This thesis studies the significance of the reformatory as a nineteenth century institution whose purpose was to reduce and eventually eliminate Juvenile crime. It examines in particular the reformatory school and the long-term industrial school (together with its products the truant and day industrial school). It is argued that the growth and development of these schools was governed by the dynamic interaction of social pressures and institutional responses, but the Home Office's position between these two forces was often a formative influence in its own right. Some of the traditional interpretations of reformatory history are reviewed critically, particularly the view that reformatory and industrial schools were the creations of wide-ranging fears about juvenile criminality, and that Home Office Schools were no longer seen as socially relevant by the end of the nineteenth century. There are two fundamental themes. The first is concerned with the ideological underpinning of the industrial and reformatory school movement, both at its inception and during its development in the second half of the century. The theory and practice of the institutions forms the second theme, and a detailed study of daily regimes is integral to an attempt to assess how legal and social changes were interpreted and acted upon in the schools. The final part of the thesis suggests that toward the end of the nineteenth century Home Office Schools adapted in a variety of ways to the changing demands made upon them, and continued to function as significant agents in society's attempts to remodel the characters of its non-conforming children.

Gyms are populated by more and more people and there is an increased interest in wellness and health. However, there is a downside to the culture that people choose to step into. Exercise can go too far and take unhealthy directions. The purpose of this study is to examine how norms are created in the gym culture and how unhealthy behaviour is reproduced inside the walls of the gym. We have also done research about how a local gym identifies and handles deviant behaviour such as the use of doping and eating disorders. Methods used are qualitative interviews and participating observations. Our theoretical framework has consisted of social constructivist theories of Peter Berger and Howard S. Becker such as the socially constructed reality and deviant careers. Our results have shown that it’s difficult to draw a line between what is healthy and unhealthy. The gym atmosphere and it`s message, the gym visitors and how they relate to values, interact and confirm each other mutually. This creates the gym norm. The gym handles deviant behaviour by conversations with its visitors and by having close ties to medical care. Knowledge is the key to a healthy approach towards training and also to the identification of deviant behaviour.

Studiens syfte var att analysera hur svensk dags- och kvällspress framställer narkotikabrukare. Metoden som användes för att besvara syfte och frågeställningar var en kritisk diskursanalys. Studiens teoretiska grund var socialkonstruktionism och kritisk diskursanalys i relation till Goldbergs (2010) stämplingsteoretiska modell. Resultatet visade på beskrivningar av narkotikabrukare som kriminella, utsatta, offer och beroende. Vad som också framkom var en bild av narkotikabrukare som en helt vanlig person, en Svensson med familj, barn och fast anställning. De diskurser som uttyddes var en förövardiskurs, en offerdiskurs och en normaliseringsdiskurs. Utifrån den stämplingsteoretiska modellen kunde det tolkas som att både offerdiskursen och förövardiskursen är stigmatiserande och således med i skapandet av avvikare medan normaliseringsdiskursen kan sägas vara icke-stigmatiserande för narkotikabrukare. / The purpose of the study was to analyse how the Swedish daily and evening press portraysdrug users. The method used to answer the purpose and questions of the study was a critical discourse analysis. The theoretical basis of the study was social constructionism and critical discourse analysis in relation to Goldberg's (2010) stigma theory. The results showed descriptions of drug users as criminals, victims and addicts. What also emerged was an image of drug users as an ordinary person with a family, children and full-time employment. The interpreted discourses were an offender discourse, a victim discourse, and a normalization discourse. Based on the stigma theory, it could be interpreted that both the victim discourse and the perpetrator discourse are stigmatizing and thus involved in the creation of deviants while the normalization discourse can be said to be nonstigmatizing for drug users.

The human auditory system excels at detecting patterns necessary for processing speech and music. This system is adept at detecting changes to the incoming sounds. According to predictive coding theories, the brain generates hypothesis about what the incoming tone should be, and if the incoming tone does not match the hypothesis, a prediction error response is elicited. This process can be estimated in electroencephalography (EEG) by the mismatch negativity and P3a event related potentials (ERPs) in adults or the mismatch response in infants. It remains unclear is how this system responds to unexpected absence of a sound created by silences. In this thesis, we compared ERPs in adults (Chapter 2) elicited by infrequent sound omissions — i.e. unexpected silences or omission deviants — in various sequences of tones to those elicited by regularly occurring omissions — i.e., expected silences or predictable omissions. We found that unexpected silences elicited both the MMN and P3a, although the magnitude of these components was considerably smaller than we would expected from previous research with omission deviants and auditory deviants. We also found that infants (Chapter 3) exhibited a neural response to omission deviants similar to the mismatch response. Unexpectedly this was not influenced by the global predictability of the omission deviants, which typically attenuates the ERPs to a deviant when it is globally predictable. Adults also showed a lack of difference between globally predictable and globally unpredictable omission deviants (Chapter 4). Furthermore, in adults, we did not find the typical deviance detection ERP responses. Overall, we found evidence of robust neural responses to omission deviants in both adults and infants, but the context in which the omission deviants can change the ERP components elicited. This dissertation is the first to investigate the direct effect of global predictability on the neural responses to omission deviants, as well as 6-month-old infants’ response to omission deviants. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / Often when we expect to hear a sound, instead we “hear” silence or an omission of the sound. This thesis investigates how the brain responds to these unexpected omissions in adults and infants. Unexpected silences elicit a response similar to what we would find after an unexpected change to a sound. This seems to be true for adults and infants as young as 6-months old. Typically, predictable sound changes elicit smaller brain responses. Unlike unexpected sound changes, if the silence occurs predictably in the sequence (e.g., occurs after every 4 tones in a sequence) compared to randomly, or unpredictably, no difference is found. This lack of difference seems to be present in infants and adults. These findings further our understanding of how the brain response to unexpected omissions may not follow the same pattern as the response to unexpected changes of a sound.

The thesis concentrates on the issue of sexual abuse in childhood. The work is divided into four main chapters. The first and second chapter characterizes the development of a role of child from past to the present, particularly in legal terms. The author's focus is dedicated to the term definition of sexual child abuse, data and incidence of sexual abuse in context with other countries. Supported by viewpoint of other authors, a description of different views on sexual abuse of children is presented with specific forms of abuse (contact and non-contact). The third chapter deals with specific risk factors, related to children, the perpetrators (aggressors) and families. Autor´s focus is on the offender (deviant and non-deviant) and their degree of threat. The data is supported by research results published in the Czech Republic and statistical data from OSPOD MLSA. The last, fourth chapter is considered by the author to be of a great importance as it discusses the implications derived from sexual abuse in childhood. This traumatic experience may have crucial impact on further development and quality of life of the victim. The work is concluded with offers of preventative methods and the role of social worker in the process of uncovering a case of sexual abuse of a child.