The globalisation of commerce, alongside growing information on the Internet, has increased the demand of E-Learning (EL). Furthermore, knowledge management (KM) is capable of generating significant organisational/institutional competitive advantages. KM and EL systems contribution to the requirements of education has resulted in their increased demand of their integration across business/academic world. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives is one of the most widely used framework of organising levels of expertise. Bloom’s different cognitive domains are based on a hierarchy of learning which progresses from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract. This study considers ways to improve higher education in Saudi Arabia, based on the significant factors (of KM/EL systems) contributing to learner performance and the way in which New Bloom’s Taxonomy could potentially affect/benefit these individual systems; previous academic works will be considered, in an attempt to achieve higher standards of education using this theory/framework. This research presents the value of learning process/tactical approaches, to encourage staff and students to accept the idea of integrating EL and KM factors under New Bloom’s Taxonomy; examples will be given to demonstrate instances where systems have been adopted successfully. To investigate the effectiveness of New Bloom’s Taxonomy on the integration of EL and KM factors in Saudi higher education, a questionnaire methodology was chosen to collect data from experts of both systems; furthermore, the public sector was chosen as it has adopted both systems. Therefore, an integrated framework is proposed.

Studies have found substantial differences in health-related behavior and health care usage between educational groups, which may explain part of the well-documented educational gradient in health. The allocative efficiency hypothesis offers a behavioral explanation for these reported differences. According to this theory, the educated possess more health knowledge and information, allowing them to make better health choices. We perform a mediation analysis to study this mechanism using original survey data from the Philippines, a lower-middle-income country. As an extension of previous empirical research, we construct a comprehensive index that captures different dimensions of health knowledge. Using generalized propensity scores, we find strong support for the allocative efficiency argument. Schooling is significantly associated with health knowledge levels, which explain up to 69% of the education effect on health lifestyle. This corresponds to twice the mediation strength of economic resources, suggesting an important role of this factor in explaining education effects on health decisions.

