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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of dietary trends in the United States from 2000 to 2018, examining the population's adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) across diverse food groups. Utilizing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data and employing meta-regression analysis, the research evaluates the intake patterns of vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, dairy, fats and oils, and key nutrients. The findings reveal a consistent and widespread non-adherence to recommended DGA servings, challenging the effectiveness of dietary guidelines in influencing public behavior. Despite revisions in guidelines, the study demonstrates remarkable stability in the intake of both recommended and discouraged foods. Additionally, the study investigates trends in obesity prevalence and BMI, suggesting that the DGAs alone may not be the primary driver of the obesity epidemic. The discussion highlights the persistent disconnect between DGA recommendations and actual dietary behaviors, emphasizing the need for public health interventions. This study contributes valuable insights into the limitations of current dietary guidelines in shaping broader dietary patterns, calling for a more holistic approach to public health interventions.

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Topic: Practical aspects of high-carbohydrate dieting in top sport The topic of this thesis is sports nutrition. After a comprehensive summary of current scientific and generally accepted guidelines, the practical part is based on an example of the current state of sports nutrition in one concrete men's basketball team. Subsequently, the practical part combines the knowledge of theory and results of diet analysis of the current nutritional status in the team. The aim of the analytical part of the thesis was to find out the individual and subsequently average data of the monitored file through the registration of weekly eating diaries, both in terms of macro and micronutrients. These data were statistically processed using the program Sportvital-Nutrition (http://www.bonfit.cz/), whose database contains the most comperhensive information about the composition of individual foods and meals, allowing analysis of up to 30 nutritional parameters. The main aim of the application part of the thesis was to design and calculate a sample menu for seven whole days for top athletes based on predetermined and defined criteria based on theoretical background and analysis of collected eating diaries. These criteria were to follow the principles of healthy nutrition, i.e. primarily the variety, regularity and...

Introdução: Em 2014, o Ministério da Saúde brasileiro publicou a segunda edição do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, um documento pautado em um paradigma ampliado, que leva em conta além dos aspectos biológicos, os sociais, culturais e ambientais relacionados à alimentação. Este Guia tem como objetivo promover autonomia para a adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis de indivíduos e comunidades. Por conta disso, contém linguagem compreensível à população em geral e traz recomendações simples, expressas por meio de termos como \"na maioria das vezes\", \"prefira\" ou \"evite\". Embora inovadora, esta abordagem diferenciada implica em um desafio para a avaliação da adesão da população às suas recomendações. Objetivos: Desenvolver e validar uma escala autoaplicável para avaliação da alimentação segundo as recomendações do Guia. Metodologia: Estudo metodológico. O Guia destaca a importância da escolha dos alimentos (capítulo 2), da combinação dos alimentos na forma de refeições (capítulo 3) e dos modos de comer (capítulo 4). As recomendações desses três capítulos representaram o domínio da escala e serviram como base para o desenvolvimento de itens do tipo Likert e 4 pontos. A validade de conteúdo foi testada por meio de um painel de especialistas (n = 10) e a aparente por meio de pré-teste com a população alvo (n = 20). Análises fatoriais exploratória (n = 352, coleta de dados realizada em um serviço de Atenção Básica) e confirmatória (n = 900, coleta de dados realizada por meio de um painel online) foram realizadas para determinação da validade de constructo. Foram utilizados coeficientes ômega para análise de consistência interna, e teste-reteste com plotagem de Bland-Altman para análise de reprodutibilidade. Resultados: Dos 96 itens iniciais, 24 foram excluídos e 55 foram reescritos após as validações aparente e de conteúdo. Na análise fatorial exploratória foram identificadas quatro dimensões, que foram nomeadas como: escolha dos alimentos; modos de comer; organização doméstica; e planejamento. Essa solução explicou 41% da variância dos dados e nela foram mantidos 34 itens. Na análise fatorial confirmatória, alguns ajustes levaram a um modelo com 24 itens, o qual obteve bons índices de adequação e boa confiabilidade (?-t = 0.83), apresentando propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias mesmo quando aplicada por meio de um painel online. No teste-reteste, a diferença média entre os dois momentos foi próxima de zero, indicando boa reprodutibilidade. Conclusões: A escala desenvolvida é válida e confiável e pode ser utilizada tanto em papel quanto por meios eletrônicos. Esse estudo é inovador no contexto da avaliação de Guias Alimentares e pode contribuir não só para a avaliação do impacto do guia brasileiro, mas também para inspirar outros países a também desenvolverem e validarem instrumentos específicos ao seu contexto local. Movimentos nesse sentido são importantes para futuras investigações sobre o real potencial dos Guias na promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável em contexto global. / Introduction: In 2014 Brazilian Ministry of Health published the second edition of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population, which is based on an expanded paradigm of healthy diet, taking in account social, cultural and environmental dimensions beyond the biological aspects related to food and nutrition. This Guide aims promoting autonomy of healthy eating practices by individuals and communities. Because of this, its language is comprehensible to the general population and the recommendations are not presented in terms of the frequency or number of food portions but instead use terms such as \"prefer\", \"avoid\" and \"always when possible\". Although innovative, the approach to healthy eating proposed by the Guide presents a challenge for the evaluation of its impact on the Brazilian population. Objective: To develop and validate a selfadministered scale that measures how closely food behaviour is aligned with the recommendations of the 2014 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Methods: This is a methodological study. The Guide highlights the importance of choosing foods (chapter 2), combining foods to create meals (chapter 3) and modes of eating (chapter 4). These recommendations formed the main domains of the scale and served as a basis for the development a pool of items, each with a 4-point Likert response option. The content validity was tested through a panel of experts (n = 10) and face validity was tested through pre-test whit target population (n = 20). Exploratory (n = 352, data collected by interviewers in a primary health care service) and confirmatory (n = 900, data collected through an online panel) factor analyses were performed to determine the construct validity. The internal consistency reliability was determined using omega coefficients, and the reproducibility reliability was tested using test-retest whit Bland-Altman plot. Results: Of the 96 initial items, 24 were excluded and 55 were re-worded following the content and face validations. The exploratory factorial analysis detected a four-domain structure (\"food choices\", \"modes of eating\", \"planning\" and \"domestic organization\"). A 34-item model explained 41% of the variance. The confirmatory factorial analysis led to a final 24-item model with acceptable goodness-of-fit indices and good reliability measures (?-t = 0.83), showing satisfactory psychometrical proprieties even when applied through an online panel. The mean difference between the two time points was almost zero, suggesting good reproducibility. Conclusions: The developed scale is valid, reliable and could be administered either on paper or electronically. This study is innovative in the context of the impact evaluation of dietary guidelines and contributes not only to assessment of the impact of the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines but can also inspire other countries to develop and validate instruments specific to their local context. Movements in this regard are important for future research on the actual potential of the dietary guidelines to promote healthy diets patterns in a global context.

