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La question des implications sociales et environnementales des activités économiques et de leur gestion ou gouvernance traverse aujourd’hui largement le champ académique des sciences de gestion. Pour autant, le potentiel transformateur de cette RSE continue largement de poser question. Les auteurs nourrissant une analyse critique de cette dernière arguent que, plus qu’une transformation ou qu’une démocratisation des espaces de régulation de problématiques sociales et environnementales devenues transnationales, la RSE serait à resituer dans une analyse des rapports de force à l’œuvre. A défaut d’inclure les différents intérêts en présence, la RSE prendrait finalement la forme d’un pouvoir discursif offrant au contraire le maintien et la perpétuation de pratiques et asymétries de pouvoir inchangées, et marginalisant les opposants ou témoins susceptibles de contrevenir à cette continuité. Inscrit dans le courant des perspectives critiques en management, ce travail doctoral s’est donné pour projet de venir comprendre et mettre au jour les rouages et procédés permettant l'édification d’une puissance industrielle à même de fermer les issues en sa défaveur et d’assurer les conditions de sa propre perpétuation. Ce travail accorde en particulier une place centrale aux implications et aux marges de l’histoire, offrant de considérer les moyens dévolus à la mise en impuissance des contestations et tentatives de remise en cause de cet ordre dominant, et dans le conteste de politiques de RSE. Quelles modalités, mécanismes ou boîtes noires viennent sous-tendre le processus de légitimation des entreprises vis-à-vis des externalités sociales et environnementales qu’elles produisent ? Quelles techniques ou technologies du pouvoir viennent-elles mobiliser pour se constituer en macro-acteurs légitimes ? Comment permettent-elles leur maintien et leur renouvellement en dépit des conflits, des contestations et des dénonciations venant les remettre en cause ? Pour permettre l’analyse de ces différents points, une étude exploratoire fut réalisée et prolongée de l’étude du cas Weda Bay Nickel, projet minier développé par la multinationale française Eramet dans une lointaine Indonésie. Inscrite dans une posture constructiviste pragmatique, la démarche qualitative adoptée cherchait à comprendre et à déconstruire ce projet minier, présenté comme exemplaire en matière de RSE et pourtant largement contesté, par la recension systématique des documents produits et publiés à son sujet, la réalisation d’interviews auprès de diverses parties prenantes (N=41), ainsi qu’une ethnographie de trois semaines principalement effectuée dans la baie de Weda, et plus largement dans la province indonésienne des Moluques du Nord, constituant le théâtre de son implantation.Inscrit dans la tradition des postures analytiques descriptives et narratives, ce travail doctoral propose une mise en récit processuelle du cas offrant de caractériser le contexte de fabrication d’une puissance WBN et de mettre au jour sa transformation d’hypothèse spéculative en projet de développement ne pouvant plus qu’advenir, produit des contingences de l’histoire, de la nécessité de retour sur investissement auto-générée et d’un réseau d’intérêts bien compris. Par ailleurs, la mise en impuissance des contestations, révoltes et mobilisations s’étant faites jour à son encontre sera également étudiée, de sorte qu’elle se voit reconnaître sa place de produit des échecs successifs subis par une contestation bien réelle et active. Aussi, plus qu’un pendant inéluctable de la puissance, l’impuissance collective des acteurs s’étant opposés au projet minier WBN se présentera comme un construit, le produit d’une fabrique où les pouvoirs de cadrage et de contrainte des partisans de la mine apparaissent finalement moins empreints d’une quête de légitimation, qu’apparentés à un processus d’écrasement vécu comme indiscutable et irréversible par les parties prenantes sans pouvoir. / The academic field of organization studies has paid, in the past several years, a growing attention to the social and environmental impacts of economic activities, to their management as well as their governance. The idea of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) came to materialize and embody the commitment of corporations against unsustainable activities, even if the voluntary or constrained character of this phenomenon remains a matter of debate. Additionally, the prospects of CSR in terms of concrete transformations leading to more sustainable and democratic practices are still questioned. Critical scholars of CSR have, more recently, tackled these issues by pointing to the need for bringing power struggles back in the study of CSR. Although CSR principles aim at managing a multiplicity of stakeholders, critical scholars have highlighted that CSR practices took shape as a discursive power designed for maintaining and enforcing existing practices and power asymmetries, thanks to a marginalization of protestors and those trying to threaten their continuity.This doctoral project is precisely drawing upon such critical perspectives on CSR in order to understand comprehensively the political mechanisms according to which a corporate power manages to rise so as to counter potential protests and secure its own perpetuation. More particularly, this project devotes a significant attention to the implications of such corporate power on powerless stakeholders, highlighting the specific means implemented to manufacture powerlessness, starting from the following research questions: what are the modalities, mechanisms and black boxes upon which the legitimation process of corporations’ social and environmental impacts relies? What are the techniques and technologies of power designed and implemented by corporations in order to do so? How do they manage to maintain and renew their power in the face of struggles, contests and denunciations trying to challenge it?The design of this doctoral project relied on two different stages: an exploratory study of a multiplicity of CSR discourses articulated within and around a political CSR arena of the mining industry ; an in-depth case study of Weda Bay Nickel, i.e. a mining project undertaken by a French multinational corporation, Eramet, in far-off Indonesia. The methodological background of the doctoral project draws upon pragmatic constructivism and qualitative methods in order to comprehend and deconstruct the paradox according to which the Weda Bay Nickel case is at the same time praised for its exemplariness and fiercely contested. Data collection consisted in a systematic inventory of published data, interviews with a multiplicity of stakeholders (N = 41), as well as a period of three weeks ethnography in the Indonesia North Maluku region, where the mining deposit is located. Data analysis was conducted following a descriptive narrative approach, allowing for the production of a narrative which starts from the context of manufacture of corporate powerfulness, from a mere object of geological then financial speculation to a project of development that must be achieved, thanks to historical contingencies, return-on-investment self-fulfilling imperatives, as well as the forging of a coalition of interests. The narrative continues to portray the manufacture of powerlessness of protesters, rebellions and social movements, highlighting that the failure to contest corporate power cannot be associated to a powerlessness per se. Accordingly, the manufacture of powerlessness is shown to be of a socially constructed nature, relying on the implementation of framing and coercive forms of power by the corporation and its allies. Framing and coercion being the cornerstones of a policy that seems to go far beyond a search for legitimation. Instead, they can be subsumed into the idea of a domination process, experienced as non-disputable and non-reversible by the powerless stakeholders.

ftis research project documents the China incoming to the Peruvian industry, focusing on mining. fte investment measures should be made not only in monetary terms but also taking into account their contribution to local development, considering minerals are non-renewable resources. At the core of the thesis, the Shougang Hierro Peru (SHP) case is discussed. ftere are three main dimensions addressed: social, environmental and economic, based on the sustainable development concept, in order to assess the mining investment quality and its relations with its main stakeholders: local government (municipality), workers unions (employees), and civil society (Marcona inhabitants).fte main hypothesis is that the SHP behavior, given its Chinese source, represents a successful model of FDI extractive industry, distinct from the political democracy. SHP is found as a unique and emblematic case, due to its access conditions to Peru, in the context of a government that followed the Washington Consensus policies and allowed a Law-Contract that, until 2016, provided them free use and domain of basic services, water and electricity. SHP is a special case and there are no related mining project with similar characteristics; nevertheless, in order to have control cases, we made a brief comparison using greenfield and brownfield projects, Antamina (Huari, Ancash) and Doe Run (La Oroya, Junín), respectively.ftis investigation, and many authors as well, agree on a same general conclusion: the quality of mining investments projects depends on the national regulatory framework. Without a Government that actively monitors the mining companies’ behavior and establishes fair conditions for population as well as private sector, they would probably prefer the minimum quality standards. / La presente investigación hace una documentación sobre el ingreso de China en la industria peruana, haciendo discusiones generales sobre la extracción minera. La medición de las inversiones debe darse no solo en términos monetarios, sino también en cuánto contribuyen al desarrollo a nivel local, toda vez que los minerales son recursos no renovables, es decir, bienes o riquezas irrecuperables. En el centro de la tesis se discute el caso de Shougang Hierro Perú (SHP, en adelante). Se presentan los antecedentes del caso y, posteriormente se discuten las tres dimensiones seleccionadas (social, ambiental y económica), en base al concepto de desarrollo sostenible, a fin de evaluar la calidad de esta inversión minera y su relación con los principales stakeholders: gobierno local (municipalidad), sindicato de obreros (trabajadores), sociedad civil (habitantes de Marcona). La hipótesis central es que la actuación de SHP, por ser de fuente china, representa un modelo exitoso de industria extractiva e inversión en el extranjero, ajeno a la democracia política. Se encuentra a SHP como un caso único y emblemático, dadas sus condiciones de ingreso al Perú, en el marco de un gobierno que siguió las políticas del Consenso de Washington y permitió un contrato-ley que -hasta el año pasado, 2016- le otorgó el libre uso y dominio de servicios básicos, agua y luz. Fue una de las pocas inversiones chinas que llegaron al Perú en la década de los 90. Es el único que extrae y procesa hierro en tal magnitud en el país y en la región. SHP es un caso especial y los proyectos más cercanos no tienen características similares; no obstante, a fin de tener casos de control, se realizó una breve comparación con Antamina (Huari, Ancash) y Doe Run (La Oroya, Junín), como ejemplos emblemáticos de proyectos greenfield y brownfield, respectivamente. Muchos autores y esta investigación, también, coinciden en una misma conclusión general: la calidad de la inversión minera depende, en gran medida, del marco regulatorio nacional y, por consiguiente, local. Sin un Gobierno que vigile activamente la conducta minera y que establezca condiciones justas tanto para la población y el sector privado, las empresas mineras probablemente preferirán cumplir con estándares mínimos de calidad.

abstract: Following harsh economic and political reforms in the 1990s, Peru became a model of a neoliberal state based on natural resource extraction. Since then social and environmental conflicts between local communities and the extractive industry, particularly mining corporations, have multiplied resulting in violent clashes and a shared perception that the state is not guaranteeing people's rights. At the crossroads of the struggle between mining corporations and local communities lay different ways of living and relating to nature. This research concerns water conflict in an urban mining setting. More precisely, this research critically analyzes water conflict in the city of Arequipa as a backdrop for revealing what water injustices look like on the ground. With one million inhabitants, Arequipa is the second largest city in Peru. Arequipa is also home to the third largest copper mine in Peru. On June 2006, social organizations and political authorities marched in protest of the copper mine's acquisition of additional water rights and its use of a tax exemption program. In the aftermath of large protests, the conflict was resolved through a multi-actor negotiation in which the mine became, through a public-private partnership, co-provider of urban water services. Through a unique interdisciplinary theoretical approach and grounded on ethnographic methods I attempt to expose the complexity of water injustice in this particular case. My theoretical framework is based on three large fields of study, that of post-colonial studies, political ecology and critical studies of law. By mapping state-society-nature power relations, analyzing structures of oppression and unpacking the meaning of water rights, my research unveils serious water injustices. My first research finding points to the existence of a racist and classist system that excludes poor and marginal people from water services and from accessing the city. Second, although there are different social and cultural interpretations of water rights, some interpretations hold more power and become hegemonic. Water injustice, in this regard manifests by the rise in power of the economic view of water rights. Finally, neoliberal reforms prioritizing development based on the extractive industries and the commodification of nature are conducive to water injustices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Justice Studies 2012

Over the last few years, the town of La Oroya, in Perú’s central Andes has received significant international attention due to the alarming number of children suffering from high levels of lead poisoning as a result of pollution from the town’s smelter. Paradoxically, instead of collectively unifying voices to claim the protection of their health and environment, a significant portion of members of this community opted to minimize the problem with the purpose of defending job opportunities at the smelter.This dissertation examines the deep structural causes that have placed residents of this community in the difficult position of having to sacrifice their human right to health in order to preserve their right to work at the smelter. I argue that the La Oroya community acquiesced in forfeiting their own rights because they have been historically trapped in a “context of systemic unfreedom.” This is a historically formed and politically and economically reproduced context of human rights abuses, a context that affects the overall well-being of individuals and communities, and diminishes their ability to challenge such abuses and transform their realities. To assess the exact contours and components of the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya, and respond to the question of how this context has encouraged the trade-offs of health for work, I have designed a “capability-oriented model of human rights.” Conceptually, this model builds upon structural approaches to human rights proposed by authors such as Paul Farmer, Tony Evans and Mark Goodale. It also adopts Séverine Deneuline’s relational-political interpretation of the capability approach pioneered by Amartya Sen. Methodologically, a salient feature of my model is its incorporation of voices of affected community members as an important source of knowledge. Results of this study show the extent to which the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya has been sustained by the interconnection of a constellation of factors: environmental (historical pollution); institutional (economic dependency, the state’s leniency in enforcing the smelter company’s environmental obligations, the extraction-based model of economic development in Perú, the institutional fragility of the human rights discourse); social (migration, loss of collective identity, socio-economic and gender inequalities, uncertainty about pollution, limited access to information, assignment of responsibility for pollution-based illness to individuals, stigma against the poor); and personal (individual values and needs, characteristics of individual identity). These factors have converged over time and intersected at the macro, meso and micro levels, trapping residents from La Oroya in a vicious cycle of disadvantage. I conclude by suggesting that, in order to effectively address “systemic unfreedom” in this smelter town, both short-term and long-term solutions are required. That is, in addition to promoting the completion of proposed environmental mitigation and soil remediation plans in La Oroya, I offer suggestions towards reversing entrenched socio-economic and gender inequalities and reconstituting a collective community identity. Fundamentally, the ultimate goal of structural transformation in La Oroya requires addressing current patterns of power, economic dependency, and domination, thus fostering changes in the state’s vision of development. / Graduate / 2016-04-30

