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This research integrates a multi-attribute decision-support tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), with a customer-focused design methodology, Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The result is a hybrid methodology more complete than either of the two alone, involving synthesis, analysis, and evaluation activities necessary for completing conceptual system design. An indicator was developed for the overall performance of an organization's product and its competitors’ products using the information in a QFD matrix. In addition, a methodology was developed to determine if essential customer requirements and design-dependent parameters (DDPs) have been adequately identified in the QFD matrix. A mathematical relationship was developed which relates technical and competitive assessments in the QFD matrix and helps test for inconsistencies. Finally, an indicator was developed to assess a new product concept for viability in the marketplace and to be used for accomplishing trade-off analyses. Examples are presented throughout this document to further illustrate the concepts. This research is unique in its application. It adds to the body of knowledge for decision-making in the conceptual design phase of the systems engineering process. / Master of Science

On propose un outil de description fonctionnelle permettant une description rigoureuse de spécification fonctionnelle. L'accent étant mis sur : la possibilité d'une description progressive; la possibilité de décrire des systèmes complexes repartis et à fonctionnement parallèle (entre les différents sous-systèmes et a l'intérieur d'un sous-système); la possibilité de vérification fonctionnelle (blocages, conflit, etc.)

APSDS is a layered elastic tool for aircraft pavement thickness determination developed and distributed by Mincad Systems and based on the sister software Circly. As aircraft pavement thickness determination remains an empirical science, mechanistic-empirical design tools such as APSDS require calibration to full scale pavement performance, via the S77-1 curve. APSDS provides the unique advantage over other tools that it models all the aircraft in all their wandering positions, negating the need for designers to use pass to cover ratios and acknowledging that different aircraft have their wheels located at difference distances from the aircraft centerline. APSDS requires a range of input parameters to be entered, including subgrade modulus, aircraft types, masses and passes and a pavement structure. A pavement thickness is then returned which has 50% design reliability. Greater levels of reliability are obtained by conservative selection of input values. Whilst most input parameters have a linear influence on pavement thickness, subgrade modulus changes have a greater influence at lower values and less influence at higher values. When selecting input values, designers should concentrate their efforts on subgrade modulus and aircraft mass as these have the greatest influence on the required pavement thickness. Presumptive or standard values are generally acceptable for the less influential parameters. S77-1 pavement thicknesses are of a standard composition with only the subbase thickness varying. Non-standard pavement structures are determined using the principle of material equivalence and the FAA provides range of material equivalence factors, of which the mid-range values are most commonly used. APSDS allows direct modelling of non-standard pavement structures. By comparing different APSDS pavements of equal structural capacity, implied material equivalences can be calculated. These APSDS implied material equivalences lie at the lower end of the ranges published by FAA. In order to obtain consistence between APSDS and the FAA guidance, the following material equivalence values are recommended: * Asphalt for Crushed Rock. 1.3. * Crushed Rock for Uncrushed Gravel. 1.2. * Asphalt for Uncrushed Gravel. 1.6. Proof rolling regimes remain an important part of the design and construction of flexible aircraft pavements. Historically, designers relied on Bousinesq's equation and the assumption of point loads on semi-finite homogenous materials to determine proof rolling regimes using stress as the indicator of damage. The ability of APSDS to generate stress, strain and deflection at any depth and any location across the pavement allows these historical assumptions to be tested. As the design of a proof rolling regime is one of comparing damage indicators modelled under aircraft loads to those under heavy roller loads, the historical simplifications are generally valid for practical design scenarios. Where project specific data is required, APSDS can readily calculate stresses induced by proof rollers and aircraft at any location and depth for comparison. APSDS is a leading tool for flexible aircraft pavement thickness determination due to its flexibility, transparency and being free from bias. However, the following possible areas for improvement are considered worthy of future research and development: * Improvements to the user interface. * Ability to model aircraft masses as frequency distributions. * Ability to copy stress with depth data to Excel(tm) spreadsheets. * Ability to perform parametric runs. * Inclusion of a reliability based design module.

New building pension with brewery is situadet in town Prostejov. Object has 3 overground floors and flat roof, it has no cellar. On ground floor is situated the brewery, medium large kitchen with storages, sanitary and the restaurant. Kitchen is designed for preparing 150 meals, capacity of restaurant on the ground floor is 81 place and on the galery is 70 . On this floor has been situated room for invalids also. On the further floors are rooms for guests and technical area for air design system.

To facilitate collaborative design in vocational education institutions, we have conducted a project to establish a nationwide PDM platform for four different schools spread all over the country. The particular aim of a follow up project introduced in this paper is to sensitize the participating students to sustainable design and lifecycle assessment (LCA) and provide them with hands-on tools through the PDM platform to accomplish these tasks. As a collaborative case study project, a cordless drill driver was chosen to be re-designed with respect to Ecodesign aspects. Since LCA is truly a holistic task, we focused on the ecological aspects of material and production stage. Distribution, usage and end-of-life stages were left out as well as economic and social aspects. The drill driver was divided into housing, drill chuck, gear and power unit. Each component was assigned to one of the schools and had to be designed with respect to reduced environmental impacts. Since different CAD systems are used the decision to provide the needed tools and environmental information within the PDM platform rather than CAD environment was easy. Some of the PDM systems on the market do also provide lifecycle analysis modules but it is rather a black box approach than a transparent data and reporting source. Because LCA heavily relies on the method itself and the way analysis is conducted we decided to develop our own tools. Therefore, a new, adapted interface was developed using open source business intelligence software called Pentaho to facilitate on the fly reporting and analytics of the work in progress by the users. Furthermore, the Ecoinvent database was connected to the PDM system to provide required information on carbon footprint and cumulated energy demand. The paper discusses strength and weaknesses of tools and methods with respect to the introduced case study and gives an outlook on ontology representation for the data model for better analysis capabilities.

La conduite des systèmes de conception et le pilotage des projets consistent non seulement à allouer des ressources pour satisfaire au mieux les objectifs assignés au système et au projet, mais également à favoriser la collaboration entre les acteurs du système qu‘ils soient directement ou indirectement impliqués dans le projet. Lors de l‘évolution du système et pendant le déroulement du projet, les décideurs doivent pouvoir analyser la situation de conception existante et encourager l‘apparition d'une situation de collaboration si le besoin s‘en fait sentir. L‘objectif de cette thèse est de définir les concepts permettant d‘analyser et de faire évoluer le système de conception. Pour ce faire nous articulons nos travaux autour d‘un modèle de référence pour l‘évaluation des systèmes de conception. Nous complétons ce modèle en intégrant les influences, à chaque niveau décisionnel, de la culture organisationnelle. Nous montrons comment la culture organisationnelle peut jouer un rôle non négligeable auprès des acteurs de l‘entreprise en vue de l‘atteinte des objectifs fixés par celle-ci. Nous obtenons ainsi, un modèle adapté à la conduite des systèmes de conception et au pilotage des projets de conception dans un environnement multi-acteurs, multi-disciplinaires et multi-projets. Notre modèle positionne la performance des systèmes de conception dans le cadre plus large de la performance globale de l'entreprise en décrivant les éléments du contexte de l‘entreprise et la culture organisationnelle de celle-ci qui vont influencer la conception. Une étude de cas réelle menée au sein d‘une entreprise espagnole montre en quoi il est nécessaire de prendre en considération la culture organisationnelle dès lors que l‘on souhaite mettre en place une stratégie dans une entreprise en vue de concevoir un nouveau produit. / The design systems management and the project management have not only to concern resources allocation process to satisfy the objectives assigned, but also to promote collaboration between the actors of the system which could be involved in the project or not. During the system evolution and the project, the leaders will analyze the real state of design conditions and stimulate the collaborating conditions when it is necessary. Objective of this thesis is to define concepts allowing analysing, managing and making evolve the design system. To achieve this objective we articulate our research around a reference model to evaluate design system. We complete this model by integrating influences, at each decisional level, of the organizational culture. We show how the organizational culture could have an important influence in the actors‘ way of life in the company. We obtain a model adapted to a multi-actor, multi-disciplinary and multi-project environment. Our model positioned the design systems in the more global context of the performance of the enterprise by describing elements of the environment of enterprise and the organizational culture which will have an influence on the design system. A real case study in a Spanish company shows how organizational culture could impact the strategy of a company when it wants to develop a new product.

