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It has been previously established that when engaged in a difficult attention intensive task, which involves repeating information while blocking out other information (the dichotic listening task), participants are often able to report hearing their own names in an unattended audio channel (Moray, 1959). This phenomenon, called the cocktail party effect is a result of words that are important to oneself having a lower threshold, resulting in less attention being necessary to process them (Treisman, 1960). The current studies examined the ability of a person who was engaged in an attention demanding task to hear and recall low-threshold words from a fictional story. These low-threshold words included a traditional alert word, "fire" and fictional character names from a popular franchise-Harry Potter. Further, the role of stimulus degradation was examined by including synthetic and accented speech in the task to determine how it would impact attention and performance. In Study 1 participants repeated passages from a novel that was largely unfamiliar to them, The Secret Garden while blocking out a passage from a much more familiar source, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Each unattended Harry Potter passage was edited so that it would include 4 names from the series, and the word "fire" twice. The type of speech present in the attended and unattended ears (Natural or Synthetic) was varied to examine the impact that processing a degraded speech would have on performance. The speech that the participant shadowed did not impact unattended recall, however it did impact shadowing accuracy. The speech type that was present in the unattended ear did impact the ability to recall low-threshold, Harry Potter information. When the unattended speech type was synthetic, significantly less Harry Potter information was recalled. Interestingly, while Harry Potter information was recalled by participants with both high and low Harry Potter experience, the traditional low-threshold word, "fire" was not noticed by participants. In order to determine if synthetic speech impeded the ability to report low-threshold Harry Potter names due to being degraded or simply being different than natural speech, Study 2 was designed. In Study 2 the attended (shadowed) speech was held constant as American Natural speech, and the unattended ear was manipulated. An accent which was different than the native accent of the participants was included as a mild form of degradation. There were four experimental stimuli which contained one of the following in the unattended ear: American Natural, British Natural, American Synthetic and British Synthetic. Overall, more unattended information was reported when the unattended channel was Natural than Synthetic. This implies that synthetic speech does take more working memory processing power than even an accented natural speech. Further, it was found that experience with the Harry Potter franchise played a role in the ability to report unattended Harry Potter information. Those who had high levels of Harry Potter experience, particularly with audiobooks, were able to process and report Harry Potter information from the unattended stimulus when it was British Natural. While, those with low Harry Potter experience were not able to report unattended Harry Potter information from this slightly degraded stimulus. Therefore, it is believed that the previous audiobook experience of those in the high Harry Potter experience group acted as training and resulted in less working memory being necessary to encode the unattended Harry Potter information. A pilot study was designed in order to examine the impact of story familiarity in the attended and unattended channels of a dichotic listening task. In the pilot study, participants shadowed a Harry Potter passage (familiar) in one condition with a passage from The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) playing in the unattended ear. A second condition had participants shadowing The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) with a passage from Harry Potter (familiar) present in the unattended ear. There was no significant difference in the number of unattended names recalled. Those with low Harry Potter experience reported significantly less attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than when they shadowed The Secret Garden. Further, there appeared to be a trend such that those with high Harry Potter experience were reporting more attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than The Secret Garden. This implies that experience with a franchise and characters may make it easier to recall information about a passage, while lack of experience provides no assistance. Overall, the results of the studies indicate that we do treat fictional characters in a way similarly to ourselves. Names and information about fictional characters were able to break through into attention during a task that required a great deal of attention. The experience one had with the characters also served to assist the working memory in processing the information in degraded circumstances. These results have important implications for training, design of alerts, and the use of popular media in the classroom.

Research on semantic processing focused mainly on isolated units in language, which does not reflect the complexity of language. In order to understand how semantic information is processed in a wider context, the first goal of this thesis was to determine whether Swedish pre-school children are able to comprehend semantic context and if that context is semantically built up over time. The second goal was to investigate how the brain distributes attentional resources by means of brain activation amplitude and processing type. Swedish preschool children were tested in a dichotic listening task with longer children’s narratives. The development of event-related potential N400 component and its amplitude were used to investigate both goals. The decrease of the N400 in the attended and unattended channel indicated semantic comprehension and that semantic context was built up over time. The attended stimulus received more resources, processed the stimuli in more of a top-down manner and displayed prominent N400 amplitude in contrast to the unattended stimulus. The N400 and the late positivity were more complex than expected since endings of utterances longer than nine words were not accounted for. More research on wider linguistic context is needed in order to understand how the human brain comprehends natural language. / Tidigare forskning på semantisk processning har fokuserad på isolerade språkliga enheter vilket inte reflekterar språkets komplexitet. För att kunna förstår hur semantisk information processeras i en större kontext, var studiens första syfte att undersöka om svenska förskolebarn om svenska förskolebarn förmår att förstå semantisk kontext och om denna kontext byggs upp över tid. Det andra syftet var att undersöka hur hjärnan fördelar uppmärksamhetsbaserade resurser i avseende på hjärnaktiveringsamplitud och olika processesningstyper. För detta testades svenska förskolebarn i ett dikotiskt lyssningstest med olika barnsagor. Utvecklingen av N400-komponenten, en händelse-relaterad potential, användes för detta. Nedgången av N400 komponenten och den sena positiviteten visades i både de uppmärksammade och ouppmärksammade kanalerna och detta indikerar semantisk förståelse och att semantisk kontext byggdes upp över tid. Därutöver kunde en större N400-amplitud observeras i den uppmärksammade kanalen, vilket indikerar att den fick mer hjärnresurser och använde sig av top-down-bearbetning i större utsträckning än bottom-up-processer. N400-komponenten och sena positiviteten visade sig vara mer komplex än förväntat. Det kan bero för att de sista orden i ett yttrande som var längre än nio ord exkluderades från analysen. Det finns ett behov av forskning som använder sig av längre lingvistiska kontexter och deras effekter i människohjärnan.

Un biais fonctionnel entre les oreilles droites et gauches a été largement documenté, avec un avantage de l'oreille droite (AOD) dans les tâches perceptives, en particulier celles utilisant le traitement verbal. Les sons complexes tels que la parole sont perçus plus facilement dans l'oreille droite (OD) que dans l'oreille gauche (OG) pour les tâches d’écoute dichotique (ED) ainsi que pour les tâches de perception de la parole dans le bruit (PDB). Des études sur les tâches d’ED ont démontré que le vieillissement est associé à une réduction globale des performances des deux oreilles, avec un déficit de performance plus important pour les stimuli présentés à l'OG par rapport à ceux présentés à l'OD entraînant une augmentation de l’AOD. Ce déficit à l'OG pourrait être le résultat d'une baisse de l'efficacité du transfert inter hémisphérique d'informations auditives via le corps calleux due au vieillissement ou de changements liés au vieillissement dans les fonctions cognitives. Cependant, des preuves chez les jeunes adultes ayant une audition normale suggèrent que les différences interaurales (DI) dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif pourraient également expliquer l'ampleur de l’AOD pour les tâches d’ED. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier si les DI dans le traitement sensoriel aux niveaux inférieurs du système auditif sont associés à l'ampleur de l’AOD chez les personnes âgées. De plus, ce projet vise également à déterminer si les DI dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif sont associées aux processus de perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. Pour ce faire, 70 personnes âgées ont participé à cette étude. Tous les participants ont été évalué avec une batterie complète de tests auditifs examinant les seuils de sons purs, les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires avec et sans stimulation acoustique controlatérale, la réponse auditive du tronc cérébral et la performance sur les tâches d'ED et de perception de la PDB. Afin de contrôler la fonction cognitive, les habiletés cognitives telles que la vitesse de traitement, la flexibilité cognitive et la mémoire de travail ont également été évaluées. Les DI dans le traitement sensoriel aux niveaux inférieurs du système auditif ont été dérivées en calculant la différence entre l’OD et l’OG pour chacune des mesures auditives. Des modèles de régression bivariées et multivariées ont été réalisés en intégrant les variables d’habiletés cognitives dans les modèles de régression. Les résultats ont révélé que la DI pour les seuils de sons purs et la DI pour les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires avec suppression étaient associés significativement à l'ampleur de l’AOD chez les personnes âgées. De même, la DI pour les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires et la DI pour la réponse auditive du tronc cérébral expliquent la performance de la perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. De plus, les résultats ont révélé que les habiletés cognitives contribuent de manière significative à l'ampleur de l’AOD ainsi que pour la performance de la perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. Dans l'ensemble, la présente thèse fournit des données qui suggèrent que les DI dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif explique en partie l'ampleur de l’AOD pour les tâches d’ED ainsi que les problèmes de perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. / A functional bias between the right and left ears has been widely documented, with a right-ear advantage (REA) in perceptual tasks, particularly those employing verbal processing. Complex sounds such as speech are more accurately perceived in the right ear (RE) compared to the left ear (LE) for dichotic listening (DL) and speech perception in noise (SIN) tasks. Although previous studies have shown that aging is associated with an overall decline in DL performance in both ears among older adults, the left ear (LE) performance often decreases more dramatically relative to the right ear (RE) performance, causing an increased REA for speech stimuli. This greater LE deficit may be the result of age-related changes in (A) cognitive functions; (B) functions of the right hemisphere (RH); and /or (C) the efficiency of interhemispheric transfer of auditory information via the corpus callosum. However, evidence in normal hearing young adults suggest that interaural difference (ID) in sensory processing at lower portions of the auditory system might also explain the magnitude of the REA for DL. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate whether ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system are associated with the magnitude of the REA for DL among older adults. In addition, this project aimed to investigate whether ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system is associated with SIN performance in older adults. A total of 70 older adults participated in this study. To assess sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system, hearing thresholds, transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), contralateral suppression of TEOAE, a proxy measure of medial olivocochlear (MOC) activation and click-and-speech auditory brainstem response to speech stimuli were measured in both ears separately. The ID in sensory processing was derived by calculating the difference between the right and left ears for each auditory measure. The mobile device app version for iPhone of the Bergen Dichotic Listening test, the iDichotic, was used to evaluate DL. In addition, SIN performance was evaluated with the hearing-in-noise test (HINT). With the aim to control for cognitive function, cognitive abilities such as speed of processing, cognitive flexibility and working memory were also evaluated. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were performed, and cognitive measures were accounted for in the regression models. Results revealed that ID in pure-tone thresholds and ID in MOC-induced TEOAE suppression were significantly associated with the magnitude of the REA for DL among older adults. Similarly, ID in TEOAE and ID in speech-ABR measures explained SIN performance in older adults. In addition, results revealed that cognitive measures significantly contributed to the magnitude of the REA for DL and SIN performance in older adults. The present thesis provides evidence indicating that ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system partially explain the magnitude of the REA for DL as well as SIN performance among older adults.

Nach dem Prinzip synchronisierter Reimwörter wurde ein deutscher dichotischer Hörtest entwickelt und erprobt (Fused Words, FW10b). Die Reliabilitätskennwerte lagen für die innere Konsistenz bei alpha=0,89 und für die Re-Test-Reliabilität im Bereich von r-tt=0,67 bis r-tt=0,87. Der dichotische Test korrelierte hoch mit einem Paralleltest (r=.73, FW12k). In mehreren Untersuchungen fand sich keine Assoziation des dichotischen Lateralisationsergebnisses mit dem Hormonzyklus bei Frauen. Zwischen der Klassifikation im Wada-Test und der Klassifikation im dichotischen Test wurde eine hohe prozentuale Übereinstimmung beobachtet (91%). Auch in einer externen Studie wurde eine hohe Konkordanz mit einem fMRT Paradigma gefunden (97%, Hund-Georgiadis et al 2002). Unter Rechtshändern hatten 70% einen Rechts-Ohr-Vorteil, 23% einen Links-Ohr-Vorteil; bei 7% wurde kein Ohr-Vorteil beobachtet. Es bestand eine hohe Assoziation zwischen dem Lateralitätsquotient der Händigkeit und dem Lateralitätsindex Lambda aus dem dichotischen Test (R=0,76, r=0,72). Bei epilepsiechirurgischen Kandidaten mit links- oder rechtsseitigen Temporallappenläsionen, die alle durch einen Wada-Test als unilateral links-hemisphärisch sprachdominant kategorisiert worden waren, wurden Läsionseffekte analysiert (Hippocampus-Sklerose vs. extra-hippocampale Läsionen). Wie erwartet ergaben sich massive Läsionseffekte für die Patienten mit den Läsionen in der linken sprachdominanten Hemisphäre. In der linken extra-hippocampalen Untergruppe kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Rechts-Ohr-Punkte und gleichzeitig zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Links-Ohr-Punkte. Die Einbeziehung von neokortikalen und anderen extra-hippocampalen Strukturen in die temporalen Läsionen war von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Unterdrückung der Antworten vom kontralateralen (rechtsseitigen) Ohr. Die Zunahme der Links-Ohr-Punkte in der Gruppe mit linksseitigen extra-hippocampalen Läsionen deutet eine kompensatorische Verlagerung von Sprachfunktionen auf die rechte Hemisphäre an, die durch den Wada Test nicht erfasst wurde. / Following the principle of synchronized rhyming words a German dichotic listening test was developed and tested (fused words, FW10b). Reliability coefficients for the inner consistency were at alpha=0,89 and for the re-test-reliability between r-tt=0,67 and r-tt=0,87. The dichotic test FW10b was highly correlated with a parallel test (r=.73, FW12k). None of several studies did show any association between the dichotic language lateralization and the hormonal cycle in women. A high percentage of agreement was observed between the Wada classification and the classification by the dichotic test (91%). Furthermore Hund-Georgiadis et al. (2002) found a high percentage of concordance with the lateralization by a fMRI paradigm in an external study (97%). Among right-handers 70% showed a right ear advantage, 23% had a left ear advantage, and 7% had no ear advantage. There was a high association between the laterality quotient of the handedness inventory and the laterality index Lambda of the dichotic listening test FW10b (R=0.76, r=0.72). Lesion effects were analyzed in epilepsy surgical candidates with left and right temporal lobe lesions (hippocampus sclerosis vs. extra-hippocampal lesions), who were all categorized as left-hemispheric language dominant by a Wada-test. As expected, massive lesion effects were apparent in those patients who had their lesions in the left language dominant hemisphere. In the subgroup with left extra-hippocampal lesions there was a significant decrease of right-ear-points and at the same time a significant increase of left-ear-points. The involvement of neocortex and other extra-hippocampal structures in temporal lobe lesions were of crucial importance for the suppression of contralateral (right) ear responses. The elevation of left-ear-points in the left-lateral group indicated a partial compensational shift of language functions to the right hemisphere, which was not detected by the Wada procedure.