none

The motivation of capitalism society keeping to make progress is basis on innovation. The text is established in extended type of Cobb-Douglas production function to discuss if the relationship of long term balance existed between R&D capital stock and gross domestic production. First, Dickey and Fuller mentioned Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF test) to examine if all the variables possess unit root particularity. If they do, we can test them by Johansen¡¦s Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to make cointegration relation numbers and cointegration vectors. According them to describe the long term balance relationships between R&D capital stock and gross domestic production. Conclusion of the text , by ADF test to examine the macroeconomic variables of R&D capital stock and gross domestic production are time series. Johansen¡¦s MLE test examined there¡¦s one cointegration vector existed. Apparently the long term balance relationship existed between the R&D capital stock and the gross domestic production. And we can take the normalized cointegrating coefficients back to the Cobb-Douglas production function to recognize the R&D capital stock will be the positive function of the gross domestic production. Thus we can get in R&D expenses to make the economic growth.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:03:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo622_1.pdf: 870449 bytes, checksum: 76110de8baadc7763ba367932fb15aba (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Séries temporais de contagem têm chamado a atenção pela importância em aplicações nas diversas áreas de conhecimento. Os processos estocásticos usuais assumem que as marginais são contínuas e, em geral, não são adequados para modelar séries de contagem. Portanto, surge a necessidade de investigar metodologias apropriadas para séries temporais com distribuições marginais discretas. Em particular, o estudo da presença de raízes unitárias e o comportamento sazonal do processo de valores inteiros motivam uma vertente de pesquisa de grande interesse para aplicações práticas e são os principais objetivos desta pesquisa. Nesse contexto, apresentamos o teste de Dikey & Fuller (1979) e verificamos o comportamento do teste, através de ensaios de Monte Carlo, em processos autorregressivos de valores inteiros de ordem um, quando o processo apresenta raiz unitária. Os pontos críticos empíricos da estatística de teste do teste de Dickey-Fuller, para vários valores do percentil α, são calculados quando o teste é utilizado em processos INAR(1) com erros Poisson, para diversos valores do parâmetro λ. Comparações entre a utilização do teste de Dickey-Fuller em processos com marginais contínuas e discretas também são abordadas. No que tange à sazonalidade em processos de contagem, é proposto um modelo de valores inteiros com estrutura sazonal baseado no modelo de Al-Osh & Alzaid (1987). As principais propriedades do modelo proposto são derivadas, tais como os momentos, a função de autocovariância e a função de autocorrelação. Ensaios de Monte Carlo são realizados para comparar os vícios e erros quadráticos médios de três estimadores para os parâmetros do modelo proposto. Como motivação do uso da metodologia sugerida, a série do índice da qualidade do ar da cidade de Cariacica-ES foi analisada

No description available.

This paper studies the use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques in the field of econometrics, specifically statistical inference. First, I examine several estimators by deriving properties explicitly and generate their distributions through simulations. Here, simulations are used to illustrate and support the analytical results. Then, I look at test statistics where derivations are costly because of the sensitivity of their critical values to the data generating processes. Simulations here establish significance and necessity for drawing statistical inference. Overall, the paper examines when and how simulations are needed in studying econometric theories.

O objetivo específico da presente dissertação é estimar a elasticidade-PIB do Imposto de Renda Pessoa Física (IRPF) e Imposto Renda Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ) no Brasil entre 1986 e 2012. A pesquisa também incorpora em seus objetivos uma análise técnica a respeito da tributação e seus impactos sobre o sistema econômico, tanto a nível microeconômico e macroeconômico, além de abordar o IRPF e IRPJ em seu aspecto econômico e jurídico. No tratamento metodológico são utilizados modelos de Vetor de Correção de erros (VEC) para estimar as elasticidades-PIB do IRPF e IRPJ. Os resultados apontam uma elasticidade-PIB, tanto para IRPF quanto IRPJ, acima da unidade, na maioria dos modelos estimados, e existem períodos determinados que impactam consideravelmente sobre à arrecadação desses tributos. / This dissertation estimates the GDP elasticity of income tax revenue for individuals (IRPF) and corporations (IRPJ) between 1986 and 2012. Additionally the research incorporates an analysis of the macroeconomic and microeconomic effects of taxation. IRPF and IRPJ are analyzed in great detail, including economic as well as legal aspects. An Error Correction Model is estimated to obtain the elasticities. The results show that both elasticities are higher than unit and that reforms that took place in some periods have a significant impact on tax collection.

O objetivo específico da presente dissertação é estimar a elasticidade-PIB do Imposto de Renda Pessoa Física (IRPF) e Imposto Renda Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ) no Brasil entre 1986 e 2012. A pesquisa também incorpora em seus objetivos uma análise técnica a respeito da tributação e seus impactos sobre o sistema econômico, tanto a nível microeconômico e macroeconômico, além de abordar o IRPF e IRPJ em seu aspecto econômico e jurídico. No tratamento metodológico são utilizados modelos de Vetor de Correção de erros (VEC) para estimar as elasticidades-PIB do IRPF e IRPJ. Os resultados apontam uma elasticidade-PIB, tanto para IRPF quanto IRPJ, acima da unidade, na maioria dos modelos estimados, e existem períodos determinados que impactam consideravelmente sobre à arrecadação desses tributos. / This dissertation estimates the GDP elasticity of income tax revenue for individuals (IRPF) and corporations (IRPJ) between 1986 and 2012. Additionally the research incorporates an analysis of the macroeconomic and microeconomic effects of taxation. IRPF and IRPJ are analyzed in great detail, including economic as well as legal aspects. An Error Correction Model is estimated to obtain the elasticities. The results show that both elasticities are higher than unit and that reforms that took place in some periods have a significant impact on tax collection.

Ο ρόλος του εμπορίου στην οικονομία και τα οφέλη που επιφέρει είναι σχεδόν τόσο παλιά, όσο και η ίδια η οικονομική επιστήμη. Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες ο ρόλος της απελευθέρωσης του εμπορίου και τα υποθετικά οφέλη που προκύπτουν από αυτό επεκτάθηκε και θεωρείται ένας από τους επιταχυντές της οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης, αλλά και πρωταρχική πηγή σύγκλισης των οικονομιών των κρατών. Μετά το 2ο παγκόσμιο πόλεμο η σταδιακή απελευθέρωση των αγορών και πρόσφατα το «δόγμα» της παγκοσμιοποίησης άνοιξε νέους ορίζοντες στο διεθνές εμπόριο και προώθησε την δημιουργία εμπορικών συνασπισμών μεταξύ των χωρών παγκοσμίως. Σε μια εν δυνάμει παγκόσμια αρένα συναλλαγών η γνώση για την επιρροή που μπορεί να ασκήσει στην προώθηση της οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης αποτελεί κρίσιμο ζήτημα. Παρά τη μεγάλη προσπάθεια που έχει αφιερωθεί στη μελέτη του ζητήματος, υπάρχουν λίγα πειστικά στοιχεία σχετικά με την επίδραση του εμπορικού ανοίγματος στο εισόδημα των κρατών και στη σύγκλιση της οικονομικής τους μεγέθυνσης. Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως θεματικό πυρήνα τη διερεύνηση της επίδρασης που είχε η Σύνοδος της Βαρκελώνης το 1995, στη σύγκλιση της οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης των χωρών της λεκάνης της Μεσογείου. Για τον έλεγχο της ύπαρξης της σύγκλισης αρχικά εφαρμόστηκαν οι έλεγχοι του Dickey-Fuller και Philips-Perron. Κατόπιν στα πλαίσια της ενδογενούς θεωρίας υιοθετήθηκε η ανάλυση με πάνελ παρατηρήσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα ανέδειξαν την παρουσία σύγκλισης μετά τη σύνοδο και με την μεταβλητή του εμπορικού ανοίγματος να συμβάλει σημαντικά. / The role of commerce in economy and the benefits incurred by it, are almost as old as the science of economy itself. Over the last decades, the role of free trade police and the potential benefits of it expanded and this considered to be one of the main factor of economic growth as well as the primary source of convergence of the economies of nations. After the second world war, the gradual free trade policy and recently the “dogma” of globalization opened new horizons in the international commerce and encouraged the establishment of commercial coalitions between countries worldwide. In an existing global arena of transactions, the insight on the influence it can exert in promoting the economic development, remains a crucial matter. In spite of the great effort given on the study of the issue, there is little convincing evidence for the influence of the trade gap concerning the income of nations and the convergence of the economic development. The present dissertation has its thematic core on the study of the influence which the Barcelona summit had in 1985 on the convergence of the economic growth of the Mediterranean countries. To ensure the existence of this convergence initially Dickey – Fuller’ s and Phillips – Perron’s proof techniques were applicable. Then, in the scope of the endogenous theory the analysis through panel observations was adopted. The results proved the existence of convergence after the summit, with the variable of the trade gap contributing significantly.

This study examines the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth, more specifically if financial inclusion is an important factor for economic growth. A sub question was stated as well, if the six proxies of the financial inclusion measurement respectively have an impact on economic growth. To help examine this research area we have compiled panel data from 20 countries with different income levels over a time period of 19 years. The time period on which this study is focusing is 2002-2020. The tests conducted in this study are the Dickey-Fuller unit root test and the Arellano-Bond dynamic panel GMM method. Given the result of the dynamic panel estimation, we found that financial inclusion has a positive relation to economic growth. The result also indicated that three of the six proxies for financial inclusion were statistically significant and have a positive relation to economic growth. To conclude, the study found empirical evidence that financial inclusion is an important factor for economic growth.

This study examines the relationship between mean reversion and a black swan event on the Swedish stock market. The data is taken from the Mid Cap and the Large Cap and then compared with the OMXS index. The purpose is to try and find evidence of mean reversion on both lists and if a black swan event will interfere with the mean reverting behaviour. The results we could find was that there is mean reversion on the market for our time period 2005-2022. We could also find evidence of mean reversion during the three black swan events, 2008 financial crisis, Brexit, and Covid-19 pandemic.