O propósito deste trabalho tem sido a utilização das técnicas de Desenho Óptico para o desenvolvimento de sistemas ópticos altamente otimizados. Após a confeccção destes sistemas ópticos torna-se necessário avaliar o desempenho do sistema construído, para isto tem sido utilizado uma das técnicas mais modernas para avaliação de qualidade da imagem óptica, a função de transferência óptica FTO, mais especificamente a função de transferência de modulação FTM. FTM representa o módulo da função complexa FTO e está associada à medida direta e quantitativa da qualidade de imagem, descrevendo a estrutura da imagem como uma função da freqüência espacial. Estas duas técnicas são as ferramentas fundamentais para os desenhistas ópticos. Instrumentos oftálmicos como o microscópio cirúrgico, sistema óptico para adaptação de uma câmera CCD e a lâmpada de fenda são desenvolvidos e analisados por estas técnicas neste trabalho. / The purpose of this work has been the use of design optical techniques to development of highly optimized optical systems. After the fabrication of these systems, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of building systems. A modern technique used to evaluate the quality of optical image is the optical transfer function OTF, more exactly the modulation transfer function MTF. MTF is the modulus of the complex function OTF. MTF is associated the direct and quantitative measure of the image quality and it describes the image structure as a function of spatial frequency. This bides techniques are the tools of optical designers. Ophthalmic instruments like surgery microscope, optical system of CCD camera adaptation and slit lamps are developed and analyzed for this techniques in this work.

O propósito deste trabalho tem sido a utilização das técnicas de Desenho Óptico para o desenvolvimento de sistemas ópticos altamente otimizados. Após a confeccção destes sistemas ópticos torna-se necessário avaliar o desempenho do sistema construído, para isto tem sido utilizado uma das técnicas mais modernas para avaliação de qualidade da imagem óptica, a função de transferência óptica FTO, mais especificamente a função de transferência de modulação FTM. FTM representa o módulo da função complexa FTO e está associada à medida direta e quantitativa da qualidade de imagem, descrevendo a estrutura da imagem como uma função da freqüência espacial. Estas duas técnicas são as ferramentas fundamentais para os desenhistas ópticos. Instrumentos oftálmicos como o microscópio cirúrgico, sistema óptico para adaptação de uma câmera CCD e a lâmpada de fenda são desenvolvidos e analisados por estas técnicas neste trabalho. / The purpose of this work has been the use of design optical techniques to development of highly optimized optical systems. After the fabrication of these systems, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of building systems. A modern technique used to evaluate the quality of optical image is the optical transfer function OTF, more exactly the modulation transfer function MTF. MTF is the modulus of the complex function OTF. MTF is associated the direct and quantitative measure of the image quality and it describes the image structure as a function of spatial frequency. This bides techniques are the tools of optical designers. Ophthalmic instruments like surgery microscope, optical system of CCD camera adaptation and slit lamps are developed and analyzed for this techniques in this work.

Product success is a major goal of designing and design research. Designing involves developing systems. A system interacts with its environment to satisfy its requirements. Therefore, designing should involve developing the concept of both the system and its surrounding. Depending on how the concept of the system changes will impinge on the concept of the environment, and vice-versa; design must co-evolve the concepts of both the system and its environment to adapt them to each other. A comprehensive review of literature on designing to explore the use of system-environment view in designing revealed that while the concept of systems is used by many design models, implicitly or explicitly, the concept of environment is rarely used as an evolvable construct in designing. Activities, outcomes, requirement-solution and system-environment views play a significant role in product success. Thus, it is important to explicitly address these views in designing. Further, integration of these views is important for explaining various complex characteristics of designing such as requirement-solution co-evolution and system-environment co-evolution. Integration of views is important also for mapping the steps in design models using these views, so as to be able to characterize design models, or benchmark one design model against another. Literature has been reviewed to identify the constructs in these views that are essential for representing the design process. Srinivasan and Chakrabarti [2010] had earlier developed a model of designing by integrating three of these views: activities, outcomes, and requirement-solution. However, this model did not incorporate the system-environment view. In this thesis, a system-environment view is developed, with both the system and environment as explicit and evolvable constructs in designing. The thesis then proposed an extended, integrated model of designing which combines the constructs of the identified views of activities, outcomes, requirement-solution and system-environment. The proposed model is empirically validated using protocols from six design sessions; the sesessions had been undertaken well before the proposed model was developed.Validation involved checking whether or not instances of all the constructs in the model are naturally present in these design sessions, and whether or not every event in these design sessions could be described using the constructs of the proposed model. Further, the explanatory power of the proposed model is illustrated by explaining how system-environment co-evolution and requirement-solution co-evolution occur during the design sessions captured in the protocols. Also, a standard prescriptive approach to designing –Pahl and Beitz approach – is used to demonstrate how a design model can be mapped using the constructs of the proposed model–the first step to characterizing or benchmarking design models.