRS included the use of a range of implicit assessment criteria such as, whether, for example, the patient’s response was experienced as ego-dystonic or ego-syntonic. Technical strategies for intervention included adherence to a working model, interpretive interventions and cognitive strategies. The participating therapists’ countertransferential responses to negative racial sentiment were categorized, taking the form of: negative feeling towards or disidentification from the patient; negative feeling towards the perpetrator or identification with the patient and therapeutic impasse. Some guidelines proposed by the participating therapists for managing NRS, as it occurs in psychotherapy with traumatized clients, are presented.

Le présent travail s'inscrit dans une démarche hypothético-déductive : la première phase est consacrée à élaborer une série d'hypothèses quant à l'outillage pour l'analyse sémique, aux propriétés des noms abstraits de sentiments, le tout afin de proposer une explication originale aux problèmes théoriques posés par la polysémie. Plutôt qu'une investigation bibliographique des ouvrages sur la polysémie, il s'agit ici de faire de nouvelles propositions. Nous cherchons ensuite à mettre à l'épreuve ces remarques au cours d'études empiriques, des enquêtes de terrain surtout et dans une moindre mesure d'études textuelles. Notre approche relève tout d'abord d'une linguistique du signe saussurien, d'une sémantique qui se veut générale et d'une optique majoritairement synchronique / The present work subscribes to the hypothetico-deductive method : the first phase is dedicated to develop a set of hypothesis concerning the tools for the semic analysis, the characteristics of the sentiments' nouns, all this in order to propose an explanation to the theoretic problems posed by polysemy. More than a bibliographic investigation of the works about polysemy, the focus here is to make new suggestions. Then we seek to put to the test these remarks through empirical studies, field enquiries above all, and fewer textual studies. Our approach is related to the linguistics of the Saussurian sign, to a semantics which aspire to be general, and a mainly synchronic perspective

Texte remanié de: Habili.-schr.--Fachbereich für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften I--Berlin--Freie Universität. / Bibliogr. p. 217-222.

Texte remanié de : Dissertation : Sprache, Literatur, Kultur : Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen : 2006. / Bibliogr. p. [317]-336. Notes bibliogr.

Inaug.-Diss.: Philosophische Fakultät: Bonn: 1972. _ Bibliogr. p. 310-317.

Paul Russell argues that the interpretation of Hume as a classical compatibilist is misguided. Russell defends a naturalistic reading of Humean freedom and moral responsibility. On this account, Hume holds two theses: that moral responsibility is a product of our moral sentiments, and that our concept of moral freedom is derived from our considerations of moral responsibility. Russell claims that Hume’s theory of the passions is non-cognitivist, and thus that his account of moral judgment fails to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions or qualities of mind. He concludes that Hume’s account of moral responsibility is inadequate. I argue that Hume has a cognitivist account of the passions. For Hume, our character is judged to be a proper object of praise or censure on account of our ability to partake in a moral community with our fellows. I conclude that Hume does not naturalize freedom and moral responsibility, but socializes it.

Diss.--Philosophisches Seminar--Heidelberg--Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 303-316.

Texte remanié de: Diss. / Bibliogr. p. 271-277. Notes bibliogr.

This study is an exploration of the nature and formation of moral sentiments concerning what constitutes deviance and how deviants should be treated. These sentiments establish the general climate of moral tolerance or intolerance within which reactions to particular instances of deviance take shape. The study is based upon the assumption that differences between people in terms of such moral sentiments reflect further differences in other areas of their lives, in the roles in which they find themselves and the distinctive ideologies to they adhere. The thesis starts from an examination of the work undertaken in this area by Ranulf in developing his theory of moral indignation. This holds that a repressive morality embracing hostility towards hedonism and punitiveness towards deviants is characteristic of the lower middle class as the indirect result of the restraints forced upon its members by their position in the class structure. The present thesis employs the critical appraisal of Ranulf's theory as an opportunity to draw together evidence which serves as a means of elaborating a more comprehensive theory of moral indignation. This evidence is culled from the examination of a number of studies taken from the fields of sociology, social psychology and social anthropology. A study of three "moral crusades" - the Responsible Society, the Nationwide Festival of Light, and the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association – is undertaken to investigate the nature of moral indignation in a contemporary setting. The study concludes by setting forth an explanation of the nature and origin of moral authoritarianism as the product of social constraints.

La logique floue est aujourd'hui universellement admise comme discipline ayant fait ses preuves à l'intersection des mathématiques, de l'informatique, des sciences cognitives et de l'Intelligence Artificielle. En termes formels, la logique floue est une extension de la logique classique ayant pour but de mesurer la flexibilité du raisonnement humain, et permettant la modélisation des imperfections des données, en particulier, les deux imperfections les plus fréquentes : l'imprécision et l'incertitude. En outre, la logique floue ignore le principe du tiers exclu et celui de non-contradiction.Nous n'allons pas, dans ce court résumé de la thèse, reprendre et définir tous les concepts de cet outil devenu désormais classique : fonction d'appartenance, degré d'appartenance, variable linguistique, opérateurs flous, fuzzyfication, défuzzication, raisonnement approximatif … L'un des concepts de base de cette logique est la notion de possibilité qui permet de modéliser la fonction d'appartenance d'un concept. La possibilité d'un événement diffère de sa probabilité dans la mesure où elle n'est pas intimement liée à celle de l'événement contraire. Ainsi, par exemple, si la probabilité qu'il pleuve demain est de 0,6, alors la probabilité qu'il ne pleuve pas doit être égale à 0,4 tandis que les possibilités qu'il pleuve demain ou non peuvent toutes les deux être égales à 1 (ou encore deux autres valeurs dont la somme peut dépasser 1).Dans le domaine de l'informatique, l'apprentissage non supervisé (ou « clustering ») est une méthode d'apprentissage automatique quasi-autonome. Il s'agit pour un algorithme de diviser un groupe de données, en sous-groupes de manière que les données considérées comme les plus similaires soient associées au sein d'un groupe homogène. Une fois que l'algorithme propose ces différents regroupements, le rôle de l'expert ou du groupe d'experts est alors de nommer chaque groupe, éventuellement diviser certains ou de regrouper certains, afin de créer des classes. Les classes deviennent réelles une fois que l'algorithme a fonctionné et que l'expert les a nommées.Encore une fois, notre travail, comme tous les travaux du domaine, vise à adapter les modèles traditionnelles d'apprentissage et/ou de raisonnement à l'imprécision du monde réel. L'analyse des sentiments à partir de ressources textuelles et les images dans le cadre de l'agriculture de précision nous ont permis d'illustrer nos hypothèses. L'introduction par le biais de notre travail du concept de motifs flous est sans aucun doute une contribution majeure.Ce travail a donné lieu à trois contributions majeures : / Standard (type-1) fuzzy sets were introduced to mimic human reasoning in its use of approximate information and uncertainty to generate decisions. Since knowledge can be expressed in a natural way by using fuzzy sets, many decision problems can be greatly simpli_ed. However, standard type-1 fuzzy sets have limitations when it comes to modelinghuman decision making.When Zadeh introduced the idea of higher types of fuzzy sets called type-n fuzzy sets andtype-2 fuzzy sets, the objective was to solve problems associated with modeling uncertainty using crisp membership functions of type-1 fuzzy sets. The extra dimension presented by type-2 fuzzy sets provides more design freedom and exibility than type-1 fuzzy sets. The ability of FLS to be hybridized with other methods extended the usage of Fuzzy LogicSystems (FLS) in many application domains. In architecture and software engineering the concept of patterns was introduced as a way of creating general repeatable solutions to commonly occurring problems in the respective_elds. In software engineering for example, the design pattern is not a _nished design that can be transformed directly into code. It is a description or template on how to solve a problem that can be used in many di_erent situations. This thesis introduces the novel concept of fuzzy patterns in T2 FLS. Micro-blogs and social media platforms are now considered among the most popular forms of online communication. Through a platform like TwitterTM much information reecting people's opinions and attitudes is published and shared among users on a daily basis. This has brought great opportunities to companies interested in tracking and monitoring the reputation of their brands and businesses, and to policy makers and politicians to support their assessment of public opinions about their policies or political issues. Thisresearch demonstrates the importance of the neutral category in sentiment polarity analysis, it then introduces the concept of fuzzy patterns in sentiment polarity analysis. The xvii Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set (IT2 FS), were proposed by reference [Men07c] to model words. This is because it is characterized by its Footprint Of Uncertainty (FOU). The FOU providesa potential to capture word uncertainties. The use of IT2 FS in polarity sentiment classi_cation is demonstrated. The importance of the neutral category is demonstrated in both supervised and unsupervised learning methods. In the _nal section the concept of fuzzy patterns in contrast