Introduction : La sécurité routière sur le réseau interurbain est un problème majeur de santé publique dans les Pays à Revenu Bas et Moyen (PRBM) mais peu d'attention y a été consacrée. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’évaluer le fardeau des traumatismes en relation avec le trafic interurbain, la déclaration des usagers blessés dans des bases de données différentes, d’analyser l’association entre les facteurs situationnels (caractéristiques physiques et circonstances environnementales) et les sites des accidents et la perception de la dangerosité des tronçons accidentogènes dans les PRBM. Méthodes et résultats : Pour répondre à ces objectifs, cinq études spécifiques ont été réalisées dans deux PRBM, le Cameroun et le Pakistan. L’étude I a évalué le nombre de tués par véhicules-km parcourus et les facteurs qui leur étaient associés, en utilisant les rapports de police entre 2004 et 2007 sur l’axe Yaoundé-Douala, Cameroun. Le taux de mortalité était de 73 par 100 millions véhicules km parcourus, un taux 35 fois plus élevé que sur un même type de route en pays à revenu élevé. La mortalité était plus élevée pour les accidents impliquant des usagers vulnérables, les véhicules roulant en sens opposé et ceux dus à une défaillance mécanique, y compris un éclatement de pneu. L’étude II a évalué les différences de déclaration d’accidents faites par les services de police, d’ambulance et des urgences en 2008 sur l’axe Karachi-Hala, Pakistan. La mortalité était de 53 par 109 véhicules-km parcourus ; le taux de mortalité était 13 fois plus élevé sur cet axe par rapport à un même type de route en France. La police a déclaré un mort sur cinq et un blessé grave sur dix. Les usagers de la route vulnérables, y compris les piétons et deux-roues ont été deux fois moins déclarés par la police que par les services d'ambulance ou des urgences. L’étude III a étudié les facteurs situationnels associés aux sites des accidents sur l’axe Yaoundé-Douala par une approche de type cas-témoins. Les facteurs tels que le profil routier plat (rapport de cotes [RC] ajusté =1,52 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 % [IC95 %]=1,15-2,04), les surfaces irrégulières (RC=1,43 ; IC95 %=1,04-1,99), les obstacles à proximité (RC=1,99 ; IC95 %=1,09-3,63) et les intersections à trois (RC=3,11 ; IC95 %=1,15-8,39) ou à quatre directions (RC=3,23 ; IC95 %=1,51-6,92) étaient significativement associés à des sites d’accidents corporels. De plus, la probabilité des accidents augmentait dans des zones urbaines situées dans des régions de plaine (RC=2,23 ; IC95 %=1,97-2,77). L’étude IV a étudié le fardeau des traumatismes dus aux accidents ainsi que les facteurs associés dans des zones en travaux sur l’axe Karachi-Hala en utilisant les méthodes de cohorte historique. Un tiers de la mortalité routière était survenu dans des zones en travaux et le risque de mortalité était quatre fois plus élevé dans ces zones que dans les autres zones. Un accident sur deux a eu lieu entre des véhicules roulant en sens opposé dans ces zones. L’étude V a étudié la perception de la dangerosité des tronçons accidentogènes (au moins 3 accidents sur 3 ans) et non accidentogènes (aucun accident déclaré) sur les deux axes des précédentes études, en montrant leurs vidéos à des conducteurs volontaires pakistanais. Les conducteurs n’ont perçu comme dangereux que la moitié des tronçons accidentogènes. La perception de la dangerosité des tronçons plats et droits était plus faible par rapport aux tronçons en courbes et avec une pente. La perception de la dangerosité en zone urbaine d’un tronçon accidentogène était significativement moins élevée (RC=0,58 ; IC95 %=0,51-0,68) que celle d’un tronçon non accidentogène ayant la même caractéristique (RC=2,04 ; IC95 %=1,51-2,74). La perception de la dangerosité d’un tronçon accidentogène avec panneau de signalisation était significativement plus élevée (RC=2,75 ; IC95 %=2,38-3,16) par rapport à des tronçons non accidentogènes ayant la même caractéristique (RC=0,50 ; IC95 %=0,34-0,72). Conclusion : Cette thèse montre combien des méthodes épidémiologiques simples, mais novatrices, peuvent être utiles pour évaluer le fardeau des traumatismes par accidents et leurs facteurs de risques dans les PRBM. Ces pays sont confrontés à un énorme fardeau de morbidité routière qui est souvent sous-déclarée dans les données de la police. Un système de surveillance fiable et valide est nécessaire dans les PRBM. De plus, la politique de prévention pourrait être améliorée par une meilleure communication d’information entre les autorités routières et policières concernant les facteurs situationnels. De la même façon, les mesures de sécurité dans les zones en travaux devraient être contrôlées par un système dédié. Enfin, la sécurité routière sur les routes interurbaines dans les PRBM pourrait être améliorée en rendant les routes plus « informant », en particulier avec l’application de mesures peu couteuses telles que les panneaux de signalisations sur les tronçons accidentogènes. / Background: Interurban traffic safety is a major public health problem, but has received little attention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The objectives of this thesis were to assess the burden of injury related to interurban traffic, and reporting of these injuries in different datasets, to analyze situational factors (physical characteristics and environmental circumstances) associated with crash sites, and road hazard perception of high-risk crash sites in LMICs. Methods and results: These objectives were assessed in five specific studies conducted in two LMICs, Cameroon and Pakistan. In study I, traffic fatality per vehicle-km and associated crash factors were assessed using police reports for years 2004 to 2007, on the two-lane Yaoundé-Douala road section in Cameroon. Traffic fatality was 73 per 100 million vehicle-km, a rate 35 times higher than a similar road in a high-income country. Fatality was higher for crashes involving vulnerable road users, crashes between oppositely-moving vehicles, and those due to mechanical failure including tyre burst. In study II, traffic injury reporting to police, ambulance, and Emergency Department (ED) in 2008 was assessed, on the four-lane Karachi-Hala road section in Pakistan. Crash fatality was over 53 per 109 vehicle-km, a rate 13 times higher than a similar road in France. Police reported only one out of five fatalities and one out of ten severe injuries. Vulnerable road users were two times less reported in police data than ambulance or ED data. In study III, situational factors associated with injury crash sites were assessed on the Yaoundé-Douala road section, using case-control methods. Factors such as flat road profiles (adjusted Odds Ratios [OR]=1.52; 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]=1.15-2.01), irregular surface conditions (OR=1.43; 95%CI=1.04-1.99), nearby road obstacles (OR=1.99; 95%CI=1.09-3.63), and three- (OR=3.11; 95%CI=1.15-8.39) or four-legged (OR=3.23; 95%CI= 1.51-6.92) intersections were significantly associated with injury crash sites. Furthermore, the likelihood of crash increased with built-up areas situated in plain regions (OR=2.33; 95%CI=1.97-2.77). In study IV, traffic injury burden and factors associated with Highway Work Zones (HWZs) crashes were assessed on the Karachi-Hala road section, using historical cohort methods. HWZs accounted for one third of traffic fatalities, and fatality per vehicle-km was four times higher in HWZs than other zones. One out of two HWZ crashes occurred between oppositely moving vehicles. In study V, hazard perception of high-risk (with ≥ 3 crashes in 3 years) and low-risk sites (no crash reported) from the two above road sections was assessed by showing videos to voluntary Pakistani drivers. Drivers were able to identify only half of the high-risk sites as hazardous. Sites with a flat and straight road profile had a lower hazard perception compared to those with curved and slope road profile. High-risk sites situated in built-up areas were perceived less hazardous (OR = 0.58; 95%CI=0.51-0.68) compared to low-risk sites (OR = 2.04; 95%CI=1.51-2.74) with same road situation. Further, high-risk sites with vertical road signs were more likely to be perceived hazardous (OR = 2.75; 95%CI=2.38-3.16) than low-risk sites (OR = 0.50; 95%CI=0.34-0.72) with such signs. Conclusion: This thesis illustrates how innovative yet simple epidemiological methods can be useful in assessing the injury burden and specific risk factors in LMICs. These countries face a high burden of interurban road injuries, mostly under-reported in police data. A reliable and accurate injury surveillance system is needed in these countries. Moreover, prevention policy can be improved by better information transfer between road and police authorities regarding situational factors. Similarly, a monitoring system is required to examine the HWZ safety interventions in these countries. Lastly, interurban road safety can be improved by making roads self-explaining, especially by implementing low-cost interventions such as vertical signs at high-risk sites.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Irrational use of medicines is a global health problem. The World Health Organization has reported that more than 50% of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed and sold inappropriately, and that more than 50% of patients fail to take their medicines correctly (Holloway, 2006). The rational use of medicines is one of the core components of the National Strategic Plan for the Implementation of a Pharmaceutical Policy in Cameroon (MOH, 2000). In Cameroon, it has been noted that instead of going to the hospital when they fall sick, consumers prefer to self-medicate or visit a street vendor, traditional or faith healer or quack doctor (World Bank, 1995) and that they adjust the quantity of medicines they take based on their ability to pay for them (van der Geest, 1991). Aim and Objectives This study described the factors influencing the use of medicines by consumers in Tiko sub-division at household level, community level, health institutions level, and national level. Study Design This study used a qualitative study design to explore the factors influencing the use of medicines by consumers in Tiko-subdivision, Cameroon. Study Population and Sampling Six focus group discussions with consumers representing the different socio-economic and educational levels of Tiko sub-division were conducted. Two focus groups with members of each of the following organizations - Plantain Traders Association, Township Taxi Drivers Association and Teachers of Tiko High School. Six in-depth interviews with key informants were carried out, three with workers that sell medicines in community pharmacies and three with workers that sell medicines in the informal sector. Data Collection and Analysis Notes and observations were taken during the focus groups and key informant interviews. In addition, the proceedings were audio taped and the recordings were used to expand and clarify the notes. The data obtained was analyzed to identify recurring themes from the various influences of medicine use on consumers. Results Factors that influenced consumers’ use of medicines were categorized into household, community, health institutional and national levels. At the household level key influences were the consumers’ perceived need for medicines, the cost of medicines, the purchasing habits of consumers, the literacy level and consumers’ idea about efficacy and power of medicine, together with polypharmacy and polytherapy. At the community level, the medicine use culture, medicine supply channels and the sources of information of medicines influenced consumers’ use of medicines. At the health institutional level the influences reported were the quality of services, the cost of medicines, availability of medicines and consulting health worker. At the national level factors included, the media, lack of medicines regulation and control and medicines financing mechanisms. Discussion The study found that medicines use in Tiko sub-division was affected by a number of key factors. A number of cross-cutting themes were identified which had a critical impact on the rational use of medicines by this community. These themes were categorized as: sociocultural, economic and regulatory .Amongst the sociocultural factors was the way consumers perceived their need for medicines, their ideas about efficacy and the power of medicine and their perception of medicines as a commodity. Economic factors included user charges for health care - including medicines, and the high cost of medicines, while regulatory factors emanated from the illicit trade in pharmaceuticals, poor regulatory control and the lack of a national drug policy. Recommendations Proposals to improve the rational use of medicines by consumers in Tiko sub-division were identified to remove the sociocultural, economic and regulatory barriers to appropriate medicines use. Sociocultural strategies should focus on public education on medicines through role plays and audiovisual communication tools increase knowledge about medicines and to ensure behaviour change. Economic strategies should include the elimination of user charges and health financing strategies. Regulatory strategies proposed include amongst others, implementation of a national medicines policy and the setting up of a multisectoral task force to control sales of medicines.

Background: Emergency Cesarean section is the most common major surgical procedure in Africa and anesthesia is required for Cesarean sections. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the actions of the perioperative team, with the main objective on the nurse anesthetist during a Cesarean section in Ghana. Methods: An ethnographic design with unstructed participant observations was carried out for this qualitative study. This overt descriptive study was carried out during 2 weeks in January 2011 at the Oda Government Hospital in Akim-Oda in Ghana. The content was analyzed through thematic content analysis based on field notes. Results: During 7 observations the writers found that the nurse anesthetists at the work alone without an anesthesiologist. The content analysis identified 5 different categories of the nurse anesthetists practice and the surgical team during a Cesarean section: Work environment, Care and treatment of the patient, Resources, Hygiene, Safety and security. Conclusion: The different treatment of the patient in Ghana and in Sweden was substantial. However; the writers found the working environment for the nurse anesthetist to be functioning, with limited means and resources. / Bakgrund: Akut Kejsarsnitt är det vanligaste större kirurgiska ingrepp i Afrika och anestesi krävs för Kejsarsnitt. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva åtgärderna av ett perioperativ team, med huvudfokus på anestesisjuksköterskan, under ett Kejsarsnitt i Ghana. Metod: En etnografisk design med ostrukturerade deltagande observationer utfördes för denna kvalitativa studie. Studien genomfördes under 2 veckor i januari 2011 på Oda regions sjukhus i Akim-Oda i Ghana. Innehållet analyserades genom tematiska innehållsanalyser av field notes. Resultat: Vid 7 observationer fann författarna att anestesisjuksköterskan arbetade ensam utan en anestesiolog. Innehållsanalysen uppvisade 5 olika kategorier av anestesisjuksköterskans praxis och det kirurgiska teamet under ett Kejsarsnitt. Arbetsmiljö, vård och behandling av patienten, resurser, hygien, säkerhet och trygghet. Slutsats: Behandlingen av patienten jämfört med vården som ges till patienter i Sverige var märkbart annorlunda . Trots detta fann författarna att arbetsmiljön för anestesisjuksköterskan fungerade, med begränsade medel och resurser.