Sugar is intrinsically linked with the modern food system. Large sections of the U. K. food industry are dependent on its use and functional qualities. Supplies of sucrose entering the food chain have declined 25% between the 1950's and 1980's and currently stand around 37 kg/person/year. Furthermore, U. K. dietary guidelines over the past 14 years have consistently suggested caution over how much sugar is eaten, especially in manufactured foods. Dietary guidelines such as the NACNE report (1983) recommend average sugar consumption should be no more than 20 kg/person/year. Currently, two-thirds of sugar supplies are bought for use in food and drink manufacture. Continued pressures on sugar consumption and negative consumer attitudes to sugar may be reflected in lost sales of sugar-containing foods. The available information on U. K. sugar consumption is critically assessed. Although the main sources of sugar supply are identified, individual sugar consumption is shown to vary by considerable amounts. The place of sucrose is examined in relation to other sweeteners and why and where sugars and sweeteners are used in food systems. The promotion of "no added sugar" and "sugar free" products is examined since the publication of the NACNE report to the end of 1987. To further test the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption on food and drink manufacturers a national survey of manufacturers who use sugar was carried out in early 1988. This was an attitudinal postal questionnaire and responses to the issue of sugar, diet and health were analysed. Respondents bought an estimated 650,000 tonnes of sugar in 1986, around 45% of the total industrial market. While the survey aggregate were fully supportive of sucrose, respondents reported that the majority of consumers were worried about sugar being bad for health and were actively cutting down on individual intakes. There were significant differences to the issue of sugar, diet and health dependent on company size, whether a company manufactured for a retailer's own label and if products had already been marketed at a "healthy eating" segment. However, in general, while manufacturers considered consumer attitudes to sugar to be important they had to be put in the context of other factors. So far the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption is not reflected in the total average industrial purchases of sugar, although substantial "sugar-free" and "sugar-reduced" product niches have been established.

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Title of the diploma:Complex nutrition typology- an effective form of weight reduction? Objectives: Evaluation of effectiveness of complex nutrition typology during weight reduction. Overall characteristics of metabolic typology and typologies, which influence determination of metabolic type. Comparison of metabolic typology with general healthy eating recommendations published by the Society for Nutrition (2012). Methods: Analysis and comparison of literature with obtained information, comparison of metabolic typology with general nutrition recommendations. The application of theory through survey completed by clients of complex nutrition typology. Evaluation of results of the survey. Results: Creation of overall characteristic of complex nutrition typology and results of analysis on effectivity of this method during weight reduction. Outcome of the research has confirmed the effectivity of complex nutrition typology during weight reduction. Keywords: Metabolic type, body weight reduction, racional diet, dietary guidelines.

Title of the diploma:Complex nutrition typology - an effective form of weight reduction? Objectives: Evaluation of effectiveness of complex nutrition typology during weight reduction. Overall characteristics of metabolic typology and typologies, which influence determination of metabolic type. Comparison of metabolic typology with general healthy eating recommendations published by the Society for Nutrition (2012). Methods: Analysis and comparison of literature with obtained information, comparison of metabolic typology with general nutrition recommendations. The application of theory through survey completed by clients of complex nutrition typology. Evaluation of results of the survey. Results: Creation of overall characteristic of complex nutrition typology and results of analysis on effectivity of this method during weight reduction. Outcome of the research has confirmed the effectivity of complex nutrition typology during weight reduction. Keywords: Metabolic type, body weight reduction, racional diet, dietary guidelines

A alimentação, a nutrição e a atividade física, como componentes do modo de viver saudável, circunscrevem-se na atualidade entre os determinantes e condicionantes da promoção da saúde e ocupam lugar de destaque na agenda da Saúde Pública/Coletiva. O presente estudo tem como objetivo central tanto analisar a situação alimentar, nutricional e a atividade física de mulheres em uma área do Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de São Paulo, quanto identificar obstáculos e oportunidade para uma ação local, considerando as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Foi realizado junto a uma amostra com 295 moradoras entre 20 e 50 anos de idade, utilizando questionários para a obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, dietéticos e atividade física. Verificou-se que as mulheres tinham em média 10 anos de escolaridade e a maioria estava inserida no mercado de trabalho com ganhos em torno de três salários mínimo. Os achados do presente estudo comparados ao Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, mostram que em geral tanto a alimentação, quanto o estado nutricional e a atividade fisica não se aproximavam das recomendações. Observouse inadequações na distribuição dos nutrientes e alimentos, valores médios baixos para carboidratos totais, açúcar de adição, fibra dietética e para frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) e valores altos para proteínas totais e as gorduras total, saturada e trans. As mulheres de menor renda e escolaridade apresentaram algumas desvantagens, como a menor ingestão de FLV e maior para gordura trans e açúcar de adição, isto é, baixa presença de alimentos saudáveis e alta de alimentos pouco saudáveis, respectivamente. No que se refere à avaliação do estado nutricional foi observado que 51,5% das mulheres apresentavam algum grau de excesso de peso (IMC ≥ 25,00 kg/m2), porém, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas segundo a escolaridade e a renda. Quanto a circunferência da cintura (CC) se observou que 60,4% das mulheres apresentavam excesso de gordura intraabdominal e ocorreu uma diferença apenas quanto à escolaridade das mulheres, indicando uma relação inversa, ou seja, à medida que aumenta a escolaridade diminui a obesidade abdominal. Nos resultados da atividade física constatou-se que cerca de 60% das mulheres eram insuficientemente ativas e sedentárias, somandose ambas as categorias e a relação inversa com a escolaridade e a renda. No que se refere a obstáculos e oportunidades, considerando a natureza complexa e as peculiaridades dos objetos em estudo, as ações para promoção da alimentação, nutrição e atividade física circunscrevem-se por um lado, entre obstáculos, os aspectos sócio-econômicos-culturais, e por outro lado, entre oportunidades, o vigor e a visibilidade que a temática ocupa na agenda mundial e nacional da Saúde Pública/Coletiva. Em tempos de promoção da saúde, os desafios para a implementação destas ações requer um enfoque integrado e articulado as diversas dimensões dos objetos em estudo. / Eating, nutrition and physical activity, as components that have significant implications for healthy life, assume nowadays the role of determining and conditioning factors to promote health and thus have an outstanding place in the Public/Collective Health agenda. This study aims primarily to analyze the eating and nutritional patterns and the physical activity of women included in the Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de São Paulo (Health Program for Family in São Paulo City) as well as to identify problems and opportunities of developing a local action, considering the guidelines of the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population). There were applied questionnaires to get socio-economic, anthropometric, dietary and exercising data out of a sample of 295 female subjects ranging in age from 20 to 50 years. These women had 10 years of formal schooling on the average and most of them was inserted in the labour market, earning something around three minimum wages. The study findings, compared to the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, revealed that usually both the eating patterns and the nutritional and exercising state were far from the recommendations. We observed improper food and nutrient consumption, average intake of total carbohydrates, added sugar, dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, as well as high intakes of total protein and fat, saturated and trans fats. Women with lower income and schooling showed some disadvantages, such as smaller intake of fruits and vegetables and greater intake of trans fats and added sugars, i. e. low presence of healthy food and high presence of less healthy food respectively. In terms of nutritional state assessment it was observed that 51,5% of the women had some grade of overweight (BMI ≥ 25,00 kg/m2), although there was no statistically significant difference according to schooling and income. In terms of waist girth, it was found that 60,4% of the women had excessive storage of fat in the abdominal areas and there was only a difference in schooling, indicating an inverse relation, i. e. the higher the schooling the smaller the abdominal obesity. The physical activity investigation displayed that about 60% of the women had insufficient exercising and active life, both categories together, and there was an inverse relation with schooling and income. Concerning problems and opportunities, given the complex nature and peculiarities of the study objects, actions to promote diet, nutrition and physical activity include, in one way, the socioeconomic and cultural factors and, in another way, opportunities, vigor and visibility that this issue occupies in the world and national agenda of Public/Collective health. In times of health promotion, challenges to implement these actions require an approach that integrates and articulates all the dimensions of the study objects.