The study attempts to determine the degree of powerlessness and the deferment of gratification among children as measured by instruments designed for this purpose. An effort will be made to test whether the deferred gratification pattern exists in inverse relationship to the feeling of powerlessness among the lower classes; and to determine whether children who feel they are estranged from society have a psychological need for an impulsive release of feelings.

Urininkontinens är ett problem alla kan drabbas av. Det innebär att personen läcker urin eller kissar på sig. Det ses som ett vanligt folkhälsoproblem i hela världen och det förekommer mest hos kvinnor. Det påverkar kvinnorna och hämmar dem i det dagliga livet. Hämningen grundar sig i rädsla och oro för att läcka samt lukta urin. Kvinnorna med urininkontinens upplever att ämnet är tabubelagt samt nedtystat och associeras med skamkänslor. De känner en daglig påverkan av urininkontinensen och den planerade livsplanen spricker med en överhängande känsla av maktlöshet samt frustration. De försöker hitta olika sätt att acceptera sina symtom men flertalet av kvinnorna ser symtomen som en oundviklig del av livet. Ett problem som kommer med stigande ålder eller en åkomma efter förlossning. Kvinnor som är äldre än femtio år har lättare att acceptera sin urininkontinens än de som är trettio år. De okontrollerade symtomen ger kvinnorna en känsla av förlorad kroppskontroll och sårbarhet. Detta kan leda till dåligt självförtroende och depression. Kvinnorna begränsas i sociala sammanhang och de hindras att utföra fysiska aktiviteter till följd av nervositet att läcka samt lukta urin. Detta upplevs som en förlust i vardagen. Kvinnorna uttrycker även en försämring i deras sexuella relationer och de känner en svårighet att vara spontana i sexuella aktiviteter. Mindre feminitet och en känsla av att inte vara fräsch uttrycks också av kvinnorna. Till följd av detta känner de en sämre självkänsla. Olika strategier används för att fungera i det dagliga livet. Vilket kan innebära att de anpassar sin klädsel och förbereder sig med extra inkontinensskydd för att dölja fläckar från läckage. De tar även alltid reda på tillgång till toaletter i offentliga miljöer. Ett annat problem dessa kvinnor upplever är ett ignorant bemötande av vårdpersonal och brist på kunskap om urininkontinens. Kvinnorna önskar en mer förstående attityd och bättre kommunikation i vården för att få möjlighet till rätt behandling. Vården har mycket att förbättra i mötet med dessa kvinnor både professionellt samt kunskapsmässigt och i öppenheten till ämnet. Det går inte att förvänta sig att kvinnorna tar sina egna besvär på allvar när inte vårdpersonalen gör det. / Background: Urinary incontinence denotes an involuntary leakage from the bladder which can affect women of all ages, but leakage problems are often more common with rising age. It is a common issue, however there is a large unrecorded number of women who do not seek medical attention for their urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is very costly for the society because of the medical and social disability it causes the affected. Aim: To illuminate the experiences of women living with urinary incontinence Method: A literary study was done where nine scientific articles were examined and analyzed according to a five step model. Results: The women experienced their urinary incontinence as taboo and shameful. The issue was too intimate and private and therefore unnatural to talk about. Their leakage lead to fear and nervousness which made them end up in a vulnerable situation. This affected them on several emotional levels both psychosocial, psychological and physical. The women experienced an ignorance and a nonchalant attitude from their care providers which caused an hesitancy in their search of healthcare. They experienced that their bodies were unreliable which lead to a reduced spontaneity and restrictions in life. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is not solely an issue with leaking urine, it is affecting the women's lives as a whole on many levels. The hindrance that the urinary incontinence caused the women on a daily basis made them feel a sense of loss and affected their joy and zest of life. It requires an improvement of healthcare praxis in order to meet these women in a professional and trustworthy manner.

No description available.