Capital investment in natural resource extraction has fuelled an unprecedented rush to secure hydrocarbon and mining concessions and contracts throughout the Andes-Amazon-Chaco region leading to increased tensions and conflict with lowland indigenous groups residing in the areas that contain subsoil resources. This thesis explores resource extraction and conflict through an ethnography of state-society interactions over proposed hydrocarbon extraction in Bolivia. It asks, how does a “post-neoliberal state” combine commitments to indigenous people, the environment and the redistributive development of natural resource wealth, and how do social movements and other actors respond? In answering this question, the thesis examines how hydrocarbon expansion has affected the country’s most important gas producing region (the Department of Tarija), indigenous Guaraní society and indigenous Weenhayek society, both in their internal relationships and in their historically uneasy negotiations with the central state. By paying particular attention to the Guaraní and Weenhayek it also asks how far a national “government of social movements” has favoured or not the concerns and political projects of indigenous groups that are generally not well represented in the social movements that undergird this new state. In this vein, this research seeks to shed light on a series of contradictions and incongruities that characterise extractive-led economies with an end to contributing to debates about the possibility of combining more socially and environmentally sound modes of production, new forms of democracy, self governance and popular participation.

Las tendencias de largo plazo en el consumo mundial continúangenerando crecimiento en la actividad minera. Para muchos países,esto puede significar nuevos recursos para el desarrollo, perotambién podría crear desafíos a la sostenibilidad y conflictos enlas regiones en las que se realiza la extracción. Distintos actoresde los sectores público, privado y de la sociedad civil han prestadocreciente atención a las alternativas para superar estos desafíos yencontrar formas de construir sinergias entre la minería y el desarrollo.La investigación en el Perú —uno de los centros mundialesde reciente expansión minera— pone de manifiesto la presión queeste crecimiento impone sobre el recurso hídrico, los medios de vida(livelihoods) y las relaciones sociales. Estas presiones se derivan delas condiciones institucionales que regulan la expansión minera, laadministración del recurso hídrico y la gestión del desarrollo local.Un problema adicional es la escasa comunicación entre los sistemasde conocimiento basados en el sector minero y aquellos de las poblacioneslocales. Abordar estas fuentes de no sostenibilidad requiereuna forma de generar conocimientos que pueda tender puentes entrediferentes sistemas epistémicos, mantener las relaciones entre losactores interesados que tienen posiciones contrapuestas y generar conocimientos que conduzcan a una innovación institucional, enparticular en los ámbitos relacionados con el monitoreo del aguay con la zonificación ecológica y el ordenamiento territorial. / Global consumption continues to generate growth in mining. In lesserdeveloped economies, this growth offers the potential to generate newresources for development, but also creates challenges to sustainabilityin the regions in which extraction occurs. This context leads todebate on the institutional arrangements most likely to build synergiesbetween mining, livelihoods, and development, and on the socio-politicalconditions under which such institutions can emerge. Buildingfrom a multiyear, three country program of research projects, Peru, aglobal center of mining expansion, serves as an exemplar for analyzingthe effects of extractive industry on livelihoods and the conditionsunder which arrangements favoring local sustainability might emerge.This program is guided by three emergent hypotheses in human environmentalsciences regarding the relationships among institutions,knowledge, learning, and sustainability. The research combines indepthand comparative case study analysis, and uses mapping andspatial analysis, surveys, in-depth interviews, participant observation,and our own direct participation in public debates on the regulation ofmining for development. The findings demonstrate the pressures thatmining expansion has placed on water resources, livelihood assets,and social relationships. These pressures are a result of institutionalconditions that separate the governance of mineral expansion, waterresources, and local development, and of relationships of power thatprioritize large scale investment over livelihood and environment. Afurther problem is the poor communication between mining sectorknowledge systems and those of local populations. These results areconsistent with themes recently elaborated in sustainability science.

The economic activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the extractive industries of developing countries produce a myriad of immediate negative social, economic and environmental impacts on communities hosting their operations. Consequently, stakeholders have increasingly called for (greater) accountability of these corporations for the impacts of their operations on stakeholders and the wider society. The extent to which these MNCs are accountable for their operations' negative environmental impacts in the developing countries is underexplored as prior studies have primarily focused on corporate social responsibility rather than accountability of these corporations. However, accountability apparently means different things to different parties, and especially in a non-Western context. This thesis primarily seeks to explore the concept of accountability in a developing country context and how it is understood and practised within the Nigerian oil industry. More specifically, it seeks to understand the extent to which oil MNCs in Nigeria discharge accountability in the context of gas flaring and oil spills environmental pollution emanating from their operations. The study utilises a mixed methods approach to generate data to provide understanding on stakeholders' conceptions of accountability, the nature of accounts constructed by the MNCs on gas flaring and oil spills environmental incidents, and the plausible corporate sense-making embedded within those accounts. The empirical data produce both general and nuanced conceptions of accountability between the MNCs and stakeholders. An account-giving heuristic highlights four broad and further nuanced accounts the corporations provide on these negative environmental incidents which are largely in conflict with stakeholders' narratives. Moreover, the sense-making analysis of the MNCs' accounts suggests that those accounts apparently serve corporate self-interest rather than the discharge of accountability. However, organisational, institutional, relational, and national contextual factors apparently encourage the un-accountability of the MNCs. Accountability in the Nigerian oil industry will remain elusive without critical institutional and regulatory reforms.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T20:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoOFM_DISSERT.pdf: 3388081 bytes, checksum: 197fde26a6d2575ddd19d2379fa8cdbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / The working conditions, occupational health, occupational illness and workers quality of life, usually referring to the artisanal activities and the workers with a poor professional support. Because this reality is still present in locals without good infrastructure of social and economic attention, there is a need for a broad knowledge of problems related to the productive processes that include features of unsanitary and unhealthy. Despite the intense process of industrialization promoted by globalization and the growth of developing nations like Brazil, the activities of artisanal and small-scale mining are still suffering from the marginalization of their production processes and their workers. This dissertation deals with the description of mineral-based activities (MBA), especially the activities related to production processes of extraction and processing of red pottery and minerals in pegmatites in Parelhas city, Serid?, Rio Grande do Norte, which are conducted by small mining companies or artisanal miners. The study of the work process was based on direct observation, photographic documentation, ergonomics, health and occupational safety analysis, interviews and structured questionnaire with workers of the two activities. The results indicate the need for improvement in both workplaces (red pottery and pegmatites), adaptation of workers to safety standards specific to the workplace, more attention and care related to ergonomics and occupational safety, greater importance to economic and social relations among performed activities, workers and firms of mineral branch and better and greater integration of social policies, supported by different sectors of society with the intention of transforming the current social, cultural, labor and education situation / As condi??es de trabalho, sa?de ocupacional, doen?a dos trabalhadores e qualidade de vida, geralmente remetem a atividades artesanais e a trabalhadores com pouco apoio profissional. Pelo fato de esta realidade ser ainda presente em locais menos abastecidos de infraestrutura digna de aten??o social e econ?mica, h? a necessidade de um conhecimento amplo de problemas relacionados a processos produtivos que contemplam caracter?sticas de insalubridade e falta de sa?de. Apesar do intenso processo de industrializa??o promovido pela globaliza??o e pelo crescimento de na??es em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, a minera??o artesanal e de pequena escala ainda sofre com a marginaliza??o dos seus processos produtivos e de seus trabalhadores. O presente trabalho trata da descri??o das atividades de base mineral (ABM), especialmente as relacionadas aos processos produtivos de extra??o e beneficiamento de cer?mica vermelha e minerais em pegmatitos, no munic?pio de Parelhas, no Serid? do Rio Grande do Norte, os quais s?o conduzidos por pequenas empresas de minera??o ou garimpeiros. O estudo do processo de trabalho foi baseado na observa??o direta, registro fotogr?fico, an?lise ergon?mica, de sa?de e de seguran?a no trabalho, entrevistas e question?rio estruturado com trabalhadores das duas atividades. Os resultados indicam necessidade de melhoria no ambiente de trabalho tanto da cer?mica vermelha como em lavra de pegmatitos, adequa??o dos trabalhadores ?s normas de seguran?a espec?fica para os locais de trabalho, maior aten??o e cuidado relacionado ? ergonomia e seguran?a no trabalho, maior import?ncia ?s rela??es econ?micas e sociais entre as atividades desempenhadas, trabalhadores e as empresas do ramo, e uma melhor e maior integra??o das pol?ticas sociais, com interven??o dos v?rios setores da sociedade com vistas ? transforma??o da atual situa??o social, cultural, laboral e educacional