Thesis deals with the tax systems, specifically with tax system of selected developing countries (Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China, India, South Africa and Ghana). First, briefly introduce each country, according economic indicators. Then introduce tax systems (especially the tax quata and tax mix) of selected developing countries and all groups of countries (as defined by Internationa Monetary Fund).

The thesis is dedicated to the position of India in the regional and world economy and to its future expectations. The fist chapter characterises India from the historical, geografical, demografical and political point of view. The second chapter is dedicated to the economic characteristics of India; to its structure as well as to its basic macroeconomic indicators. The last chapter summarises India's positive and negative features and points out future development of India, which is resulting from the predictions of IMF and World Bank and the evaluation of the previous analysis.

Thesis relates to selected Cental America countries tax system's description and analysis. For the purpose of the Thesis I had chosen countries Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama. The Thesis introduction part describes the taxation in developing countries with focus on Central America area. The following part introduces the tax systems in selected countries. The third part analyses the tax burgen in selected countries in terms of tax revenues as percentage of GDP and tax revenues structure.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the fundamental characteristics of the accounting system and the tax system which is set in South Africa, and to compare these facts with the rules applicable in the Czech Republic. The first chapter briefly presents South Africa through selected economic indicators. The second chapter focuses on the accounting system in South Africa. The attention is paid to the Companies Act and to International Financial Reporting Standards. The requirements for the accounting and auditing profession are also mentioned. The third chapter provides basic information about the tax system in South Africa. In the introduction of this chapter there is the general characteristics of the tax system, then the different types of taxes are introduced. The final chapter compares the findings with the accounting system and tax system of the Czech Republic.

In a world which is highly reliant on international trade and at the same time is facing what has been described as among the greatest challenges planet Earth ever seen, climate change. The connection the two have to each other becomes increasingly essential to understand. This study was put in the context of a developing country, Malaysia, due to the increased amount of businesses located in developing countries which are choosing to internationalise and export products. The 17 Global Goals created by the United Nations, which has been adopted by all member states are aimed to be reached in 2030. The Global Goals are built upon trust and responsibility for the planet which creates a scenario where the behaviour of both businesses and consumers is changed. The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge of how the aspect of environmental sustainability impacts export and what motivates the Malaysian businesses to change for the better. The outcome of this study indicates that the customers have a significant role for both motivation of businesses and the implementation of new strategies. The study has also seen an indication of a connection between the speed of internationalisation and export related to how businesses are motivated by customers in terms of environmental sustainability. Moreover, the study has shown that there is little connection between the business’s selection of export mode and environmental sustainability.