In the 21st century, tourism has become a very popular and important industry all over the world. The success of tourism lies in the sound infrastructure of the scenic spots and, more importantly, in the unique cultures behind different localities. According to the statistics published by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), 37% of tourism abroad is related to culture and this ¡§cultural tourism¡¨ is experiencing a 10% annual increase. Cultural tourism has undoubtedly become a new trend in invigorating regional development. In the long run, culture-based tourist activities may be the only activities that can attract and keep tourists. The Kaohsiung and Pingtung districts are well-known for their natural resources, beautiful landscapes, and cultural backgrounds, all of which have been intertwined in creating this unique community. Through competition, complementarity, and finally cooperation, these districts have become an inseparable whole. The continued integration of the cultural resources among these districts can further promote cultural tourism and greatly benefit the regional development in these districts. The purpose of this dissertation is mainly to analyze the developmental processes and cultural resources in the Kaohsiung and Pingtung districts. Based on the SWOT approach adopted in several foreign cases, the internal as well as external factors involved in the environment and resources related to cultural tourism were investigated. Also, informed by the Delphi approach, viable strategies were recommended for the future development in the cultural tourism industry in these districts. The strategies proposed in this dissertation include (a) development of strategic alliances between public and private sectors; (b) establishment of cooperative as well as compensatory mechanisms in relation to cultural tourism; (c) synergetic marketing of cultural activities; (d) organization of relevant administrative departments in relation to cultural tourism; (e) designing of thematic cultural tourism packages; (f) synergetic marketing of scenic spots with similar cultural tourism attractions; (g) integration of cultural activities as well as development of communities that value art appreciation.

The purpose of the study is to explore the strategies in the development of Chiayi cultural tourism through the five dimensions of supply aspects¡Gattractions, services, transportation, information, and promotion. The researcher takes the methods to develop Chiayi¡¦s cultural tourism strategies through tourism resources data analysis, three cases study, and deep interview to induct the strategies. Then, the strategies are evaluated by Delphi. Culture is the core and added-value element in any industries. Cultural tourism is the trend in the world tourism industries. Using the unique natural resources or human resources to develop the regional culture tourism, we can get the competitiveness and uniqueness to be the only tour destination and attract tourists to visit. The results of the study reveal that 1. In the region of Chiayi, there are some essential elements in developing cultural tourism such as ecotourism tours, aboriginals tour, tea-drinking , rail tours, gourmet guide, educational tour, International Band Festival, and the branch of the Palace Museum. They are the niches to develop the regional cultural tourism. 2. Government and non-profit organization and commercials play important roles in regional tourism development. The government establishes policies and rules to set up the friendly tour environment and attracts commercials to invest. Commercials can provide tourists with the essential entertainment equipment, lodging and food service. Non-profit organizations will balance the regional tourism development and area conservation. Schools will also cultivate the human resources for tourism and do the researches in the tourism development to promote the regional cultural tourism.

Organised tours are one of the main ways that tourists experience cultural destinations. They are often described as `a destination bubble', conveying a sense of isolation rather than involvement. The extent to which tour participants interact with and learn about destinations is not well understood, although the acquisition of knowledge is frequently cited as significant in peoples' decisions to travel by this mode. This research investigates cultural tour participants' experiences, and specifically addresses the extent to which participants' images of their destinations change or remain unaltered after their visit, and whether satisfaction from a tour can be linked to the degree of informal learning gained about the route. The concepts of tourism and cultural tourism are explored; definitions of `culture' and theories on how culture is used, transformed and `consumed' by tourists, are presented. The nature of the `cultural route' is examined and two principal types are distinguished: those from antiquity, and tour routes operating in cultural destinations. The organised cultural tour, its origins and development are explored. The empirical research was developed from environmental psychology, employing route mapping to elicit information about tour members' knowledge before and after touring. Judgement and convenience-based sampling were used to select a cultural destination and Ireland was chosen because it presented elements common to many non-specialised tour itineraries in Europe. A multi-method approach combined qualitative and quantitative techniques in the analyses of cognitive maps, and triangulated the findings with those from focused interviews and participant observation. The study successfully accomplished its objectives in finding that tourists' images changed in magnitude as the tour had enforced already well-defined images. In particular, tour members' knowledge of places positioned sequentially along a route tended to increase. The research has contributed significantly to the understanding of tourists' map formation processes and it was found that information sources are particularly important, although information about a destination may be stored in people's memories regardless of whether they have actually visited that dessupplemented by new sources acquired at tour destinations. The thesis concludes by exploring the implications of the primary findings for academic study and the management of the cultural tours sectortination. Indirect sources of information were not usually

Not only is tourism becoming one of the fastest growing industries of both the developed and developing countries, it is also the point of entry into a country and its culture. The movement of people between countries and the burgeoning size of the tourism industry has created the need for the professionalisation of tourist guides within countries. Furthermore, there has also developed a need for implementing tourist guiding legislation to better regulate the tourism sector. The tourist guide has become one of the key industry players, because he or she is usually the first point of contact between the tourist and the country. As such, this study will focus on the development and implementation of tourist guiding legislation in three destinations: South Africa, Canada and Australia. It will compare the different regulatory measures each country has implemented and also look at the relationship between the tourist guide and government, as well as the relationship of the tourist guide and the tourist. The importance of the tourist guide as mediator or interpreter will also be focused on. Lastly the concept of cross-border tourism will also be considered, this is because people usually visit more than one country when they go on holiday and tourist guides will often have to operate between the two countries and take part in cross-border tourism. In short, this study will be a comparative one primarily concerned with tourist guiding legislation within South Africa, Canada and Australia. It will consider the place of the tourist guide within the historical and practical context. / Dissertation (MHSC)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted

Research on disability tourism and accessibility has predominantly focused on visible disabilities, while research on invisible disability and tourism has received very limited attention. For the most part, work on invisible disability and tourism has featured primarily on social media platforms and has been written by individuals who are themselves People with Disabilities (PWDs). This has resulted in a gap in scholarly research on invisible disability and tourism and one which this dissertation sets out to address. This study considers invisible disabilities and how they feature within the tourism industry with the focus on accessibility. A Tourism Journey Model was devised within this context and a study was made of three counties: India, South Africa and Australia. The legislation and tourism experiences relating to invisible disability were analysed and compared in these countries that represent the global South and global North. While the most recent legislation and regulations in these respective countries were consulted as primary documents, the experiences of tourists with invisible disabilities were assessed through the creation of a fictitious scenario based on social media sources. This research intends to draw attention to the accessibility of tourism regarding disabilities, with a specific focus on invisible disabilities. It highlights the gaps in the legal systems of South Africa, Australia and India regarding invisible disability tourism and accessibility, as well as the issues experienced by tourists within this realm. As regards all the phases of the Tourism Journey Model, it appears that Australia and India have a slight advantage over South Africa in terms of accommodating invisible disabilities. However, in the final analysis the study emphasises the importance of making the invisible visible. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria 2020. / Andrew Mellon Foundation / Historical and Heritage Studies / MSocSci / Unrestricted

Cultural tourism is assuming ever greater significance, and this study examines one particular form of this tourism whose main resource is the literary work of authors. Literary tourist destinations are places visited because of their associations with books or other literary outputs and with their authors. Such destinations are becoming increasingly popular as visitor attractions. This research examines the visitors to one well-known literary tourist destination. It examines the motivations, experiences and attitudes of the visitors as they relate to the authenticity of the destination. Although literary tourism is a significant part of both the cultural and tourism industries, it is very largely under-researched. Most concentrates on the historical emergence of literary tourist destinations. The present examination uses a case study of tourists visiting the literary tourism area of Haworth, West Yorkshire, England which was home to the literary Bronte family. The nature of the links specifically between literature, authenticity and tourism remain under-researched, with little sustained attention given to questions surrounding the authenticity of literary tourist destinations. Hence, the case study investigates visitor attitudes to the character of authenticity at the destination. Authenticity is evaluated explicitly as a social construct, and the research also questions how tourists respond to the signs or markers of literary connections. In this way, the research adds to the understanding of literary tourist destinations, visitor attitudes to authenticity, and their perceptions of, and responses to, signs as markers of authenticity. The case study is based on a social survey which comprises three different semi-structured questionnaires. While these surveys shared standard questions on motivations and authenticity, each had a distinct focus, which facilitated the assessment of visitor attitudes to a wide range of potential tourism products in the literary tourist destination. This research adds to methodological sophistication in tourism research by its innovative use of visual stimuli as a projection technique, with this method rarely being used in tourism studies. Verbal stimuli were less likely to be appropriate to explore the signs that visitors use as markers of authenticity. Consequently, photographs including key potential signs were used as a stimulus to gain insights into visitor responses. The results indicate that the literary tourist destination of Haworth attracts a broad range of visitor types, and that the different types of visitors differed in their motivations and experiences. It was found that different visitors were motivated to visit Haworth by the desire to learn and by the desire to have fun to varying degrees. Such motivations affected the extent to which they were concerned about the authenticity of the various aspects of the literary tourism product. In a similar vein, the empirical data suggests that visitors varied in the extent to which they considered their experience of the destination had been authentic, and differences also emerged between the features of the literary place that visitors used as markers of authenticity or of inauthenticity.

The northern portion of Belgium, a region known as Flanders, is one of the most densely settled, industrialized areas in the world. Existing in small, isolated tracts, are "green spaces" mainly devoted to agricultural output. The Flemish way of life and environment has become increasingly "urbanized." Tourism commissions operating in the countryside have drawn on Flemish heritage and identity, as well as the rural landscape to act as marketing tools. In terms of perception and the notion of a distinctly Flemish rural "space'" how are tourist flow patterns influenced? Does the process of perception result in an exclusive urban to rural pattern, or is there deviation (e.g. rural to rural)? Finally, what mechanisms are utilized by the tourism industry to create the demand for rural tourist activity -- is culture invented, or does an emerging Flemish identity reveal itself as part of the linguistic movement?

¡@¡@This research aims to find how museums combine marketing strategies with tourism through probing into marketing strategies and experience of the National Palace Museum, and profoundly explore the benefits generated by treating the museums as the tourist destinations. We expect to suggest future feasible marketing strategies for the National Palace Museum through objective examination and function as reference for domestic museums and other related industries. This research is based on qualitative case study and interviews the National Palace Museum, the people in museum circle, chief of the community, tour guides and tourists by face-to-face and telephone interviews. In addition, it includes on-site observation and related documents as the criteria for the study and analysis of this paper. The research framework is divided into three dimensions: internal examination, external relationship and marketing strategies of the museum. There are 14 elements being investigated, including organization, personnel, the collection, exhibition, the building, location, image/brand, strategic alliance and international collaboration, empowerment and cross-industrial cooperation, community, pricing strategy, media and event marketing, internet marketing and digital collections, films and publications etc. The research conclusions are below: In terms of ¡§organization¡¨, the adjustment of the National Palace Museum is still not passed by law. How to respond to external forms and adjust internal organization become extremely critical. With regard to ¡§personnel¡¨, most of the personnel in the National Palace Museum have experienced professional training and they are all qualified; the tour guiding quality is excellent and the facilities are new; they contribute to the promotion of art education. As to ¡§the collection¡¨, it includes over 650,000 Chinese antiques, royal and palace articles and literatures. However, the museum should be prepared for the possible antique dispute in the future; as to ¡§exhibition¡¨, besides the internal exhibitions, the National Palace Museum also actively keeps up with the world; holding special exhibitions is one of the most effective ways to increase domestic visitors; in terms of ¡§the building¡¨, the National Palace Museum is built on eastern traditional building with exotic attraction; after reconstruction, the National Palace Museum increases the square measure of exhibition and boutiques and food shops become spacious; as to ¡§location¡¨, it is far away from downtown and inconvenient in terms of transportation. With regard to the creation of ¡§image/brand¡¨, the National Palace Museum replaces old image with new image by new concept, lively and diverse methods. As to ¡§Strategic Alliance and international collaboration¡¨, it cooperates and exchanges with well-known museums, such as loan and return exhibitions. ¡§Empowerment and cross-industrial cooperation¡¨ is the principal target of present operation. It increases brand authorization which result in soaring growth of authorization sum. Diverse cross-industrial alliance livens the antiques and increases their economic value. With regard to ¡§community¡¨, the residents in the community can visit the National Palace Museum for free. However, the parking problems still discourages the residents. In terms of ¡§pricing strategy¡¨, the prices of the products in the shops seem to be high. It can still develop ordinary price products. With regard to the relationship with media, the National Palace Museum has been holding special exhibitions with media for long term with satisfying results. Among international media, Japanese media exposes the most. In terms of ¡§internet marketing¡¨, WWW design is remarkable with countless awards. It also actively proceeds with ¡§digital collections¡¨. As to ¡§films and publications¡¨, in recent years, it has been devoted to shooting the films and advertising to promote the National Palace Museum. High-quality publications are also awarded which strengthen the overall image of the National Palace Museum. Generally speaking, the most critical three elements of the National Palace Museum marketing are collection, visitor service and brand image. The unfavorable elements include organization mechanism, location and relationship with community.

Miami’s marketers have a long and successful history of creating and recreating imagery that draws visitors towards the "magic city" or the "tropical playground". This thesis investigates Miami’s marketing and its roots by analyzing the role and legacy of segregation in order to examine how tourism and its image relate to issues of exclusion and inequality. An inclusive rethinking of the definitions and usage of culture is then advocated as an important theoretical shift that could benefit development and revitalization in the city’s economically poorest neighborhoods. Analysis (through case studies, semi-structured interviews and GIS analysis) then shows how historic patterns of exclusion and adverse incorporation, especially in regard to tourism, are reproduced in much of Miami’s contemporary marketing, with the Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau (GMCVB) playing an important role in this process. The Black community especially suffers greater levels of exclusion from Miami’s tourism and marketing and therefore has the most to gain from a shift in policy and perception. Community-based cultural tourism has functioned in various US cities as a tool to assist urban revitalization however Miami has yet to implement such a program. The results of this research suggest a number of recommendations for cultural tourism’s implementation in Miami, emphasizing the need for a community-based coalition of non-profit organizations utilizing governmental, marketing and creative/artistic partnerships.

This dissertation focuses on possible ways of creating employment for local people through cultural tourism. One of the major problems experienced in KwaZulu-Natal is the high rate of unemployment. The dissertation focuses on the potential of cultural tourism as both a drawcard for visitors to South Africa as well as a means to alleviate poverty in the province. Since the concept of cultural tourism is fairly new to South Africa, the various concepts linked to the topic are outlined and defined at the outset before an hypothesis is stated. The dissertation investigates the successes generated by cultural tourism in other developing parts of the world before attempting to apply it to case studies in the Durban area. This allows for comparisons and makes one attentive to lessons to be learned when developing cultural tourism attractions in Durban. The advantages and disadvantages of the external case studies are outlined and recommendations for the development of local case studies are discussed. Each of the Durban case studies is introduced and a detailed analyses of its potential for cultural tourism is provided. Part of the contribution towards the potential that these case studies have for cultural tourism development is the fact that South Africa has a strong political history. It was therefore apt to include an account of SA’s political progress in the study. The dissertation then proceeds onto discussing findings after interviews with relevant parties aligned to the chosen case studies were conducted. This allowed for suggestions and recommendations on how to proceed towards achieving well developed community driven, cultural tourism projects. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted