Ces dernières décennies, la pollution de l’eau est devenue un problème se posant avec insistance dans le monde entier. En effet, la forte croissance des besoins en eau due à l’accroissement démographique ainsi qu’aux évolutions industrielles, agricoles et urbaines, engendrent des quantités énormes de rejets d’eaux usées. Ces derniers sont déversés dans la nature avec ou sans traitement et peuvent constituer un danger via la transmission de maladies ainsi que pour l’irrigation des terres qui se trouvent aux alentours du site de rejet. L’objectif de cette étude est le traitement des rejets aqueux par l’utilisation d’une nouvelle technologie appelée « photocatalyse hétérogène ». Ce procédé est basé sur l’utilisation d’un semiconducteur irradié par une source lumineuse de longueur d’onde appropriée et est simple à mettre en œuvre et peu coûteux. Des semiconducteurs ZnO/Fe2O3, ZnO de morphologie « bâtonnets » et ZnO dopé Mn2+ ont été synthétisés et testés dans diverses applications photocatalytiques. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une amélioration de l’efficacité catalytique par rapport au ZnO commercial. Les matériaux développés permettent de réduire la recombinaison des charges et, par conséquent, d’améliorer l’activité photocatalytique lors de la dégradation des polluants chimiques (acide salicylique, Orange II) et biologiques (bactéries) sous l’irradiation solaire. De plus, nous avons démontré la recyclabilité de ces catalyseurs sans traitement particulier. Dans la seconde partie de notre travail, nous avons étudié le mécanisme de la photocatalyse solaire sur une souche de référence E. coli MG 1655 en utilisant les bâtonnets ZnO soit en suspension soit immobilisés sur un support inerte. Les résultats montrent une perte de cultivabilité de la bactérie E. coli avec des dommages essentiellement localisés au niveau membranaire et des protéines, le matériel génétique restant intact. La réponse de trois souches bactériennes (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Salmonella enterica Typhi) au stress oxydant de la photocatalyse a montré des différences pouvant être attribués aux différences morphologiques, métaboliques et génétiques des souches (certaines souches peuvent se réactiver après traitement). Des études réalisées sur la souche Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 4114) montrent qu’il y a une perte de cultivabilité mais que la bactérie conserve sa capacité de se réactiver ainsi que ses caractères de virulence après traitement / In recent decades, the water pollution has become a problem worldwide. Indeed, the strong growth in water demand due to population growth as well as industrial developments, agricultural and urban, generates huge amounts of waste water discharges. These are released into nature with or without treatment and may constitute a danger via the transmission of diseases as well as for irrigation of lands that are surrounding the site of release. The objective of this study is the treatment of aqueous waste through the use of a new technology "heterogeneous photocatalysis." This method is based on the use of a semiconductor irradiated by a light source of appropriate wavelength and is simple to implement and inexpensive. ZnO / Fe2O3 semiconductors, ZnO morphology "nanorods" and Mn2+ doped ZnO were synthesized and tested in various photocatalytic applications. The results showed an improvement in catalytic efficiency compared to the commercial ZnO. The developed materials can reduce the recombination of charges and, therefore, improve the photocatalytic activity when the degradation of chemical pollutants (salicylic acid, Orange II) and biological (bacteria) under solar irradiation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated recyclability of these catalysts without specific treatment. In the second part of our work, we studied the solar photocatalysis mechanism on a reference strain E. coli MG1655 using ZnO nanorods either in suspension or immobilized on an inert support. The results show a loss of cultivability of E. coli with damage essentially localized in cell membranes and proteins. The genetic material remaining intact. The response of three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica Typhi) to oxidative stress of photocatalysis showed differences can be attributed to morphology, metabolism and genetics of each strain. (Some strains can be reactivated after treatment). Studies performed on the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 4114) show that there is a loss of cultivability but that the bacterium retains its ability to activate its virulence and characters after treatment

A resistência aos acaricidas é um dos maiores desafios para o controle adequado do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Entender os mecanismos de resistência aos acaricidas pode ser fundamental para prolongar sua eficiência no controle desse parasita. Transportadores ABC são reconhecidos em um grande número de organismos, pela sua participação na destoxificação de drogas. Eles são proteínas transmembrana, responsáveis por remover da célula compostos tóxicos, endógenos ou exógenos. Desta forma, protegem os organismos e são associados à resistência a drogas em vários nematódeos, artrópodes parasitas e células cancerígenas. No presente trabalho, determinamos a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos tóxicos, com ênfase ao acaricida ivermectina, no carrapato R. microplus. O tratamento com inibidores de transportadores ABC aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em larvas e fêmeas adultas de populações de campo resistentes a este acaricida. Inibidores de transportadores ABC também aumentaram a toxicidade de abamectina, moxidectina e clorpirifós, em uma população multirresistente a acaricidas, indicando que estes transportadores são responsáveis pela destoxificação de um grande número de acaricidas estruturalmente não relacionados. Níveis de transcrição significativamente maiores do gene RmABCB10 foram identificados no intestino de fêmeas de populações resistentes à ivermectina e amitraz, comparado à população suscetível, importante indicativo da participação deste transportador ABC na resistência a acaricidas. A toxicidade da ivermectina foi também significativamente aumentada, em uma população de células embrionárias de carrapato resistentes a este acaricida, quando estas foram co-incubadas com um inibidor de transportadores ABC. Além disso, os níveis de transcrição do gene RmABCB10, foram também induzidos nesta mesma população, comparado às células parentais suscetíveis à ivermectina, indicando que mecanismos semelhantes são selecionados in vivo e in vitro, e confirmando a participação de transportadores ABC na resistência à ivermectina. Mostramos ainda, que transportadores ABC responsáveis pelo sequestro e, consequente, destoxificação da molécula heme para o interior dos hemossomos, presentes no intestino do carrapato, são importantes na destoxificação de acaricidas para o interior desta mesma organela. Sugerindo ser este um importante mecanismo de defesa contra os acaricidas no carrapato. O silenciamento gênico do RmABCB10 por RNAi reduziu a destoxificação do heme nos hemossomos e aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em uma população resistente, indicando que o mesmo transportador usado para destoxificar heme é responsável pela destoxificação de acaricidas no intestino. Em conjunto, estes resultados revelam a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos endógenos e exógenos no carrapato e sua implicação como um mecanismo de resistência à ivermectina e outros acaricidas. Os dados aqui apresentados representam uma via de destoxificação de acaricidas até então desconhecida. E podem servir como alvo para o desenvolvimento de métodos de diagnóstico e monitoramento da resistência e para o desenvolvimento de drogas e vacinas, contribuindo para o controle do carrapato. / Acaricide resistance is one of the biggest challenges in the control of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in the cattle tick is critical to prolong the efficacy of acaricides to control this parasite. ABC transporters are recognized in a large number of organisms. They are membrane-integrated proteins responsible for pumping toxic compounds, either exogenous or endogenous, out of the cells, protecting these. In this sense, ABC transporters have been associated with drug resistance in several nematodes, parasitic arthropods and cancer cells. The present study reports on the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of toxic compounds, particularly ivermectin, in the tick R. microplus. ABC transporter inhibitors increased ivermectin toxicity in larvae and females of ivermectin-resistant populations. ABC transporter inhibitors also increased the toxicity of abamectin, moxidectin and chlorpyriphos in a multidrug resistant population, suggesting that ABC transporters are responsible for the detoxification of a large number of structurally unrelated acaricides. Increased transcription levels of RmABCB10 found in midgut of females from ivermectinand amitraz-resistant populations, compared to a susceptible tick population, indicated the participation of this ABC transporter in acaricide resistance. Increased ivermectin toxicity in a tick cell line resistant to this acaricide was observed when the cells were co-incubated with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Moreover, transcription levels of RmABCB10 were also increased in this cell line, compared to the parental susceptible cell line, suggesting that similar mechanisms are selected in vivo and in vitro and confirming the participation of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance. We even showed that ABC transporters responsible for the sequestration and hence detoxification of the heme into the hemosomes present in the midgut of the tick, were also important for the detoxification of acaricides in the same organelle, suggesting this is an important defense mechanisms of the tick against acaricide. The down-regulation of RmABCB10 by RNAi reduced heme detoxification in the hemosomes and increased ivermectin toxicity in resistant females, showing that the same ABC transporter is used to detoxify heme and acaricides in the midgut. Together, these results provide evidence of the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the tick, and indicate the role of these transporters as a mechanism of resistance to ivermectin and other acaricides. The data reported herein shed light on a new acaricide detoxification mechanism that may be useful in the development of assays to monitor drug resistance and design new anti-tick drugs and vaccines, contributing to the development of novel cattle tick control strategies.

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The thesis deals with the issue of addiction. The objective of the paper is to compare opinions and experience of university students of medical and economic specializations regarding narcotics and psychotropic substances. The issue of addictions is a frequently discussed and up-to-date subject that has big impact not only on health service and economics. The Annual Report of the Public Health Authority of the capital city of Prague in 2009 provides information about frequency of drug use among population. The first place belongs to methamphetamine (pervitin) which is mostly used by clients of K - centres and also by clients demanding treatment for the first time. The second place belongs to cannabis. The third place belongs to clients using opiates and demand treatment for the first time. (56) The theoretical part focuses on the issue of drug, alcohol and cigarettes addictions. The history and the development of every single type of addiction are mentioned here together with present knowledge and information. In the practical part of the thesis the method of quantitative research was applied. The data were obtained by means of a questionnaire. Students of the Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and students of the University of Economics were a quota for the selection. The objective of the research was to map and compare opinions of students of above mentioned specializations of the issue of addiction and also to find out what is the personal experience of these students with narcotics. The research shows that the first personal experience of students of medical specializations with narcotics and psychotropic substances is similar to experience of students of economic specialization. Over 60 % of respondents answered that they have already had experience with a narcotic and psychotropic substance. There is also the similarity of age. Both groups most frequently mentioned the age of 16 as the age of the first experience with narcotic and psychotropic substances. Marijuana was the drug that was most frequently mentioned and used by students. 97 % of the students of the third Faculty of Medicine and 100 % of the students of the University of Economics answered no to the question whether they use narcotics or psychotropic substances regularly. They have had experimental experience with narcotics or psychotropic substances, however are not regular consumers. The students of the University of Economics show bigger tolerance to the use of psychotropic substances than the students of the Faculty of Medicine, these students mostly condemn such an activity. The students of the Faculty of Economics distinguish soft and hard drugs more than the students of the Faculty of Medicine, these students mostly answered that all drugs are dangerous. One of the questions focused on a total ban of smoking in restaurants and on the attitude of the students to the ban. 78 % of all students think it is a good thing. They mind passive smoking above all. Respondents from both universities agreed that they would not establish a partnership with an addict. Most students would even not tolerate a partnership with a person who was once an addict and now abstains since they are afraid that he/she could return to the addiction. The hard drug addiction is found by the students the most serious. On the other hand, marijuana addiction is extremely underestimated.

The objective of this thesis was the description of the work of the Child and Adolescent Detoxification Centre in Prague, its importance in the treatment drug addiction among children and adolescents. Another objective was to find out about the interrelationship of the work of regional coordinators for the prevention of risk behaviour and forms of follow-up therapy according to individual needs and nature of Child and Adolescent Detoxification Centre in Prague. The research conducted in the period from January to March 2010. Mapping the variants of follow-up therapy of the clients using habit-forming drugs in different regions of the Czech Republic and the forms of prevention are other objectives. The theoretical part of the thesis contains the description of the establishment of the Hospital of Sisters of Mercy of St. Charles Borromeo, in the premises of which the Child and Adolescent Detoxification Centre (CaADC) in Prague is located, as well as the description of the CaADC, and its medical and other personnel. The thesis describes the process of hospitalization, tests which preceded it and the necessary procedures to ensure successful completion of the hospitalization. Part of the theoretical block is dedicated to the care provided by a social worker, psychologist and therapists. Related legislation that forms the basis of prevention methods of individual regional drug coordinators and the centre itself is an integral part of the work. Prevention is a critical form of struggle against the abuse of psychotropic substances by children and adolescents. It is described in detail here, as well as the factors involved in the development of addiction. Other related terms only complement the mosaic of the studied issue. Within quantitative research, a content analysis of the data from the statistics of the Child and Adolescent Detoxification Centre in Prague was used to verify set hypotheses. The responses of regional drug coordinators to a set of open and semi-open questions, which were formulated for this purpose, were also used. Another source was the results of standardized interviews with three doctors at the Child and Adolescent Detoxification Centre in Prague. Hypotheses 1, 3 and 5 have not been confirmed. On the contrary, hypotheses 2 and 4 have been confirmed. The set objectives have been met. Unfortunately, our country still lacks a sufficient number of facilities that provide follow-up care of child drug addicts, as is clear from the research.

A resistência aos acaricidas é um dos maiores desafios para o controle adequado do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Entender os mecanismos de resistência aos acaricidas pode ser fundamental para prolongar sua eficiência no controle desse parasita. Transportadores ABC são reconhecidos em um grande número de organismos, pela sua participação na destoxificação de drogas. Eles são proteínas transmembrana, responsáveis por remover da célula compostos tóxicos, endógenos ou exógenos. Desta forma, protegem os organismos e são associados à resistência a drogas em vários nematódeos, artrópodes parasitas e células cancerígenas. No presente trabalho, determinamos a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos tóxicos, com ênfase ao acaricida ivermectina, no carrapato R. microplus. O tratamento com inibidores de transportadores ABC aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em larvas e fêmeas adultas de populações de campo resistentes a este acaricida. Inibidores de transportadores ABC também aumentaram a toxicidade de abamectina, moxidectina e clorpirifós, em uma população multirresistente a acaricidas, indicando que estes transportadores são responsáveis pela destoxificação de um grande número de acaricidas estruturalmente não relacionados. Níveis de transcrição significativamente maiores do gene RmABCB10 foram identificados no intestino de fêmeas de populações resistentes à ivermectina e amitraz, comparado à população suscetível, importante indicativo da participação deste transportador ABC na resistência a acaricidas. A toxicidade da ivermectina foi também significativamente aumentada, em uma população de células embrionárias de carrapato resistentes a este acaricida, quando estas foram co-incubadas com um inibidor de transportadores ABC. Além disso, os níveis de transcrição do gene RmABCB10, foram também induzidos nesta mesma população, comparado às células parentais suscetíveis à ivermectina, indicando que mecanismos semelhantes são selecionados in vivo e in vitro, e confirmando a participação de transportadores ABC na resistência à ivermectina. Mostramos ainda, que transportadores ABC responsáveis pelo sequestro e, consequente, destoxificação da molécula heme para o interior dos hemossomos, presentes no intestino do carrapato, são importantes na destoxificação de acaricidas para o interior desta mesma organela. Sugerindo ser este um importante mecanismo de defesa contra os acaricidas no carrapato. O silenciamento gênico do RmABCB10 por RNAi reduziu a destoxificação do heme nos hemossomos e aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em uma população resistente, indicando que o mesmo transportador usado para destoxificar heme é responsável pela destoxificação de acaricidas no intestino. Em conjunto, estes resultados revelam a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos endógenos e exógenos no carrapato e sua implicação como um mecanismo de resistência à ivermectina e outros acaricidas. Os dados aqui apresentados representam uma via de destoxificação de acaricidas até então desconhecida. E podem servir como alvo para o desenvolvimento de métodos de diagnóstico e monitoramento da resistência e para o desenvolvimento de drogas e vacinas, contribuindo para o controle do carrapato. / Acaricide resistance is one of the biggest challenges in the control of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in the cattle tick is critical to prolong the efficacy of acaricides to control this parasite. ABC transporters are recognized in a large number of organisms. They are membrane-integrated proteins responsible for pumping toxic compounds, either exogenous or endogenous, out of the cells, protecting these. In this sense, ABC transporters have been associated with drug resistance in several nematodes, parasitic arthropods and cancer cells. The present study reports on the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of toxic compounds, particularly ivermectin, in the tick R. microplus. ABC transporter inhibitors increased ivermectin toxicity in larvae and females of ivermectin-resistant populations. ABC transporter inhibitors also increased the toxicity of abamectin, moxidectin and chlorpyriphos in a multidrug resistant population, suggesting that ABC transporters are responsible for the detoxification of a large number of structurally unrelated acaricides. Increased transcription levels of RmABCB10 found in midgut of females from ivermectinand amitraz-resistant populations, compared to a susceptible tick population, indicated the participation of this ABC transporter in acaricide resistance. Increased ivermectin toxicity in a tick cell line resistant to this acaricide was observed when the cells were co-incubated with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Moreover, transcription levels of RmABCB10 were also increased in this cell line, compared to the parental susceptible cell line, suggesting that similar mechanisms are selected in vivo and in vitro and confirming the participation of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance. We even showed that ABC transporters responsible for the sequestration and hence detoxification of the heme into the hemosomes present in the midgut of the tick, were also important for the detoxification of acaricides in the same organelle, suggesting this is an important defense mechanisms of the tick against acaricide. The down-regulation of RmABCB10 by RNAi reduced heme detoxification in the hemosomes and increased ivermectin toxicity in resistant females, showing that the same ABC transporter is used to detoxify heme and acaricides in the midgut. Together, these results provide evidence of the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the tick, and indicate the role of these transporters as a mechanism of resistance to ivermectin and other acaricides. The data reported herein shed light on a new acaricide detoxification mechanism that may be useful in the development of assays to monitor drug resistance and design new anti-tick drugs and vaccines, contributing to the development of novel cattle tick control strategies.

A resistência aos acaricidas é um dos maiores desafios para o controle adequado do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Entender os mecanismos de resistência aos acaricidas pode ser fundamental para prolongar sua eficiência no controle desse parasita. Transportadores ABC são reconhecidos em um grande número de organismos, pela sua participação na destoxificação de drogas. Eles são proteínas transmembrana, responsáveis por remover da célula compostos tóxicos, endógenos ou exógenos. Desta forma, protegem os organismos e são associados à resistência a drogas em vários nematódeos, artrópodes parasitas e células cancerígenas. No presente trabalho, determinamos a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos tóxicos, com ênfase ao acaricida ivermectina, no carrapato R. microplus. O tratamento com inibidores de transportadores ABC aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em larvas e fêmeas adultas de populações de campo resistentes a este acaricida. Inibidores de transportadores ABC também aumentaram a toxicidade de abamectina, moxidectina e clorpirifós, em uma população multirresistente a acaricidas, indicando que estes transportadores são responsáveis pela destoxificação de um grande número de acaricidas estruturalmente não relacionados. Níveis de transcrição significativamente maiores do gene RmABCB10 foram identificados no intestino de fêmeas de populações resistentes à ivermectina e amitraz, comparado à população suscetível, importante indicativo da participação deste transportador ABC na resistência a acaricidas. A toxicidade da ivermectina foi também significativamente aumentada, em uma população de células embrionárias de carrapato resistentes a este acaricida, quando estas foram co-incubadas com um inibidor de transportadores ABC. Além disso, os níveis de transcrição do gene RmABCB10, foram também induzidos nesta mesma população, comparado às células parentais suscetíveis à ivermectina, indicando que mecanismos semelhantes são selecionados in vivo e in vitro, e confirmando a participação de transportadores ABC na resistência à ivermectina. Mostramos ainda, que transportadores ABC responsáveis pelo sequestro e, consequente, destoxificação da molécula heme para o interior dos hemossomos, presentes no intestino do carrapato, são importantes na destoxificação de acaricidas para o interior desta mesma organela. Sugerindo ser este um importante mecanismo de defesa contra os acaricidas no carrapato. O silenciamento gênico do RmABCB10 por RNAi reduziu a destoxificação do heme nos hemossomos e aumentou a toxicidade da ivermectina em uma população resistente, indicando que o mesmo transportador usado para destoxificar heme é responsável pela destoxificação de acaricidas no intestino. Em conjunto, estes resultados revelam a participação de transportadores ABC na destoxificação de compostos endógenos e exógenos no carrapato e sua implicação como um mecanismo de resistência à ivermectina e outros acaricidas. Os dados aqui apresentados representam uma via de destoxificação de acaricidas até então desconhecida. E podem servir como alvo para o desenvolvimento de métodos de diagnóstico e monitoramento da resistência e para o desenvolvimento de drogas e vacinas, contribuindo para o controle do carrapato. / Acaricide resistance is one of the biggest challenges in the control of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in the cattle tick is critical to prolong the efficacy of acaricides to control this parasite. ABC transporters are recognized in a large number of organisms. They are membrane-integrated proteins responsible for pumping toxic compounds, either exogenous or endogenous, out of the cells, protecting these. In this sense, ABC transporters have been associated with drug resistance in several nematodes, parasitic arthropods and cancer cells. The present study reports on the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of toxic compounds, particularly ivermectin, in the tick R. microplus. ABC transporter inhibitors increased ivermectin toxicity in larvae and females of ivermectin-resistant populations. ABC transporter inhibitors also increased the toxicity of abamectin, moxidectin and chlorpyriphos in a multidrug resistant population, suggesting that ABC transporters are responsible for the detoxification of a large number of structurally unrelated acaricides. Increased transcription levels of RmABCB10 found in midgut of females from ivermectinand amitraz-resistant populations, compared to a susceptible tick population, indicated the participation of this ABC transporter in acaricide resistance. Increased ivermectin toxicity in a tick cell line resistant to this acaricide was observed when the cells were co-incubated with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Moreover, transcription levels of RmABCB10 were also increased in this cell line, compared to the parental susceptible cell line, suggesting that similar mechanisms are selected in vivo and in vitro and confirming the participation of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance. We even showed that ABC transporters responsible for the sequestration and hence detoxification of the heme into the hemosomes present in the midgut of the tick, were also important for the detoxification of acaricides in the same organelle, suggesting this is an important defense mechanisms of the tick against acaricide. The down-regulation of RmABCB10 by RNAi reduced heme detoxification in the hemosomes and increased ivermectin toxicity in resistant females, showing that the same ABC transporter is used to detoxify heme and acaricides in the midgut. Together, these results provide evidence of the participation of ABC transporters in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the tick, and indicate the role of these transporters as a mechanism of resistance to ivermectin and other acaricides. The data reported herein shed light on a new acaricide detoxification mechanism that may be useful in the development of assays to monitor drug resistance and design new anti-tick drugs and vaccines, contributing to the development of novel cattle tick control strategies.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09311.pdf: 3392997 bytes, checksum: 7fc2f7700c075b53a0e04d00d5dbfd03 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP