Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelEMR_DISSERT.pdf: 3658891 bytes, checksum: 915aceff21c337d579cbf07b03a0e86a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-28 / The oil industry, experiencing a great economic and environmental impact, has increasingly invested in researches aiming a more satisfactory treatment of its largest effluent, i.e., produced water. These are mostly discarded at sea, without reuse and after a basic treatment. Such effluent contains a range of organic compounds with high toxicity and are difficult to remove, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, salts, heavy metals, etc.. The main objective of this work was to study the solar distillation of produced water pre-treated to remove salts and other contaminants trough of a hybrid system with a pre-heater. This developed apparatus was called solar system, which consists of a solar heater and a conventional distillation solar still. The first device consisted of a water tank, a solar flat plate collector and a thermal reservoir. The solar distillator is of simple effect, with 1m2 of flat area and 20? of inclination. This dissertation was divided in five steps: measurements in the solar system, i.e. temperatures and distillate flow rate and weather data; modeling and simulation of the system; study of vapor-liquid equilibrium of the synthetic wastewater by the aqueous solution of p-xylene; physical and chemical analyses of samples of the feed, distillate and residue, as well as climatology pertinent variables of Natal-RN. The solar system was tested separately, with the supply water, aqueous NaCl and synthetic oil produced water. Temperature measurements were taken every minute of the thermal reservoir, water tank and distillator (liquid and vapor phases). Data of solar radiation and rainfall were obtained from INPE (National Institute for Space Research). The solar pre-heater demonstrated to be effective for the liquid systems tested. The reservoir fluid had an average temperature of 58?C, which enabled the feed to be pre-heated in the distillator. The temperature profile in the solar distillator showed a similar behavior to daily solar radiation, with temperatures near 70?C. The distillation had an average yield of 2.4 L /day, i.e., an efficiency of 27.2%. Mathematical modeling aided the identification of the most important variables and parameters in the solar system. The study of the vapor-liquid equilibrium from Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis indicated heteroazeotropia and the vapor phase resulted more concentrated in p-xylene. The physical-chemical analysis of pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chlorides, cations (including heavy metals) and anions, the effluent distillate showed satisfactory results, which presents a potential for reuse. The climatological study indicates the region of Natal-RN as favorable to the operation of solar systems, but the use of auxiliary heating during periods of higher rainfall and cloud cover is also recommended / A ind?stria do petr?leo, sentindo um grande impacto econ?mico e ambiental, tem investido crescentemente em pesquisas visando a um tratamento mais satisfat?rio de seu maior efluente: as ?guas produzidas em campos de produ??o. Estas s?o, em sua maioria, descartadas no mar, sem aproveitamento, ap?s serem tratadas. Esse tipo de efluente cont?m uma gama de compostos org?nicos de alta toxicidade e dif?cil remo??o, como hidrocarbonetos polic?clicos arom?ticos, al?m de sais, metais pesados etc. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi estudar a destila??o solar da ?gua de produ??o pr?-tratada para remo??o de sais e contaminantes da mesma a partir do uso de um sistema h?brido com pr?-aquecimento. Este aparato desenvolvido foi denominado de sistema solar, que ? composto por um aquecedor solar convencional e um destilador solar; o primeiro constitui-se de uma caixa d'?gua, uma placa coletora solar plana e um reservat?rio t?rmico; o destilador solar ? de simples efeito, com 1m2 de ?rea ?til e 20? de inclina??o na cobertura. A metodologia consistiu em cinco etapas: experimentos no sistema solar, com medi??o de temperaturas e de destilado obtido e obten??o de dados climatol?gicos; modelagem e simula??o do sistema; estudo de equil?brio l?quido-vapor de um efluente modelo de solu??o aquosa de p-xileno; realiza??o de an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de amostras de alimenta??o, destilado e res?duo; e um estudo climatol?gico da cidade de Natal-RN. O sistema solar foi testado, separadamente, com ?gua de abastecimento, solu??o aquosa sint?tica de NaCl e ?gua produzida de petr?leo. Foram realizadas medi??es de temperatura, a cada minuto, no reservat?rio t?rmico, na caixa d??gua e no destilador (fases l?quida e vapor). Dados de radia??o solar e precipita??o pluviom?trica foram obtidos do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). O pr?-aquecimento solar mostrou-se eficiente para os l?quidos testados e o fluido no reservat?rio t?rmico apresentou uma temperatura m?dia de 58 ?C, o que viabilizou a alimenta??o aquecida no destilador. O perfil de temperaturas no destilador solar apresentou comportamento similar ? radia??o solar di?ria, com temperaturas m?ximas pr?ximas a 70 ?C. Esse equipamento teve rendimento m?dio de 2,52 L/d e efici?ncia m?dia de 27,2%. A modelagem matem?tica permitiu identificar as vari?veis e par?metros mais influentes no sistema solar. O estudo do equil?brio l?quido-vapor, a partir de an?lise de TOC, indicou condi??o de heteroazeotropia, com o p-xileno se concentrando na fase vapor. As an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de pH, condutividade, STD, cloretos, c?tions (incluindo metais pesados) e ?nions, do efluente destilado apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios, o que evidencia um potencial de reuso. O estudo climatol?gico indica a cidade ou a regi?o de Natal-RN como favor?vel ? opera??o de sistemas solares, mas o uso de aquecimento auxiliar nos per?odos de maior pluviosidade e nebulosidade ? recomendado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MagnaASBS_TESE.pdf: 3923978 bytes, checksum: 8e72f73f17946076f17005a65118a1ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / This work study of solar distillation feasibility in effluent of petroleum industry: produced water, making possible your reuse for irrigation of oleaginous cultures or fodder crops or in steam generation, as well the transport phenomena involved. The methodology for development of this project was to characterize the effluent to be treated and to accomplish physical and chemical analysis in the distilled, to build distillation equipment, concomitant operation of both equipments and implementation of data processing and economical evaluation. The methodology used for all parameters is outlined in APHA (1998) and sampling of the type compound. The feeding of distillation equipment was performed with treated effluent from UTPF of Guamar?. The temperature was monitored throughout the distillers and during the time of operation. The distillers feed occur, as a rule, for sifon. The distillers were operated by a period of 17 months between July 2007 and February 2009, in which 40 experiments were performed. The radiation and temperature datas were acquired in the INPE s site and the temperature inside of the distillers was registered by DATALOGGER Novus. The rates of condensation (mL / min) were determined by measuring of the flow in a graduate test tube of 10 mL and a chronometer. We used two simple solar effect distillers of passive type with different angles in coverage: 20 ? and 45 ?. The results obtained in this study and the relevant discussions are divided into six topics: sample characterization and quality of distilled; construction of distillers; operation (data, temperature profile), climatic aspects, treatment of data and economical analysis. Results obtained can be inferred that: the energy loss by the adoption of vessel glass was not significant, however, complicates the logistics of maintenance the equipment on a large scale. In the other hand, the surface of the tub with a glass shield on the equipment deterioration, both devices showed similar performance, so there is not justified for use of equipment 450. With regard to the climatological study it was verified that the Natal city presents monthly medium radiation varying in a range between 350 and 600 W/m2, and medium of wind speed of 5 m / s. The medium humidity is around 70% and rainfall is very small. The regime of the system is transient and although it has been treated as a stationary system shows that the model accurately represents the distillers system's 20 degrees. The quality of the distilled with regard to the parameters evaluated in this study is consistent with the Class 3 waters of CONAMA (Resolution 357). Therefore we can conclude that solar distillation has viability for treat oilfield produced water when considered the technical and environmental aspects, although it is not economically viable / Esse trabalho visa estudar a viabilidade da Destila??o Solar no polimento de efluentes oleosos: ?gua produzida, de forma a possibilitar o seu reuso na irriga??o de culturas oleaginosas ou forrageiras ou ainda na gera??o de vapor, bem como estudar os fen?menos de transporte envolvidos. A metodologia para desenvolvimento do projeto consistiu em caracterizar o efluente a ser tratado e realizar an?lises f?sico-qu?micas no destilado, construir os equipamentos de destila??o, opera??o concomitante dos dois destiladores e realiza??o de tratamento dos dados e avalia??o econ?mica. A metodologia utilizada para todos os par?metros ? a preconizada no APHA (1998) e a amostragem do tipo composta. A alimenta??o dos equipamentos de destila??o foi realizada com efluente tratado oriundo da UTPF de Guamar?. A temperatura foi monitorada ao longo dos destiladores e durante o tempo em que os mesmos estiveram em opera??o. A alimenta??o dos destiladores ocorria, via de regra, por sifonamento. Os destiladores foram operados por um per?odo 17 meses, entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009, nos quais foram realizados 40 experimentos. Os dados de radia??o e temperatura ambiente foram adquiridos atrav?s do site do INPE e as temperaturas dentro dos destiladores atrav?s de registradores do tipo DATALOGGER da Novus. As taxas de condensa??o (mL/min) foram determinadas atrav?s da medi??o do escoamento em proveta graduada de 10 mL e cron?metro. Foram utilizados dois destiladores solares simples efeito do tipo passivo com diferentes ?ngulos de inclina??o na cobertura: 20? e 45 ?. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho bem como as discuss?es pertinentes est?o subdivididos em seis t?picos: caracteriza??o da amostra e qualidade do destilado; constru??o dos destiladores; opera??o (dados obtidos, perfil de temperatura); aspectos clim?ticos; tratamento dos dados e an?lise econ?mica. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode se inferir que: a perda energ?tica pela ado??o da cuba de vidro n?o foi significativa, entretanto, dificulta a log?stica de manuten??o dos equipamentos em larga escala; por outro lado, o revestimento da cuba com vidro protegeria a base do equipamento da deteriora??o; os dois equipamentos demonstraram desempenho semelhante, logo n?o se justifica o uso do equipamento de 45 ?. Com respeito ao estudo climatol?gico verificou-se que a Cidade do Natal apresenta radia??es m?dias mensais variando entre 350 e 600 W/m2, aproximadamente e velocidade dos ventos m?dia de 5 m/s. Os teores de umidade m?dios ficam em torno dos 70 % e a pluviosidade ? bem pequena. O regime do sistema ? transiente e embora tenha sido dado tratamento de sistema estacion?rio verifica-se que o modelo representa adequadamente o sistema do destilador de 20?. A qualidade do destilado com respeito aos par?metros avaliados nesse estudo ? compat?vel com a Classe 3 de ?guas do CONAMA (Resolu??o 357). Logo se pode concluir que a destila??o solar tem viabilidade para polimento de ?guas produzidas quando considerados os aspectos t?cnicos e ambientais, embora n?o seja vi?vel economicamente

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MagnaASB.pdf: 1635517 bytes, checksum: df420c88397a6cd630a5381fcef348b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-02 / The production of petroleum is frequently accomplished with great volumes of water, that it is carried of the underground with the oil. It is a challenge of the present century the development of technologies that allow the use of waste water for purposes that consume great amounts of water and don't demand as rigid as the one of the drinking water requirements. The solar distillation has been configuring as an alternative of clean technology for desalination of brine and saline. Besides causing the minimum possible damage to the environment, it takes advantage of an abundant and free energy source: the solar energy. That study aims to develop a Solar Distillator for treatment of the produced water of the oil wells, to obtain an efluent to use in agriculture and vapor generation. The methodology for collection, conservation and analysis of the physical-chemical parameters obeyed the norms in APHA (1995). The sampling was of the composed type. Experiments were accomplished in the solar distillation pilot and simulation in thermostatic bathing. The operation was in batch system and for periods of 4, 6 and 12 h. The developed Distillator is of the type simple effect of two waters. It was still tested two inclination angles for covering; 20? and 45?. The Distillator presented minimum of 2,85 L/m2d revenues and maximum of 7,14 L/m2d. The removals of salts were great than 98%. The removal of TOC in the simulation was great than 90%. In agreement with the data of energy and mass balance, it was verified that the developed solar Distillator presented compatible revenues with those found in literature for similar types. It can be inferred that the obtained distilled water assists to the requirements CONAMA in almost all the points and could be used for irrigation of cultures such as cotton and mamona. As the distilled water has characteristics of fresh water it can be used in the generation of vapor / A produ??o de petr?leo ? realizada freq?entemente com grandes volumes de ?gua, que ? carreada do subsolo junto com o ?leo. ? desafio do presente s?culo o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que possibilitem ou uso ou reuso de efluentes para outros fins. A destila??o solar ? uma alternativa de tecnologia limpa para dessaliniza??o de ?guas salobras e salinas. Esse estudo visa desenvolver um Destilador Solar para tratamento da ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo, com vistas a se obter um efluente pass?vel de utiliza??o na agricultura e gera??o de vapor. A metodologia para conserva??o e an?lise dos par?metros f?sico-qu?micos obedeceu preconiza??o do APHA (1995). A amostragem foi do tipo composta. Foram realizados experimentos no destilador solar piloto e simula??o em banho termost?tico. A opera??o foi em sistema de batelada e por per?odos de 4, 6 e 12 h. O destilador desenvolvido ? do tipo simples efeito de duas ?guas. Testou-se ainda dois ?ngulos de inclina??o para cobertura; 20? e 45?. O destilador apresentou rendimentos m?nimo de 2,50 L/m2d e m?ximo de 7,5 L/m2d. As remo??es de sais foram superiores a 98%. A remo??o de TOC na simula??o foi superior a 90%. De acordo com os dados dos balan?os energ?tico e de massa, verificou-se que o destilador solar desenvolvido apresentou rendimentos compat?veis com os encontrados na literatura para seus similares. Enfatiza-se que o isolamento utilizado n?o estava nas condi??es de otimiza??o, logo, esse rendimento pode ser melhorado. Pode-se inferir que a ?gua destilada obtida atende aos requisitos CONAMA em quase todos os pontos, podendo ser utilizada, com ressalvas, na irriga??o de culturas n?o comest?veis como o algod?o e a mamona. Como a ?gua destilada tem caracter?sticas de ?gua doce pode ser utilizada na gera??o de vapor