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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / Kingklip (Genypterus capensis) and monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) and are ecologically and economically important demersal fish species that are found along both the eastern and western parts of southern Africa’s coastline. Despite their commercial value, limited information exists focusing on the trophic ecology of these two species. This is the first study to make use of both stomach content analysis and stable isotope analysis to directly compare and examine the trophic ecology of G. capensis and L. vomerinus off the West and South coast of South Africa. / 2022

As current treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) do not prevent the accumulation of long-term disability, researchers and persons with MS are interested in wellness behaviours and how they may be used to manage MS. This thesis includes a review of the literature on wellness-based interventions in persons with progressive MS. Following this review, a cross-sectional study was conducted to characterize dietary intake by disability status in this population, and to examine the functional and symptomatic correlates of dietary behaviours. Participants with MS and matched controls completed questionnaires and a three-day food intake record. There were significant differences in dietary intake with and without supplements between the MS and control groups. Correlates of dietary behaviours were also examined. Further research examining dietary intake in MS is necessary to understand how disability and other factors impact dietary intake behaviours, and which other correlates may be useful targets for future nutrition interventions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Reports differ concerning the cariogenic potential of milk. Some authors indicate that plain milk can cause dental caries, while others believe that the disease results from adding carbohydrates to the milk. Still others suggest that milk has a protective effect and may contribute to caries prevention. The present study investigated the capability of human milk, plain bovine milk, a milk formula, and milk with honey to produce caries-like lesions in an environment which simulated the oral cavity. Four groups of eight sound bicuspids each, which had been extracted for orthodontic reasons, were mounted in a mouth simulator. The teeth and complete apparatus were sterilized with ethylene oxide. The teeth were then inoculated with human saliva and covered with linen cloth to facilitate bacterial colonization. Each day the various groups of study teeth were exposed to one of the four milk solutions during a 2, 4, or 8-hour period. After each period, a sterile chemical solution simulating human saliva was dropped (8-12 ml/hr) over the cloth to provide a mouth-like environment. A control group was not exposed to a milk preparation. The results indicate that after six weeks, all milk solution groups showed unequivocal signs of decalcification, with an intensity proportional to the period of exposure to the study solutions. Plain bovine milk produced the least decalcification, followed in order by milk formula, human milk, and milk and honey. It can be inferred, from these results, that milk itself, without addition of extra carbohydrates, has the potential to produce dental caries if left stagnant over the tooth surfaces for a sufficient time.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22644号 / 医博第4627号 / 新制||医||1066(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 秀一, 教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 中山 健夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This is the first in a series of experiments designed to investigate the effect of local and systemic factors on osteoblast histogenesis in rats. A soft diet is an experimental means thought to decrease the overall mechanical loading (a local factor) on the masticatory apparatus. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three equally sized groups: 1) an experimental group, which was maintained on a soft paste diet; 2) a control group, pair fed with the experimental group; and 3) a control group fed ad libitum. Both control groups continued to eat standard Purina rat chow pellets. Twenty-three days later all animals were injected subcutaneously with 1.0 μCi/ g tritiated thymidine and sacrificed one hour later. The maxillae of the animals were dissected and sectioned. The periodontal ligament (PDL) of the mesial surface of the mesial root of the first molar was analyzed microscopically 110 μm above and below the mid root area. Nuclear size was used to determine the stage of osteoblast differentiation. The labeling index was used to determine the proliferative activity of the cells. The distance of cells from the nearest major blood vessel (NMBV) was measured and the cells were grouped into one to four extravascular zones. For each zone, cell density was determined. PDL widths were measured to evaluate tooth function. If osteogenesis is due primarily to stress and strain on bones, then rats maintained on the soft diet should show a decreased labeling index, increased number of A and A' cells, decreased number of C and D cells, and an unaltered vascularly-oriented cell density gradient. The number of osteoblastic precursor cells (A and A' cells) close to blood vessels should increase relative to the number of preosteoblastic cells (C and D) further from the vessels. Also, the width of the PDL space in the soft diet rats should be narrower since their function was decreased. The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that a decrease in masticatory stress and strain within the rat periodontal ligament due to softened dietary consistency reduces osteoblast histogenesis. No differences were seen in the PDL widths or the vascularly-oriented cell density gradient between groups. High levels of A+A' cells were seen paravascularly for all groups, and their relative numbers decreased as one moved away from the blood vessel into a lower cell density area, supporting previous studies. No differences were seen in the fractional distribution of A+A' cells or C+D cells between groups, as was hypothesized, except for a higher level of A+A' cells in the pair fed group across all zones. This latter finding was probably due to physiologic variation and the small sample sizes used in this study. Decreased masticatory stress and strain due to a softened diet did not reduce osteoblast histogenesis. Further research needs to investigate systemic factors which may influence bone formation.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various taste receptor genes have previously been linked to outcomes such as differences in taste thresholds, food liking, and body mass index, but no studies of this sort have examined sour taste. This study genotyped 501 young adults for PKD2L1 rs603424 and administered a Food Frequency Questionnaire and Tanita body composition testing to look for associations between the noted SNP, dietary intake, and body composition. Intake of citrus fruit, vitamin C, caffeine, and alcohol were significantly associated with genotype in two-way ANOVA analyses looking at the effect of genotype and race or sex on dietary intake. Regarding body composition, genotype was significantly associated with BMI, but not body fat percentage or fat free mass. These findings suggest that rs603424 may influence intake of certain sour and bitter dietary components; however, further research will be needed to confirm these findings.

When examining the world population, approximately 11% of people experience migraines. A chronic migraine is classified as a headache that occurs on a frequent basis in which the pain is quick to occur unilaterally, and is a throb that is considered a moderate to intense level of pain. It is believed that a migraine brain is intensely sensitive to deviations from homeostasis. This case series research investigated the effect of a glutenree diet on individuals with chronic migraines. Participants completed a five-month study consisting of dietary and physical measurements, recording migraines, and a glutenree diet with a re-introduction period. In conclusion, the results were difficult to determine due to various limitations. This study appeared to have the most effect on one participant by reducing his migraines from 10 to 3 per month. More research is necessary to determine the efficacy of a glutenree diet to help alleviate migraines.