X-ray machines that are designed to recover diamonds from an ore body, are used extensively on diamond mines. These machines are extremely expensive and at present, there are no reliable methods, outside the De Beers Group, of determining if the equipment is performing correctly. The object of this research was to manufacture X-ray translucent X-ray diamond simulants with known fluorescent signals ranging from bright to dim. These X-ray diamond simulants will then be used to evaluate the recovery efficiency of all X-ray machines on any diamond mine. The research successfully accomplished the following: 1) The design and building of optical equipment needed to measure the fluorescent signals produced by diamonds and the diamond simulants. 2) Setting up of equipment needed to manufacture the diamond simulants. 3) Determining the ingredients needed to make a diamond simulant and 4) Determining the recipe for the diamond simulants with different fluorescent signals, for diamonds of different sizes.

This thesis explores how the mining of bauxite and diamonds enabled the coexistence of regime stability and social insecurity in Guinea under the regimes of Presidents Sékou Touré (1958- 1984) and Lansana Conté (1984-2008). Expanding on Soares de Oliviera’s (2007) analytical framework of the ‘successful failed state’ and the ‘social contract’ as developed by Nugent (2010), this thesis examines how the Republic of Guinea, despite decades of political repression and the mismanagement of its mineral resources, has so far not fallen victim to the extreme consequences of the so-called ‘resource curse’. The thesis shows that Touré and Conté avoided large-scale armed conflict by using mineral resources to strengthen their regimes, which in turn facilitated the emergence of different forms of ‘social contracts’. Despite the coercive nature of both regimes, the presence of mineral resources also opened up a space for bargaining amongst actors involved in the sector including the state, local communities and private mining companies. As a result, a variety of ‘social contracts’ emerged in Guinea. Whilst artisanal mining became a key source of income for the rural population, industrial mining catered to the revenue needs of the regime in power. The thesis focuses specifically on bauxite and diamond mining in Guinea and how they contributed to the coexistence of regime stability and social insecurity in Guinea. While some studies have been undertaken on bauxite, there have not been detailed studies of the role of diamond mining in Guinea’s post independence political history. The thesis makes an original contribution in comparing and contrasting the contribution of bauxite and diamond mining to larger political dynamics. The thesis offers a clearer understanding of issues that contribute to regime stability and how the presence of mineral resources facilitates the emergence of different ‘social contracts’.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T19:03:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Guimarães Jeronimo - 2014.pdf: 1765707 bytes, checksum: c3dca9aca897b440b5b8805f8fc8d01e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T19:03:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Guimarães Jeronimo - 2014.pdf: 1765707 bytes, checksum: c3dca9aca897b440b5b8805f8fc8d01e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-23T19:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Guimarães Jeronimo - 2014.pdf: 1765707 bytes, checksum: c3dca9aca897b440b5b8805f8fc8d01e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-20 / This study investigated the lexicon used in mining, having as research field the city of Três Ranchos – Goiás, where the activity had its peak between 1944 and 1981. Regarding the subjects of our research, thirteen people where interviewed, from which ten are former miners, one a miner‘s wife, a provider and a dweller who lived directly with miners in their childhood, all of them aging about sixty-eight years old, except the latter, who is forty-eight. The choice for the mining vocabulary comes from the fact that the mining practice served as a great contribution for the process of formation of the city early in the twentieth century, because the miners were concentrated nearby Parnaíba River that crossed the city. Handcrafted mining is the activity from which most of the dwellers used to take their livelihood, which resulted in the settlement of the town, mainly after the intersection of the railroad, because after it the miners came even from the states of Mato Grosso and Bahia. Regarding the corpus, it was constituted through the lexical items which selection was performed from the transcribed interviews and that, after the consultation in dictionaries, like Houaiss and Villar (2009), Bluteau (1712-1728), Carvalo (1916) and Nascentes (1966), we made sure of the specificity of the vocabulary. At last, we made the analysis of these items based on the discussion about the relation between lexicon and culture, as well as those which regard the aspects concerning the motivation of the linguistic sign. Regarding the analysis method and the semantic description of the lexical units we used the theory of the lexical fields developed by Eugenio Coseriu (1977) and Horst Geckeler (1976). Thus, we believe that we contributed both for the studies carried in the Lexicology area, and for the historiography of the mentioned city. / Este estudo investigou o léxico utilizado no garimpo tendo como campo de pesquisa o município de Três Ranchos-Goiás onde a atividade teve seu auge no período de 1944 a 1981. No que se refere aos sujeitos de nossa pesquisa, foram entrevistadas treze pessoas, sendo dez ex-garimpeiros, uma esposa de garimpeiro, um fornecedor e um morador que conviveu diretamente com garimpeiros em sua infância, todos numa faixa de sessenta a oitenta anos de idade, exceto este último, que possui quarenta e oito anos. A escolha pelo vocabulário dos garimpeiros advém do fato de que a prática do garimpo serviu de grande contribuição para o processo de formação do referido município no início do século XX, pois os garimpos ficavam concentrados nas proximidades do rio Paranaíba que perpassava a cidade. A garimpagem artesanal é a atividade de onde a maioria dos moradores tirava o seu sustento, o que resultou no povoamento da cidade, principalmente após o entroncamento da estrada de ferro, pois através dela vieram garimpeiros até da região do Mato Grosso e Bahia. Quanto ao corpus, este foi constituído através dos itens lexicais cuja seleção foi realizada a partir das entrevistas transcritas e que, após a consulta em dicionários, como Houaiss e Villar (2009), Bluteau (1712-1728), Carvalho; Deus (1916) e Nascentes (1966), nos certificamos da especificidade do vocabulário. Por fim, fizemos a análise destes itens baseando-nos na discussão sobre a relação entre léxico e cultura, como também aquelas que dizem sobre os aspectos concernentes à motivação do signo linguístico. No que diz respeito ao método de análise e à descrição semântica das unidades léxicas nos servimos da teoria dos campos lexicais desenvolvida por Eugenio Coseriu (1977) e Horst Geckeler (1976). Desta forma, acreditamos que contribuímos tanto para os estudos realizados na área da Lexicologia, quanto para a historiografia do município supracitado.

The paper shall offer a vigorous debate on the opportunities and challenges of enactment of Beneficiation Law. The term beneficiation has been used largely to mean downward linkages and value addition to mineral resources for the benefit and full participation of the communities in which the mineral resources are mined. The linkages and/ or interface between beneficiation law and international investment protection will also be considered. Here, the writer will endeavour to assess how such a law impacts on protection of foreign investments. The paper shall on a balance argue that the opportunities of enactment of this law far outweighs the costs of coming up with same. In cementing this argument the paper shall draw lessons and inspirations from South Africa’s beneficiation strategy and Indonesia which has a successful story on full beneficiation law on mineral resources. The paper will finally conclude by putting forward some recommendations. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

This thesis examines how individuals and households of Kao and Liqhobong villages in Lesotho responded to economic challenges resulting from, amongst other factors, the implementation of structural adjustment policies; a decline in work opportunities for Basotho migrants in South Africa; the wider collapse of the regional mining complex, and; continued failure in developing agricultural production. More specifically, the study focuses on individuals and households implicated in unrecognised and unlicensed artisanal diamond mining and who use such mining, in the midst of these economic challenges, as a supplementary means of income or livelihood diversification. Artisanal diamond mining in Lesotho is a livelihood for rural households that is masked by the dominant representation of Lesotho as a labour reserve. Making use of the 'moral economy' and 'human economy' approaches, the thesis explores how artisanal miners in Lesotho engage in diamond digging and selling. It also investigates the constraints they face in a sector that was heavily regulated historically and remains so in post-independence Lesotho, a state which is itself constrained by a regional and global context that makes it difficult to raise the living standards of its citizens. In order to understand the responses of individuals and households in the implicated villages, the thesis combines an historical with an ethnographic approach. As such it examines the conditions artisanal diamond miners have operated under from the 1950s to 2014 when fieldwork for this thesis was conducted. It looks at how artisanal miners and artisanal mining collectives with their own moral economies negotiated the contestation over natural resources with the Lesotho state and international commercial mining companies. In doing so it investigates how the artisanal miners positioned themselves in relation to the law; claims to ownership over land; the international market for diamonds; and society. As an economic activity artisanal diamond mining is viewed in relation to the larger social processes in which it is embedded and from which it derives meaning. As such this thesis tells a story of conflict, violence and resistance; a story that remains pertinent, given the current debates about economic democracy in contexts of natural resource wealth. In my analysis, I pay particular attention to the role of women in ASM in Lesotho. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Anthropology and Archaeology / PhD / Unrestricted

Marine diamond mining as practiced on the west coast of southern Africa is considered to be a high-risk venture. Investment decisions can be eased by using simulations to model likely outcomes. This study utilised Net Present Value (NPV) to measure the impact of sampling and grade estimation decisions on a marine diamond mining project. It focused on aspects such as the accurate determination of geological conditions, the influence of the degree of error in the geostatistical estimation process, sample density and sample support size. A simulated deposit was constructed that could be sampled using various parameters to measure the sensitivity of NPV. Various scenarios and their related NPV's showed that exploration costs have a small impact on a project in comparison with other cost aspects. However, the decisions made in the exploration process do have a significant impact on the NPV of a project. Inaccuracy in recovery efficiency and mining rate prediction, lead to a decline in NPV. Misfitting the semi-variogram model had a smaller impact on the NPV than the other scenarios investigated, but the importance of reflecting the true variance of the deposit in financial terms was evident. Finding the optimal sampling density and support size do have a positive effect on NPV. It is believed that the method demonstrated in this study can be used as a guide to add value in the selection of optimal parameters when planning exploration campaigns in marine mining projects. AFRIKAANS : Mariene diamant ontginning, soos beoefen aan die weskus van suidelike Afrika, is 'n hoe risiko ondememing. Beleggings besluite kan vergemaklik word deur simulasies te gebruik om moonlike resultate te modeleer. Hierdie studie het Netto Huidige Waarde (NHW) gebruik om die impak van steekproefneming en skattings besluite op 'n mariene diamantontginning projek te meet. Aspekte soos die korrekte bepaling van geologiese kondisies, die invloed van foute in die geostatistiese skattings proses, steekproef spasieering en steekproef grootte, is ondersoek. 'n Afsetting is met 'n simulasie geskep. Steekproewe is dan geneem van die afsetting om NHW sensitiwiteit teenoor verskeie parameters te meet. Verskeie scenarios en hulle verwante NHW's het gewys dat, in vergelyking met ander kostes, eksplorasie kostes 'n klein impak op 'n projek het. In teenstelling hiermee is die impak van besluite wat geneem word in die eksplorasie fase groot. Onakkurate herwinnings effektiwiteit en ontginningstempo skattings lei tot 'n afname in NHW. Swak modelering van die semi-variogram het 'n kleiner invloed op NHW, maar die belangrikeid daarvan om die ware variansie van die afsetting te reflekteer, was duidelik in finansieele terme. Die gebruik van optimale steekproef spasieering en grootte het 'n positiewe impak op NHW. Die metode wat gedemonstreer word in hierdie studie kan gebruik word as 'n gids om optimale parameters te selekteer wanneer eksplorasie programme beplan word vir mariene diamantontginnings projekte. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Geology / unrestricted

Questionnaires translated into Shona / Mineral extraction is one of the key drivers of Africa’s economies and is also one of the largest industries in the world. In many African countries, including Zimbabwe, mining contributes to profound parts of the economy and remain the engine for economic growth. In recent years, and following the continual exploitation of minerals, mining companies have been scrutinized as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems faced mainly by communities at the margins. In this regard, mining companies are widely perceived to be prospering at the expense of adjacent communities, who are the primary recipients of the externalities, mainly negative, from mining operations. Due to incongruent stakeholder interests conflicts have erupted given the peculiar case of the extractive industries in Zimbabwe. Having realised the differences among stakeholder interests over minerals, in the extractive industry the study sought to answer this question: how is CCE understood by different stakeholders? And how is CCE measured by the same stakeholders?. The focus of the study is to evaluate the meaning of CCE from multiple stakeholders in the extractive industry in Zimbabwe; and to analyse how CCE is measured by identified stakeholders. In order to satisfy the stated objectives, the study employed mixed research method. This study revealed similarity in understanding of CCE and its usefulness amongst the different stakeholder groups. Of cognitive importance is the realisation by stakeholders on the need for proactive communities and corporate investment into community for effective partnerships. Collaboration, empowerment, inclusion, trust and organisation emerged to be the major facilitators for CCE. The study presents operative CCE according to the obligations and expectations of stakeholders. Having realised that mining industries are particularly susceptible to conflict between stakeholders, the study suggests proactive desire to mitigate these conflicts through CCE in the mining industry. In this respect, community development, peace and stability and strong economy are the major outcomes of effective CCE. The study recommends participation of resource owners in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation as well as dividends sharing of mining projects as advocated for by the CCE Model. It is also recommended that the adoption of the CCE Model will ensure a sustainable and harmonious coexistence between the predominantly capitalistic mining concerns and the resource owners and solve part of the current impasse to business and community development. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Questionnaires translated into Shona / Mineral extraction is one of the key drivers of Africa’s economies and is also one of the largest industries in the world. In many African countries, including Zimbabwe, mining contributes to profound parts of the economy and remain the engine for economic growth. In recent years, and following the continual exploitation of minerals, mining companies have been scrutinized as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems faced mainly by communities at the margins. In this regard, mining companies are widely perceived to be prospering at the expense of adjacent communities, who are the primary recipients of the externalities, mainly negative, from mining operations. Due to incongruent stakeholder interests conflicts have erupted given the peculiar case of the extractive industries in Zimbabwe. Having realised the differences among stakeholder interests over minerals, in the extractive industry the study sought to answer this question: how is CCE understood by different stakeholders? And how is CCE measured by the same stakeholders?. The focus of the study is to evaluate the meaning of CCE from multiple stakeholders in the extractive industry in Zimbabwe; and to analyse how CCE is measured by identified stakeholders. In order to satisfy the stated objectives, the study employed mixed research method. This study revealed similarity in understanding of CCE and its usefulness amongst the different stakeholder groups. Of cognitive importance is the realisation by stakeholders on the need for proactive communities and corporate investment into community for effective partnerships. Collaboration, empowerment, inclusion, trust and organisation emerged to be the major facilitators for CCE. The study presents operative CCE according to the obligations and expectations of stakeholders. Having realised that mining industries are particularly susceptible to conflict between stakeholders, the study suggests proactive desire to mitigate these conflicts through CCE in the mining industry. In this respect, community development, peace and stability and strong economy are the major outcomes of effective CCE. The study recommends participation of resource owners in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation as well as dividends sharing of mining projects as advocated for by the CCE Model. It is also recommended that the adoption of the CCE Model will ensure a sustainable and harmonious coexistence between the predominantly capitalistic mining concerns and the resource owners and solve part of the current impasse to business and community development. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)