The employee‘s right to a safe working environment or a safe place of work is recognised in common law, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, the Labour Relations Act, Act 66 of 1995, The Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Act 75 of 1997 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Act 85 of 1993. The Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, Act 130 of 1993 (COIDA) prescribes the procedure for compensating employees for injury on duty. Regionally the standards for working condition have been formalized by the South African Development Community. A safe workplace has been the cornerstone of development in working conditions and labour law, throughout the last century in generally and specifically the last decade. COIDA provides for a system of ―no-fault compensation‖ This eliminated the onerous common-law burden previously resting on employees to prove negligence on the part of the employer in order to be able to claim compensation for injury on duty. However Section 35 of COIDA creates problems of it‘s own. It provides that no employee is allowed to claim damages from his/her employer for any injuries sustained on duty. Section 35(1) reads as follows: ―No action shall lie by an employee or any dependant of an employee for the recovery of damages in respect of any occupational injury or disease resulting in the disablement or death of such employee against such employee‘s employer, and no liability for compensation on the part of such employer shall arise save under the provisions of this Act in respect of such disablement or death. The problem section 35 creates is that because of the protection it gives employers against claims, it derogates from employer‘s duty to provide a safe working environment. Even if an employee is injured because of the employer‘s negligence or failure to create a safe and secure working environment, no action may be taken against that employer. In Twalo v Minister of Safety & Security & another (2009) 30 ILJ 1578 (Ck) the court held that an injury caused by an intentional act cannot be deemed an accident as defined in COIDA and that it would therefore not be covered by COIDA. In DN v MEC for Health, Free State 2014 (3) SA 49 (FB), once again, an accident in the ordinary and grammatical sense was held not to be an injury on duty if that injury had been caused by an intentional and deliberate act. These judgements followed an argument in Minister of Justice v Khoza 1966 (1) SA 410 (A). On this basis it is therefore possible to claim damages from the employer for an injury on duty that was not caused by an accident, but was caused by an intentional act performed by a criminal. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The employee‘s right to a safe working environment or a safe place of work is recognised in common law, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, the Labour Relations Act, Act 66 of 1995, The Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Act 75 of 1997 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Act 85 of 1993. The Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, Act 130 of 1993 (COIDA) prescribes the procedure for compensating employees for injury on duty. Regionally the standards for working condition have been formalized by the South African Development Community. A safe workplace has been the cornerstone of development in working conditions and labour law, throughout the last century in generally and specifically the last decade. COIDA provides for a system of ―no-fault compensation‖ This eliminated the onerous common-law burden previously resting on employees to prove negligence on the part of the employer in order to be able to claim compensation for injury on duty. However Section 35 of COIDA creates problems of it‘s own. It provides that no employee is allowed to claim damages from his/her employer for any injuries sustained on duty. Section 35(1) reads as follows: ―No action shall lie by an employee or any dependant of an employee for the recovery of damages in respect of any occupational injury or disease resulting in the disablement or death of such employee against such employee‘s employer, and no liability for compensation on the part of such employer shall arise save under the provisions of this Act in respect of such disablement or death. The problem section 35 creates is that because of the protection it gives employers against claims, it derogates from employer‘s duty to provide a safe working environment. Even if an employee is injured because of the employer‘s negligence or failure to create a safe and secure working environment, no action may be taken against that employer. In Twalo v Minister of Safety & Security & another (2009) 30 ILJ 1578 (Ck) the court held that an injury caused by an intentional act cannot be deemed an accident as defined in COIDA and that it would therefore not be covered by COIDA. In DN v MEC for Health, Free State 2014 (3) SA 49 (FB), once again, an accident in the ordinary and grammatical sense was held not to be an injury on duty if that injury had been caused by an intentional and deliberate act. These judgements followed an argument in Minister of Justice v Khoza 1966 (1) SA 410 (A). On this basis it is therefore possible to claim damages from the employer for an injury on duty that was not caused by an accident, but was caused by an intentional act performed by a criminal. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Els compostos orgànics heterocíclics tenen una gran importància dins de la química gràcies a les seves propietats ja que molts d'ells presenten activitat biológica. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'ha investigat mètodes de síntesi de compostos heterocíclics usant diverses aproximacions sintètiques.Un dels mètodes de síntesi consisteix en la formació de benzo[b]furans mitjançant una reacció de substitució nucleòfila aromàtica d'un àtom de fluor per un anió alcòxid generat a partir de l'obertura d'un epòxid amb una base forta no nucleòfila com el tert-butòxid sòdic. Els oxirans de partida s'han preparat a partir de acetofenones comercials o fàcilment assequibles, per bromació del carboni a-carbonílic seguit de substitució nucleòfila del brom amb un anell azòlic i posterior metilenació del carboni carbonílic.S'ha estudiat la reacció d'obertura i posterior ciclació intramolecular de 2-(2'-fluoroaril)-2-(azolilmetil)oxirans. S'ha comprovat que el grup fluoro és millor grup sortint que el grup cloro, quan s'ha assajat la reacció amb cloro com a grup sortint a part d'aïllar-se el producte d'estructura de benzo[b]furan també s'ha obtingut l'alcohol al·lílic intermedi a través del qual transcorre la reacció. S'ha comprovat que la presència de grups azole (imidazole i triazole) afavoreix la reacció d'obertura de l'anell oxirànic, ja que quan s'ha assajat la reacció d'una base forta amb 2-(2'-fluoroaril)-2-metiloxirans no ha estat possible aïllar el producte de ciclació.A la segona part de la tesi s'utilitza la cada cop més usada reacció de ring-closing metathesis de diens, com un mètode per crear compostos cíclics. Des de l'aparició el 1992 dels catalitzadors desesenvolupats per Grubbs i Schrock, les reaccions de metàtesi de diens s'han convertit en una important eina en la síntesi d'una àmplia varietat de productes.S'ha investigat la preparació de sals d'indolizini mitjançant reaccions de metàtesi de sals d'N-al·lil-2-vinilpiridini i N-al·lil-2-cinamilpiridini. En cap cas s'ha aconseguit observar la formació del producte de metàtesi. S'ha assajat també la preparació de sals de 3,4-dihidroquinolizini per metàtesi de sals d'N-(3-butenil)-2-cinamilpiridini però tampoc ha estat possible obtenir-les.S'ha assajat la preparació de sals de piridini amb la presència d'un segon heteroàtom en posició 2 de l'anell piridínic. Quan es va intentar l'al·lilació de la 2-piridona no va ser possible l'obtenció del bromur d'1-al·lil-2-al·liloxipiridini.El bromur d'N-al·lil-2-al·liltiopiridini i N-(3-butenil)-2-al·liltiopiridini no reaccionen sota condicions de metàtesi probablement per coordinació de l'àtom de sofre al catalitzador de ruteni. S'ha assajat la preparació del bromur d'N-al·lil-2-al·lilsulfonilpiridini, per al·lilació de la 2-al·lilsulfonilpiridina i per oxidació del bromur d'N-al·lil-2-al·liltiopiridini, però no ha estat possible obtenir aquest producte.Ens vàrem plantejar l'obtenció de 5,8,9,10-tetrahidro-9-aza-4a-azonia-benzociclooctè mitjançant la metàtesi del bromur d'1-al·lil-2-[(al·lil-tert-butoxicarbonilamino)metil]piridini. Quan es va sotmetre aquesta sal diènica a les condicions de metàtesi es va obtenir el producte de desal·lilació en el nitrogen piridínic. La sal de partida es va preparar mitjançant una aminació reductiva del 2-piridincarboxaldehid seguida de protecció del grup amino i al·lilació del nitrogen piridínic.Mitjançant reaccions de ring-closing metathesis de diens hem aconseguit la preparació de bis(2,5-dihidropirrolil)sulfona i metanona. Aquests composots s'han preparat per metàtesi de la tetraal·lilsulfamida i de la tetraal·lilurea respectivament usant el catalitzador de Grubbs. S'ha estudiat també la reacció d'al·lilació de la sulfamida i de la urea en diverses condicions de reacció usant condicions bàsiques com sota catàlisi per espècies de pal·ladi(0).S'ha aconseguit l'oxidació de la bis(2,5-dihidropirrolil)sulfona fins a bis(pirrol-1-il)sulfona utilitzant 2,3-dicloro-5,6-dicianoquinona com a agent oxidant. Sorprenentment s'ha aïllat el producte d'oxidació d'un dels dos anells de dihidropirrol i ha estat necessari augmentar la temperatura i el temps de reacció per poder aconseguir l'oxidació del segon anell heterocíclic.S'ha desenvolupat una nova via de preparació de tetrahidro[1H]azepines, per metàtesi de dial·lilamines usant el catalitzador de Grubbs. Amb aquest objectiu es buscava la preparació de tetrahidro[1H]azepines substituïdes amb l'estereoquímica dels centres quirals controlada.Abans d'assajar la reacció de metàtesi amb amines quirals, s'ha assajat la reacció a partir de la 5-hexen-2-ona comercial. Aquest compost es va sotmetre a condicions d'aminació reductiva en presència d'al·lilamina, cianoborhidrur sòdic i àcid acètic. L'amina obtinguda no reacciona sota condicions de metàtesi en presència del catalitzador de Grubbs pel que va ser necessari protegir el grup amino en forma de carbamat. Amb l'amina protegida la reacció de metàtesi va tenir lloc amb bon rendiment. S'ha investigat la preparació de 5-hexen-2-ones substituïdes per al·lilació de acetoacetat d'etil i mitjançant una transposició de Claisen-Ireland d'ester crotílics d'acetoacetats. A la part final de la tesi s'ha estudiat l'aplicació de les reaccións de metàtesis a enins, que sota catàlisi per complexes de ruteni formen un compost heterocíclic amb un sistema diènic exocíclic. S'ha assajat la reacció de metàtesi, utilitzant complexos de ruteni com a catalitzador, de 2-vinil-1-propargiloxibenzè i 2-etinil-1-al·liloxibenzè que han estat preparats segons mètodes descrits a la literatura a partir del salicilaldehid. En cap dels dos casos s'ha observat la formació del producte de metàtesi. L'addició d'un dienòfil per tal d'atrapar in situ el diè format tampoc ha permès aïllar el producte de metàtesi.Els intents de metàtesi de la 2-(2-feniletinil)-N-trifluoroacetil-N-al·lilanilina han portat a la recuperació del producte de partida, mentre que s'ha observat la formació del producte de metàtesi quan aquesta reacció s'ha assajat amb la 2-etinil-N-trifluoroacetil-N-al·lilanilina. En els dos casos els enins s'han prepartat a partir de la o-iodoanilina mitjançant una reacció de Sonogashira amb fenilacetilè i trimetilsililacetilè, respectivament, seguida de protecció del grup amino i de reacció amb bromur d'al·lil.S'ha desenvolupat un métode de preparació de derivats tri i tetracíclics de benzoxepines mitjançant una seqüència "one-pot" de metàtesi d'enins seguida d'una reacció de Diels-Alder.Els enins de partida s'han preparat per reacció de bromur de propargil amb o-al·lilfenols comercials o que s'han preparat mitjançant una transposició [3,3]-sigmatròpica d'éters al·lil arílics obtinguts per al·lilació de fenols.Els enins han estat sotmesos a condicions de metàtesi amb el catalitzador de Grubbs en diclorometà a temperatura ambient. Després de 5 hores de reacció s'observa que ja no queda producte de partida, s'afegeix un dienòfil i s'augmenta la temperatura a reflux per tal d'atrapar la 3-vinil-2,5-dihidrobenzo[b]oxepina formant el producte de cicloaddició. S'han usat com a dienòfils la maleimida, l'anhídrid maleic, la 1,4-quinona, l'azadicarboxilat de dietil i l'acetilendicarboxilat de dimetil. S'ha aconseguit la preparació dels cicloadductes amb rendiments que oscil·len entre el 8 i el 60%. En el cas que els dienòfils siguin cíclics es poden donar dues possibles orientacions en la reacció de cicloaddició de Diels-Alder, l'orientació endo i l'orientació exo. Mitjançant experiments mono i bidimensionals de ressonància magnètica nuclear de protó i carboni s'han assignat els desplaçaments químics de tots els protons i carbonis de la molècula. La utilització d'experiments nOe ha permès confirmar que s'obtenen els productes de l'aproximació endo en que els protons dels 3 centres quirals estan en disposició relativa cis.Aquests treballs han estat publicats recentment a Synlett 2001, 1784. / The organic heterocyclic compunds have a great importance in chemistry due to their properties and most of them present biological activity. In this thesis we have studied new approaches to heterocyclic compounds.The first method consists in the formation of benzo[b]furans by an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution of a fluorine atom by an alcoxide generated by the opening of an epoxide using a non-nucleophilic strong base such as sodium tert-butoxide.The starting oxiranes have been prepared from readily available acetophenones. The first step is a bromination of the a-carbonylic position followed by an nucleophilic substitution of the bromine by an azolic ring and a methylenation of the carbonylic bond.We have studied the secuence of the opening and intramolecular cyclisation of 2-(2'-fluoroaryl)-2-(azolylmethyl)oxiranes. Fluorine is a better leaving group than chlorine, when we have used the chlorine as a leaving group we have obtained the benzo[b]furan and the allylic alcohol. The presence of an azolic ring (imidazole or triazole) improves the reaction of the opening of the oxirane. It is not possible to isolate the desired product when the reaction is carried out with 2-(2'-fluoroaryl)-2-methyloxiranes and a strong base.In the second part of this Thesis we have studied the ring-closing metathesis of the dienes as a method for the preparation of cyclic compounds. Since the apparition in 1992 of the catalysts developed by Grubbs and Schrock, the metathesis reactions are an important tool in the preparation of a wide range of products. We have investigated the preparation of indolizinium salts using metathesis reactions of N-allyl-2-vinylpyridinium and N-allyl-2-cinnamylpyridinium. It has not been possible to obtain the metathesis products. We have also investigated the preparation of 3,4-dihydroquinolizinium salts by metathesis of N-(3-butenyl)-2-cinnamylpyridinium salts but it has not been possible to obtain them.We have attempted the preparation of pyridium salts containing a second heteroatom in the 2-position of the aromatic ring. It has not been possible to achieve the preparation of the 1-allyl-2-allyloxypyridinium bromide by the sequential diallylation of 2-piridone.N-allyl-2-allyltiopyridinium and N-(3-butenyl)-2-allyltiopyridinium bromide do not react under metathesis conditions, probably due to the coordination of the sulphur atom to the ruthenium catalysts. We have attempted the preparation of the N-allyl-2-allylsulfonylpyridinium bromide by the allylation of the 2-allylsulfonylpyridine and by the oxidation of the N-allyl-2-allyltiopyridinium bromide, but in any case it has not been possible to prepare this compound.One of the objectives was the preparation of the 5,8,9,10-tetrahydro-9-aza-4a-azonia-benzocyclooctane by the metathesis of the 1-allyl-2-[(allyl-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)methyl]pyridinium bromide. When this salt was reacted under metathesis conditions, the deallylated product was obtained. The starting salt was preparared from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde by a reductive amination followed by protection of the amino group and allylation of the pyridine. Using reactions of ring-closing metathesis of dinenes we have achieved the preparation of bis(2,5-dihydropyrrolyl)sulfone and methanone. These compounds have been prepared by metathesis of the tetraallylsulfamide and tetraallylurea using the Grubbs' catalyst. The allylation of sulfamide and urea under basic conditions and by catalysis of Pd(0) species have been studied.The oxidation of the bis(2,5-dihydropyrrolyl)sulfone to bis(pyrrol-1-yl)sulfone has been achieved using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone as oxidating agent. Surpisingly it is possible to isolate the product of the oxidation of one of the dihydropyrrole rings, and it is necessary to increase the temperature and the reaction time to oxidate the second ring. We have developed a new synthesis of tetrahydro[1H]azepines by metathesis of diallylamines using Grubbs' catalysts. in this objective we pursued the preparaction of substituted tetrahydro[1H]azepines with controled stereochemistry. Before using chiral amines, we tried the reaction using the comercially available 5-hexen-2-one. This compound was treated under reductive amination conditions in the presence of allylamine, sodium cyanoborohydride acetic acid. The obtained amine did not react under metathesis conditions, and it was necessary to protect the amino group as a carbamate. With this compound the metathesis reaction took place with good yield. We have also investigated the preparation of substituted 5-hexen-2-ones by allylation of ethyl acetoacetate followed by the Claisen-Ireland rearrangement of crotyl esters of acetoacetates. In the last part, we have studied the extension of the metathesis reaction to enynes. The product of the metathesis of an enyne in the presenece of ruthenium catalyst is a cyclic compound with an exocyclic diene.We have attempted the metathesis reaction, using ruthenium complexes as catalysts, of the 2-vinyl-1-propargyloxybenzene and 2-ethynyl-1-allyloxybenzene. These compounds were prepared from salicylaldehyde using methods described in the bibliography. In any case we have observed the formation of the metathesis product. Then we attempted the addition of a dienofile in order to form a cycloadduct in situ with the diene, but we did not observe the formation of this compound. The attempts of the metathesis of the 2-(2-phenylethynyl)-N-trifluoroacetyl-N-allylaniline lead to the recovery of the starting material, however we have observed the formation of the metathesis product when we have tried the reaction of the 2-ethynyl-N-trifluoroacetyl-N-allylaniline. In both cases the enynes have been prepared from o-iodoaniline by a Sonogashira coupling with phenylacetilene and trimethylsilylacetilene, respectively, followed by protection of amino group and reaction with allyl bromide.A new preparation of tri and tetracyclic benzoxepines derivatives by a one-pot sequence consisting in a enyne metathesis followed by a Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been developed. The starting enynes have been prepared by the reaction of propargyl bromide with o-allylphenols. The allylphenols were comercially available or were prepared by a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl aryl ethers obtained by allylation of phenols.The enynes were treated under metathesis conditions with Grubbs's catalysts at room temperature in dichloromethane. After 5 hours the starting enyne have disappered and a dienofile is added and the temperature is raised to reflux. we have used as dienofiles the maleimide, maleic anhydride, 1,4-quinone, ethyl azadicarboxylate and dimethyl acetilendicarboxylate. The preparation of cycloadducts have been achieved with 8-60% yield. Cyclic dienophiles can approach to diene in two ways (endo and exo) in the cycloaddition reaction. Using mono and bidimensional NMR experiments it has been possible to assign all the chemical displacements of the protons and carbons of the molecule. nOe experiments allow to confirm that the products come from the endo approach, and the protons of the 3 chiral centers are in cis position.This results have recently been published in Synlett 2001, 1784.

Using chilled water within South African gold mines is paramount to the purpose of extracting gold ore efficiently. Using water for cooling, drilling and sweeping and the release of underground fissure water causes the accumulation of vast amounts of water in underground dams. Deep mines use cascading pump systems for dewatering, which is an electrical energy intensive dewatering method. Due to the recent equalisation of demand to generation capacity of electrical energy in South Africa, various methods towards demand side reduction have been implemented. With the introduction of a time-of-use (TOU) tariff structure by Eskom, the implementation of projects that shift load from peak TOU times to times of the day when electrical energy is less expensive has increased. To enable load shifting on mine dewatering pumps, preparation before and recovery after peak TOU is needed for effective results. This induces a preparation- and comeback load in the standard TOU. With an annual increase in TOU tariffs and the rate of increase of standard TOU being greater than that of the peak TOU, a reduction in electrical energy consumption before and after peak TOU is needed. To enable this, a step-by-step control technique was developed to promote the shifting of load from standard- to off-peak TOU, while still realising a full load shift from peak TOU. This technique entails dynamic control ranges of underground dam levels as opposed to the conventional constant control range method. Two case studies were used to test the developed technique. Results indicated significant additional financial savings when compared to conventional control methods. Additional savings of R1,096,056.65 and R579,394.27 per annum were respectively achieved for both case studies. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Many Christians, including Christian leaders, are spiritually blind. They do not understand the purpose and implication of Jesus' Coming for each of His followers. So often Christians seek self-interest and their own honour and are not in the least concerned about their fellow believers and fellow man. They do not live up to God's purpose with them. The main research problem of this study is: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The main objective of this study is to determine what the implication is of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question posed. in Chapter 2 is the following: "What research has been done with reference to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" Research has shown that the disciples are portrayed negatively in the Gospel of Mark. Researchers offer different explanations for this negative portrayal of the disciples. There is concensus among researchers that this specific portrayal of the disciples should be explained from the angle of Christology and discipleship. This study examines the negative portrayal of the disciples focusing on the ? of Jesus and the discipleship of His followers. The intention is to propose an answer to the calling of each follower in the missionary church. Research has further shown that discipleship is not limited to the twelve disciples only, but includes all followers of Jesus. The specific question posed in Chapter 3 is the following: "What is the relevance of the socio-historic and literary context of the Gospel of Mark for this study regarding the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The socio-historic context indicates that the adressees of the Gospel of Mark probably suffered persecution. The relevance of the socio-historic context can be read from the fact that the author of the Gospel of Mark encourages the adressees in their unique situation(s) en guides them on their response as followers. This corresponds with Jesus' discipleship calling to bear one's own cross. From the literary context it becomes clear that the central discipleship section in Mark 8:27-10:52 forms a structural unit in the Gospel of Mark. Christology and discipleship are central themes in Mark 8:27- 10:52. These two themes are directly related to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The literary context also shows that the Gospel of Mark is a dramatic, apocalyptic, eschatologic narrative that is also a biography. As a biography of Jesus, the Gospel of Mark focuses on Jesus as Subject who serves, but also on his disciples who must deny themselves and serve God. The specific question posed in Chapter 4 is the following: "What is the relevance of the revelation-historic context of the "Son of man" enunciations in Mark 8:27-10:52 for the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark? In Chapter 4 it is shown that the "Son of man" enunciations should be understood within the revelation-historical relation between the Old and the New Testament. Jesus proclaims Himself, amongst other titles in the Gospel of Mark as the Son of man. The Son of man is a glorious and kingly figure (cf Dan 7:13 & 14), .but also a humble figure who suffers (cf Isaiah Jes 40-55; Sagaria; the Psalms). It is further more important to realize that there is a relationship between the Messiah and His servants in the Old Testament and the Son of man and his followers in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question, posed in Chapter 5 is the following: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" It is shown from Mark 8:27-9:1 that the ? of Jesus has redemptive, discipleship, as well as judgemental implication. Following Jesus means to serve Him as believer and saved person. Following Jesus is to serve Jesus and God with the same attitude as Jesus served His Father and people. It is shown from Mark 9:30-37 that humble and loving service is necessary between leaders and all followers. This service should be specifically aimed at the least ones in the community of faith. Humble service towards one another and the least ones is not degraded. It is extremely important work because it is at the same time service towards Jesus and God. At the feet of the least in church and society we receive the most humble Servant and our Supreme God, the most important of all. It is shown from Mark 10:32-45 that selfish behaviour and pride among leaders must be replaced with a humble attitude and submission to God, fellow believers and fellow man." This discipleship has its origin in the reconciliatory work of Jesus. It is shown from Mark 10:46-52 that Jesus sent people to the outsiders and sufferers along the road to call them to Him. His aim is to save them that they may join and serve Him and others. In Chapter 6 this study reaches its conclusion. God had according to the Gospel of Mark a specific purpose with the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation. Through His word proclamation Jesus reveals the will of His Father who sent Him to earth. This message of the Kingdom of God is a message of hope. Through His deed proclamation Jesus brings salvation to many people. The life of Jesus was a life of humble, sacrificing and loving service. His service makes their service possible. He calls all His followers to serve God until! He comes again. Every believer is a follower of Jesus and part of the missionary church as fishers of men. Each believer is sent out in the world with the sacrificing love of Jesus to serve God, fellow believers, his fellow man especially the least ones and those who suffer. Leaders and followers should live according to the same principle: Follow Jesus by serving God and your fellow man. Every follower is a servant not only at the feet of the least ones and those who suffer, but also at the feet of the greatest Servant and our Supreme God. / Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Using chilled water within South African gold mines is paramount to the purpose of extracting gold ore efficiently. Using water for cooling, drilling and sweeping and the release of underground fissure water causes the accumulation of vast amounts of water in underground dams. Deep mines use cascading pump systems for dewatering, which is an electrical energy intensive dewatering method. Due to the recent equalisation of demand to generation capacity of electrical energy in South Africa, various methods towards demand side reduction have been implemented. With the introduction of a time-of-use (TOU) tariff structure by Eskom, the implementation of projects that shift load from peak TOU times to times of the day when electrical energy is less expensive has increased. To enable load shifting on mine dewatering pumps, preparation before and recovery after peak TOU is needed for effective results. This induces a preparation- and comeback load in the standard TOU. With an annual increase in TOU tariffs and the rate of increase of standard TOU being greater than that of the peak TOU, a reduction in electrical energy consumption before and after peak TOU is needed. To enable this, a step-by-step control technique was developed to promote the shifting of load from standard- to off-peak TOU, while still realising a full load shift from peak TOU. This technique entails dynamic control ranges of underground dam levels as opposed to the conventional constant control range method. Two case studies were used to test the developed technique. Results indicated significant additional financial savings when compared to conventional control methods. Additional savings of R1,096,056.65 and R579,394.27 per annum were respectively achieved for both case studies. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Many Christians, including Christian leaders, are spiritually blind. They do not understand the purpose and implication of Jesus' Coming for each of His followers. So often Christians seek self-interest and their own honour and are not in the least concerned about their fellow believers and fellow man. They do not live up to God's purpose with them. The main research problem of this study is: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The main objective of this study is to determine what the implication is of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question posed. in Chapter 2 is the following: "What research has been done with reference to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" Research has shown that the disciples are portrayed negatively in the Gospel of Mark. Researchers offer different explanations for this negative portrayal of the disciples. There is concensus among researchers that this specific portrayal of the disciples should be explained from the angle of Christology and discipleship. This study examines the negative portrayal of the disciples focusing on the ? of Jesus and the discipleship of His followers. The intention is to propose an answer to the calling of each follower in the missionary church. Research has further shown that discipleship is not limited to the twelve disciples only, but includes all followers of Jesus. The specific question posed in Chapter 3 is the following: "What is the relevance of the socio-historic and literary context of the Gospel of Mark for this study regarding the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The socio-historic context indicates that the adressees of the Gospel of Mark probably suffered persecution. The relevance of the socio-historic context can be read from the fact that the author of the Gospel of Mark encourages the adressees in their unique situation(s) en guides them on their response as followers. This corresponds with Jesus' discipleship calling to bear one's own cross. From the literary context it becomes clear that the central discipleship section in Mark 8:27-10:52 forms a structural unit in the Gospel of Mark. Christology and discipleship are central themes in Mark 8:27- 10:52. These two themes are directly related to the implication of the ? of Jesus in word- and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" The literary context also shows that the Gospel of Mark is a dramatic, apocalyptic, eschatologic narrative that is also a biography. As a biography of Jesus, the Gospel of Mark focuses on Jesus as Subject who serves, but also on his disciples who must deny themselves and serve God. The specific question posed in Chapter 4 is the following: "What is the relevance of the revelation-historic context of the "Son of man" enunciations in Mark 8:27-10:52 for the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark? In Chapter 4 it is shown that the "Son of man" enunciations should be understood within the revelation-historical relation between the Old and the New Testament. Jesus proclaims Himself, amongst other titles in the Gospel of Mark as the Son of man. The Son of man is a glorious and kingly figure (cf Dan 7:13 & 14), .but also a humble figure who suffers (cf Isaiah Jes 40-55; Sagaria; the Psalms). It is further more important to realize that there is a relationship between the Messiah and His servants in the Old Testament and the Son of man and his followers in the Gospel of Mark. The specific question, posed in Chapter 5 is the following: "What is the implication of the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation in the Gospel of Mark?" It is shown from Mark 8:27-9:1 that the ? of Jesus has redemptive, discipleship, as well as judgemental implication. Following Jesus means to serve Him as believer and saved person. Following Jesus is to serve Jesus and God with the same attitude as Jesus served His Father and people. It is shown from Mark 9:30-37 that humble and loving service is necessary between leaders and all followers. This service should be specifically aimed at the least ones in the community of faith. Humble service towards one another and the least ones is not degraded. It is extremely important work because it is at the same time service towards Jesus and God. At the feet of the least in church and society we receive the most humble Servant and our Supreme God, the most important of all. It is shown from Mark 10:32-45 that selfish behaviour and pride among leaders must be replaced with a humble attitude and submission to God, fellow believers and fellow man." This discipleship has its origin in the reconciliatory work of Jesus. It is shown from Mark 10:46-52 that Jesus sent people to the outsiders and sufferers along the road to call them to Him. His aim is to save them that they may join and serve Him and others. In Chapter 6 this study reaches its conclusion. God had according to the Gospel of Mark a specific purpose with the ? of Jesus in word and deed proclamation. Through His word proclamation Jesus reveals the will of His Father who sent Him to earth. This message of the Kingdom of God is a message of hope. Through His deed proclamation Jesus brings salvation to many people. The life of Jesus was a life of humble, sacrificing and loving service. His service makes their service possible. He calls all His followers to serve God until! He comes again. Every believer is a follower of Jesus and part of the missionary church as fishers of men. Each believer is sent out in the world with the sacrificing love of Jesus to serve God, fellow believers, his fellow man especially the least ones and those who suffer. Leaders and followers should live according to the same principle: Follow Jesus by serving God and your fellow man. Every follower is a servant not only at the feet of the least ones and those who suffer, but also at the feet of the greatest Servant and our Supreme God. / Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Responding to the need to fill the research gap in the area of museum integrated marketing communication, the study investigated the planned, unplanned, product and service messages of selected museums in South Africa. These selected museums were the Ditsong and Iziko clusters of museums in the Gauteng Province and the Western Cape Province respectively. The clusters were selected because they are the biggest clusters of museums in the country. In an attempt to fill the research gap, the goal of the study was to develop and present an integrated marketing communication framework for the selected museums. In order to realise the goal of the study, four objectives were set. Consistent with the first objective chapter 2 analysed the South African cultural tourism sector. In this regard, the literature review revealed that South Africa’s cultural product offering is multifaceted with arts, cultural villages, literature, battlefields, museums, heritage sites nd religion comprising the main tourist attractions. Moreover, the literature review revealed that the two clusters of museums offer diversified product portfolios. The second objective was achieved in chapter 3 by analysing integrated marketing communication by means of a literature review. The literature review revealed that IMC is a logical structure of developing communication strategies. An organisation should control (planned) or influence messages (unplanned, product, service) messages to ensure message consistency and maximum communication impact. In simple terms, an organisation should strive to match its brand promise made through planned messages with actual performance as reflected in its product, service, and unplanned messages. The third objective was to analyse empirically the planned, unplanned, product and service messages of the Ditsong and Iziko clusters of museums. The results of the empirical phase of the study were presented in chapter 4. Following a mixed methods research approach, the first component of the empirical phase involved in- depth interviews with the marketing managers of the museum clusters while the second component involved a survey of visitors to the clusters. The qualitative data was analysed by establishing themes which had emerged from the interviews with the marketing managers. The quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS programme. In order to establish the relationships between the variables, a factor analysis was conducted. In addition, T-tests and ANOVAs were also conducted. The factor analysis produced three factors namely, factor 1: Above-the-line media, factor 2: Internal and external marketing and factor 3: Marketing public relations. The t-test and ANOVAs revealed that the respondents across age, province of residence, visitor retention and educational level rate service messages the most highly of all the IMC messages. On the whole, the empirical study revealed that both the participants and the respondents share the same views on what should be done in terms of the planned, unplanned, service and product messages of museums to ensure message consistency and maximum communication impact. The structural equation modelling indicated the interrelatedness of the various messages as well as their influence on one another. The fourth objective was to develop and present an integrated marketing communication framework for the Ditsong and Iziko museum clusters. This objective was realised in chapter five. The framework was informed by both the literature review and the empirical study. As regards the literature review the framework differs from some other works on IMC in that an attempt was made to align the framework to IMC message typology in its entirety. With regard to the empirical study, the IMC programme phase of the framework incorporates the recommendations of the respondents. It is hoped that the framework will empower the museums both to ensure message consistency and to maximise communication impact in spite of the divergent message needs of their multiple stakeholders. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Responding to the need to fill the research gap in the area of museum integrated marketing communication, the study investigated the planned, unplanned, product and service messages of selected museums in South Africa. These selected museums were the Ditsong and Iziko clusters of museums in the Gauteng Province and the Western Cape Province respectively. The clusters were selected because they are the biggest clusters of museums in the country. In an attempt to fill the research gap, the goal of the study was to develop and present an integrated marketing communication framework for the selected museums. In order to realise the goal of the study, four objectives were set. Consistent with the first objective chapter 2 analysed the South African cultural tourism sector. In this regard, the literature review revealed that South Africa’s cultural product offering is multifaceted with arts, cultural villages, literature, battlefields, museums, heritage sites nd religion comprising the main tourist attractions. Moreover, the literature review revealed that the two clusters of museums offer diversified product portfolios. The second objective was achieved in chapter 3 by analysing integrated marketing communication by means of a literature review. The literature review revealed that IMC is a logical structure of developing communication strategies. An organisation should control (planned) or influence messages (unplanned, product, service) messages to ensure message consistency and maximum communication impact. In simple terms, an organisation should strive to match its brand promise made through planned messages with actual performance as reflected in its product, service, and unplanned messages. The third objective was to analyse empirically the planned, unplanned, product and service messages of the Ditsong and Iziko clusters of museums. The results of the empirical phase of the study were presented in chapter 4. Following a mixed methods research approach, the first component of the empirical phase involved in- depth interviews with the marketing managers of the museum clusters while the second component involved a survey of visitors to the clusters. The qualitative data was analysed by establishing themes which had emerged from the interviews with the marketing managers. The quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS programme. In order to establish the relationships between the variables, a factor analysis was conducted. In addition, T-tests and ANOVAs were also conducted. The factor analysis produced three factors namely, factor 1: Above-the-line media, factor 2: Internal and external marketing and factor 3: Marketing public relations. The t-test and ANOVAs revealed that the respondents across age, province of residence, visitor retention and educational level rate service messages the most highly of all the IMC messages. On the whole, the empirical study revealed that both the participants and the respondents share the same views on what should be done in terms of the planned, unplanned, service and product messages of museums to ensure message consistency and maximum communication impact. The structural equation modelling indicated the interrelatedness of the various messages as well as their influence on one another. The fourth objective was to develop and present an integrated marketing communication framework for the Ditsong and Iziko museum clusters. This objective was realised in chapter five. The framework was informed by both the literature review and the empirical study. As regards the literature review the framework differs from some other works on IMC in that an attempt was made to align the framework to IMC message typology in its entirety. With regard to the empirical study, the IMC programme phase of the framework incorporates the recommendations of the respondents. It is hoped that the framework will empower the museums both to ensure message consistency and to maximise communication impact in spite of the divergent message needs of their multiple stakeholders. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Gehaltediens lei tot effektiwiteit in enige organisasie. Die meting hiervan behoort 'n prioriteit te wees, maar geskikte, gevalideerde, wetenskaplike meetinstrumente hiervoor bestaan nie. Die algemene doel van die navorsing was die validering van 'n gerekenariseerde simulasietegniek ("Business Principles Orientation") vir die meting van klientediensvaardighede. In die literatuuroorsig is klientediens gedefinieer en vyf dimensies van gehaltediens gei:dentifiseer. Deur empiriese navorsing is die gerekenariseerde simulasietegniek ("Business Principles Orientation") se meting van klientediensvaardighede bepaal, deur dit afte neem op 'n steekproef van 28 kassiere in 'n supermark. Hierdie instrument is gekorreleer met die Servqual-vraelys. Die resultate dui op 'n swak verband tussen die veranderlikes van die Servqual-vraelys en gerekenariseerde simulasietegniek. Hiervolgens is die gerekenariseerde simulasietegniek en die ontwikkelingsverslag wat dit verskaf, nie geldig in die meting van klientdiensvaardighede nie. Aanbevelings ten opsigte van die instrument se verdere verfyning en navorsing word geformuleer. / Quality service leads to effectiveness in any organisation. The measurement of effectiveness should be a priority, but suitable, valid and scientific measurement instruments for this purpose does not exist. The general aim of the research was the validation of a computerized simulation technique ("Business Principles Orientation") for the measurement of client service skills. In the literature survey, quality service was defined and five dimensions of quality service identified. In the empirical research the measurement of client service skills through the use of the computerized technique ("Business Priciples Orientation"), was determined by testing it on a sample of 28 cashiers from a supermarket. This instrument was correlated with the Servqual-questionaire. The results show little correlation between the variables of the Servqual questionaire and computerized simulation technique. In terms hereof the computerized simulation technique and development report that it provides, is not valid in the measurement of client care skills. Recommendations for further refinement and research pertaining to this instrument is formulated. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Bedryfsielkunde)