This research seeks to understand how public police officers phenomenologically construct and conceptualize their occupational role. Most research has overlooked officers’ intimate constructions of reality. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by presenting an inductive analysis of how police officers define their role, capturing officers’ intimate constructions of their life-world, while acknowledging the contradictions and tensions that characterize this role construct. My interview data indicates that officers define their role in terms of an ideal construct that is oftentimes at odds with their lived reality. Moreover, the data suggests that there is a discontinuity between officers’ definition of reality, the nature of their lived experienced, and the institutionalized definitions of reality espoused by the media, the public and the courts which, ultimately, fosters feelings of powerlessness among the officers. I conclude with discussion about the implications of holding onto this role construct and offer potential policy initiatives.

This study focuses on the process that individuals who have migrated to Sweden go through when joining the Swedish Democrats (SD), a nationalistic and anti-immigration party. SDs history is filled with Racism and violence, since the parties remodelling in 1988, where the party removed its more extremist and violent grouping, SD have become the third largest political party in Sweden. Through the classic outsider theories of Elias (1999) and Becker (2006) this study is driven to explore a new theoretical view on the process of role and organizational change. By looking at what pushes the individuals away from their former organizational belonging and what pulls them towards SD, this study will try and understand the thought process and decision making of the group, immigrants in SD, around the time before and during their organizational change. As a secondary point to this paper the respondent’s sense of identity and belonging to SD will be studied. How has their change to SD affected their identity as a group and how do other groups affect them when they (SD) are trying to establish their identity. The research behind this paper is based on interviews with individuals that have migrated to Sweden and are public members of the Swedish Democrats.

: Depuis la fin des années 1980, la SNCF s’est engagée dans un processus de refonte de son modèle managérial. Cette mutation progressive de l’entreprise ferroviaire s’est traduite par un appel à l’évolution des pratiques managériales et du rôle joué par les encadrants de premiers niveaux dans le fonctionnement de l’organisation. À travers ces évolutions, une nouvelle figure de l’agent comme sujet singulier et subjectif s’est peu à peu instituée au sein de l’entreprise. Cette thèse porte sur les formes actuelles des identités professionnelles des encadrants en proximité à l’aune de ces transformations institutionnelles récentes. Dans une démarche clinique centrée sur l’analyse des constructions subjectives des sujets, nous y analysons l’ambiguïté du rapport entretenu par les encadrants en proximité à cette figure inédite de l’agent. Ces contenus institutionnels viennent ainsi légitimer chez les professionnels interrogés, un rapport à l’équipe caractérisé par sa logique communautaire. Simultanément, ils fragilisent les encadrants dans leur affiliation au groupe dirigeant tout en les exposant à des angoisses internes liées notamment à la charge mentale que représentent les problématiques intimes que leur adressent leurs agents. En outre, notre travail de recherche interroge l’émergence d’une nouvelle figure protéenne de l’encadrement en proximité, se recomposant sans cesse dans la manière dont elle donne à voir ses affiliations, ses postures, son rapport à l’équipe et à l’entreprise. Notre enquête porte également sur les sentiments d’impuissance et de déclassement que produisent, sur les encadrants en proximité, les logiques et le cadre juridique propres à l’entreprise ferroviaire, notamment en matière de protection des salariés. Enfin, nous interrogeons les postures sacrificielles adoptées par certains professionnels en tant que réponses à ce fonctionnement institutionnel singulier / Since the end of the 1980s, SNCF has been committed to renewing its managerial model. This railway company progressive mutation resulted into a call to managerial practise’s evolution; the evolution also concerned the supervisors' role in the running of the organization. Through these evolutions, a new figure of the agent as a singular and subjective subject has gradually been established within the company. Our thesis focuses on the current forms of professional identities of proximity supervisors to the yardstick of these recent institutional transformations. In a clinical approach focused on the study of the subjective constructions of the subjects, we analyze the ambiguity of the relationship maintained by proximity supervisors to this new figure of the agent. The institutional contents come to legitimate, among the interviewed professionals, a connection to the team characterized by a community logic. Simultaneously, they weaken the supervisors in their affiliation to the leading group and expose them to internal anxieties due in particular to the mental burden represented by the intimate problems addressed to them by their agents. In addition, our research questions the emergence of a new Protée’s figure of the proximity supervisor, constantly recomposing herself in the way in which she reveals her affiliations, her postures, her relationships with the team and the company. Our field survey is also about the powerlessness and downgrading feelings produced by the juridical frame and logic proper to the railway company, specifically regarding employee’s protection, on the proximity supervisors. Finally, we question the sacrificial postures adopted by certain professionals as answers to this particular institutional functioning.

No description available.

Twelve-Step programs of substance abuse recovery are the most popular and most used mutual-help model in the U.S. One of the pivotal aspects of Twelve-Step is the often controversial idea of powerlessness. While a few recent dissertations have been conducted to look at issues related to women in Twelve-Step, most of what has been published in the literature on powerlessness in Twelve-Step is hypothetical, anecdotal, and theoretical. There is debate about the usefulness of the concept of powerless, especially for women in recovery, though no research was found specifically exploring this issue. The current study examines the experiences of powerlessness among women who are using Twelve-Step substance abuse recovery. Because experiences of powerlessness are abstract and may be difficult to articulate, a data collection method called ZMET (Zaltman, 2004) was utilized. This method helped women discuss their thoughts and feelings about powerlessness through the use of images of representative metaphors and analogies. Participants were 13 women who were in various stages of recovery using Twelve-Step. In-depth interviews were used to understand women's experiences of powerlessness in their recovery while two surveys were used to determine women's levels of affiliation with Twelve Step programs and their level of agreement with the First Step of Twelve Step. Overall, women felt positively about powerlessness in their recovery and felt it provided a sense of relief. Eleven of the 13 women felt powerlessness was an important aspect of their recovery while two felt it was either not relevant or not something they fully embraced. In exploring the metaphors women had for their experiences of powerlessness, a number of themes emerged. Many of the metaphors indicated processes while some were static. Themes also included metaphors of current events, nature, and babies. Other themes were: Higher Power; a general sense of powerlessness over many things in life and; choosing not to share certain experiences in Twelve-Step meetings. Implications for women in recovery, clinicians, and future research are included as well as strengths and limitations of the study. / Ph. D.

Background: Cancer-related pain is a major problem worldwide. Studies indicate that patients do not get an adequate pain relief. This creates a large suffering and results in major problems for the patient and their families. In order to minimize this kind of suffering caregivers need to understand how cancer-related pain is experienced by these patients, what it does to them and how it impacts their daily life.   Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Method: The method used for this study was a qualitative literature study. Nine articles from 2002 to 2012 and from five different countries were analyzed. Results: The results of this study are presented in four main themes and ten subthemes. The main themes were: A feeling of powerlessness; Fears that limit; A change in daily life and Seeking for meaning and an end to the suffering. All themes and subthemes give a description of patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Conclusion: It is a great suffering to have cancer and it is even a greater suffering experiencing pain on a daily basis. Despite this, some patients still could see their situation as something positive and wellbeing was created. The nurses’ role in this kind of situations is essential in order to understand what the patient is experiencing, how it impacts on the patient and its life and how wellbeing can be formed.

Little is known about the work life of those employed in the residential construction sector or the conditions under which they work that might influence the quality of the house they build. The main goals of this investigation were to uncover the work-life balance issues faced by male residential construction workers and how the structural organisation of residential construction work impacted them. While a growing body of literature exists on work-life balance, most of it has concentrated on working women and/or those employed in professional occupations. In semi-standardised interviews conducted with new home construction workers in Southern Ontario, it was found that these men were, for the most part, content with their work-life balance. It would seem that a culture of long work hours remains predominant in home construction, which is problematic for an industry seeking to recruit young workers and women workers, who may want a better work-life balance.