A alimentação, a nutrição e a atividade física, como componentes do modo de viver saudável, circunscrevem-se na atualidade entre os determinantes e condicionantes da promoção da saúde e ocupam lugar de destaque na agenda da Saúde Pública/Coletiva. O presente estudo tem como objetivo central tanto analisar a situação alimentar, nutricional e a atividade física de mulheres em uma área do Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de São Paulo, quanto identificar obstáculos e oportunidade para uma ação local, considerando as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Foi realizado junto a uma amostra com 295 moradoras entre 20 e 50 anos de idade, utilizando questionários para a obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, dietéticos e atividade física. Verificou-se que as mulheres tinham em média 10 anos de escolaridade e a maioria estava inserida no mercado de trabalho com ganhos em torno de três salários mínimo. Os achados do presente estudo comparados ao Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, mostram que em geral tanto a alimentação, quanto o estado nutricional e a atividade fisica não se aproximavam das recomendações. Observouse inadequações na distribuição dos nutrientes e alimentos, valores médios baixos para carboidratos totais, açúcar de adição, fibra dietética e para frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) e valores altos para proteínas totais e as gorduras total, saturada e trans. As mulheres de menor renda e escolaridade apresentaram algumas desvantagens, como a menor ingestão de FLV e maior para gordura trans e açúcar de adição, isto é, baixa presença de alimentos saudáveis e alta de alimentos pouco saudáveis, respectivamente. No que se refere à avaliação do estado nutricional foi observado que 51,5% das mulheres apresentavam algum grau de excesso de peso (IMC ≥ 25,00 kg/m2), porém, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas segundo a escolaridade e a renda. Quanto a circunferência da cintura (CC) se observou que 60,4% das mulheres apresentavam excesso de gordura intraabdominal e ocorreu uma diferença apenas quanto à escolaridade das mulheres, indicando uma relação inversa, ou seja, à medida que aumenta a escolaridade diminui a obesidade abdominal. Nos resultados da atividade física constatou-se que cerca de 60% das mulheres eram insuficientemente ativas e sedentárias, somandose ambas as categorias e a relação inversa com a escolaridade e a renda. No que se refere a obstáculos e oportunidades, considerando a natureza complexa e as peculiaridades dos objetos em estudo, as ações para promoção da alimentação, nutrição e atividade física circunscrevem-se por um lado, entre obstáculos, os aspectos sócio-econômicos-culturais, e por outro lado, entre oportunidades, o vigor e a visibilidade que a temática ocupa na agenda mundial e nacional da Saúde Pública/Coletiva. Em tempos de promoção da saúde, os desafios para a implementação destas ações requer um enfoque integrado e articulado as diversas dimensões dos objetos em estudo. / Eating, nutrition and physical activity, as components that have significant implications for healthy life, assume nowadays the role of determining and conditioning factors to promote health and thus have an outstanding place in the Public/Collective Health agenda. This study aims primarily to analyze the eating and nutritional patterns and the physical activity of women included in the Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de São Paulo (Health Program for Family in São Paulo City) as well as to identify problems and opportunities of developing a local action, considering the guidelines of the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population). There were applied questionnaires to get socio-economic, anthropometric, dietary and exercising data out of a sample of 295 female subjects ranging in age from 20 to 50 years. These women had 10 years of formal schooling on the average and most of them was inserted in the labour market, earning something around three minimum wages. The study findings, compared to the Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, revealed that usually both the eating patterns and the nutritional and exercising state were far from the recommendations. We observed improper food and nutrient consumption, average intake of total carbohydrates, added sugar, dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, as well as high intakes of total protein and fat, saturated and trans fats. Women with lower income and schooling showed some disadvantages, such as smaller intake of fruits and vegetables and greater intake of trans fats and added sugars, i. e. low presence of healthy food and high presence of less healthy food respectively. In terms of nutritional state assessment it was observed that 51,5% of the women had some grade of overweight (BMI ≥ 25,00 kg/m2), although there was no statistically significant difference according to schooling and income. In terms of waist girth, it was found that 60,4% of the women had excessive storage of fat in the abdominal areas and there was only a difference in schooling, indicating an inverse relation, i. e. the higher the schooling the smaller the abdominal obesity. The physical activity investigation displayed that about 60% of the women had insufficient exercising and active life, both categories together, and there was an inverse relation with schooling and income. Concerning problems and opportunities, given the complex nature and peculiarities of the study objects, actions to promote diet, nutrition and physical activity include, in one way, the socioeconomic and cultural factors and, in another way, opportunities, vigor and visibility that this issue occupies in the world and national agenda of Public/Collective health. In times of health promotion, challenges to implement these actions require an approach that integrates and articulates all the dimensions of the study objects.

Sugar is intrinsically linked with the modern food system. Large sections of the U. K. food industry are dependent on its use and functional qualities. Supplies of sucrose entering the food chain have declined 25% between the 1950's and 1980's and currently stand around 37 kg/person/year. Furthermore, U. K. dietary guidelines over the past 14 years have consistently suggested caution over how much sugar is eaten, especially in manufactured foods. Dietary guidelines such as the NACNE report (1983) recommend average sugar consumption should be no more than 20 kg/person/year. Currently, two-thirds of sugar supplies are bought for use in food and drink manufacture. Continued pressures on sugar consumption and negative consumer attitudes to sugar may be reflected in lost sales of sugar-containing foods. The available information on U. K. sugar consumption is critically assessed. Although the main sources of sugar supply are identified, individual sugar consumption is shown to vary by considerable amounts. The place of sucrose is examined in relation to other sweeteners and why and where sugars and sweeteners are used in food systems. The promotion of "no added sugar" and "sugar free" products is examined since the publication of the NACNE report to the end of 1987. To further test the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption on food and drink manufacturers a national survey of manufacturers who use sugar was carried out in early 1988. This was an attitudinal postal questionnaire and responses to the issue of sugar, diet and health were analysed. Respondents bought an estimated 650,000 tonnes of sugar in 1986, around 45% of the total industrial market. While the survey aggregate were fully supportive of sucrose, respondents reported that the majority of consumers were worried about sugar being bad for health and were actively cutting down on individual intakes. There were significant differences to the issue of sugar, diet and health dependent on company size, whether a company manufactured for a retailer's own label and if products had already been marketed at a "healthy eating" segment. However, in general, while manufacturers considered consumer attitudes to sugar to be important they had to be put in the context of other factors. So far the impact of changing patterns of sugar consumption is not reflected in the total average industrial purchases of sugar, although substantial "sugar-free" and "sugar-reduced" product niches have been established.

The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized feeding trials to assess the effect of dietary pulses (beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas) on established lipid targets of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and perform a secondary analysis of our randomized feeding trial to assess whether dietary pulses as a means of lowering the glycemic index offer further CVD protection by reducing oxidative stress. The meta-analysis of 26 trials (n=1013) found dietary pulse interventions significantly lowered LDL-C compared with isocaloric control interventions (mean difference=-0.17mmol/L [95% CI: -0.25, -0.09]; p<0.0001). No treatment effects were observed for Apo-B and non-HDL-C. Our feeding trial found no significant differences between the high-dietary pulse diet and high-fibre control diet on markers of oxidative stress, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CDs), and protein thiols. Overall, the results suggest dietary pulses reduce LDL-C but not oxidative stress as a means of reducing cardiovascular risk.

The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized feeding trials to assess the effect of dietary pulses (beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas) on established lipid targets of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and perform a secondary analysis of our randomized feeding trial to assess whether dietary pulses as a means of lowering the glycemic index offer further CVD protection by reducing oxidative stress. The meta-analysis of 26 trials (n=1013) found dietary pulse interventions significantly lowered LDL-C compared with isocaloric control interventions (mean difference=-0.17mmol/L [95% CI: -0.25, -0.09]; p<0.0001). No treatment effects were observed for Apo-B and non-HDL-C. Our feeding trial found no significant differences between the high-dietary pulse diet and high-fibre control diet on markers of oxidative stress, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CDs), and protein thiols. Overall, the results suggest dietary pulses reduce LDL-C but not oxidative stress as a means of reducing cardiovascular risk.

Research has demonstrated that >5 servings of fruits and vegetables (F&V) per day improve health. Eighty-three percent of 18-24 year olds, including college students, do not meet recommendations. For the study, freshmen at MSU were recruited. Included freshmen (n=132), 6 percent, received a sociodemographic and intake survey. Eighty subjects, 61 percent, completed the survey. Of these subjects (n=33), 41 percent, participated in focus groups. X2 analyses assessed intake and sociodemographics. Paired t-test compared BMI and intake. Focus group analyses determined additional influences. Results indicated nine percent of subjects consumed >5 servings, and 23 percent of subjects consumed >3 servings. >3 servings was insignificant to sociodemographics. Significance occurred between income and french fry and salad, parental environment and french fry, and gender and white potatoes. Focus groups revealed additional factors influenced intake. In conclusion, F&V consumption was inadequate, placing students at health risks. Dietary interventions should address barriers other than sociodemographics.

As dietas monótonas, com elevado consumo de carnes e alimentos ultraprocessados pioram o quadro de segurança alimentar porque aceleram registros epidemiológicos de doenças crônicas enquanto degradam os ecossistemas. Indicadores ambientais aplicados sistematicamente no campo da alimentação revelam as evidências científicas e as justificativas éticas que suportam a integração de educação nutricional e ambiental nos guias alimentares nacionais. Um grande desafio da atualidade é fortalecer as métricas das dietas saudáveis e sustentáveis, o que inclui desenvolver indicadores ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional dos padrões alimentares. Primeiro, nós fizemos uma avaliação qualitativa de como os guias nacionais inseriram as questões ambientais nas suas recomendações, seguida de estudo quantitativo sobre quanto que a adoção de dietas saudáveis pelos brasileiros reduziria os impactos ambientais. Pela análise de conteúdo, usando técnicas como a triagem de expressões e a categorização temática, nós relacionamos um extenso repertório ambiental aos Limites Planetários dentro dos quais a humanidade pode viver em segurança: uso de água doce, poluição química, integridade da biosfera, mudanças no uso do solo e nos sistemas da Terra, mudanças climáticas e fluxo biogeoquímico. Guias integrados recomendaram escolher alimentos com etiqueta ecológica oriundos da produção local e orgânica, as preparações caseiras compostas principalmente por vegetais frescos e sazonais, e moderadas em carnes, evitando os alimentos ultraprocessados, as embalagens, o consumo excessivo e os desperdícios. Água e alimentos contaminados por patógenos, alimentos vegetais por pesticidas e peixes por mercúrio foram questões apresentadas mesmo por guias com escopo restrito à nutrição. As recomendações conectaram as mudanças climáticas ao consumo de carne, mas também ao uso de energia e ao transporte. Para o estudo quantitativo, nós criamos uma nova base de dados ambientais com pegadas de carbono e hídrica obtidas em publicações internacionais de avaliação de ciclo de vida para todos os itens de consumo presentes na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2008-2009) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. As pegadas dos alimentos e das preparações culinárias consumidos pelos brasileiros estão disponíveis para uso direto como fatores de cálculos integrados à tabela de composição nutricional. Na primeira aplicação da base de dados ambientais, nós calculamos as pegadas de carbono e hídrica do consumo alimentar médio (4,1kgCO2eq e 4120 litros de água), de uma dieta saudável simulada (3,5 kgCO2eq e 3410 litros de água) e de cenários definidos por cinco estratos de participação percentual de energia na dieta provenientes dos alimentos ultraprocessados e cinco estratos das carnes em geral. Fizemos o estudo comparativo das pegadas com as dietas equalizadas em 2000kcal e 60g de proteína. Comparamos os impactos ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional por diferentes unidades funcionais (100g, 100kcal e grama de proteína). O maior consumo de carnes apresentou as pegadas mais altas (6,4kgCO2eq e 6293 litros de água). O maior consumo de ultraprocessados (4,2kgCO2eq e 3789 litros de água) apresentou pegadas comparáveis ao consumo médio. Se 200 milhões de brasileiros adotassem a dieta saudável, eles reduziriam as emissões em 45 milhões de toneladas de carbono ao ano. / Monotonous diets with high meat and ultra-processed foods consumption worsen the food security status because they accelerate epidemiological records of chronic diseases while degrading ecosystems. Environmental indicators systematically applied in the field of nutrition reveal scientific evidences and ethical justifications to support nutritional and environmental education integration in national dietary guidelines. A big challenge today is strengthening metrics of healthy and sustainable diets, which includes developing environmental indicators linked to nutritional quality of food patterns. First, we made a qualitative evaluation of how the national guidelines have inserted environmental issues in their recommendations, followed by a quantitative study on how much the healthy diets adoption by Brazilians would reduce environmental impacts. By content analysis, using techniques such as expressions screening and thematic categorization, we linked an extensive environmental repertoire to the Planetary Boundaries within which humanity could live safely: freshwater use, chemical pollution, biosphere integrity, land use and the Earth systems change, climate change and biogeochemical flow. Integrated guidelines recommended choosing eco-labeled food from local and organic production, home made meals mostly composed by fresh and seasonal vegetables, moderate in meat, avoiding ultra-processed foods, packaging, overconsumption and waste. Water and food contaminated by pathogens, plant foods by pesticides and fish by mercury were issues presented even by guidelines with scope restricted to nutrition. Food recommendations connected climate change to meat consumption, but also to energy use and transportation. For the quantitative study, we created a new environmental database with carbon and water footprints obtained from international life cycle assessment publications for all consumption items in the Family Budget Survey (2008-2009) of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. The footprints of foods and culinary preparations consumed by Brazilians are available to direct use as calculations factors integrated to the nutritional composition table. In the very first application of the environmental database, we calculated the carbon and water footprints of average food consumption (4.1 kgCO2eq and 4120 liters of water), a simulated healthy diet (3.5 kgCO2eq and 3410 liters of water) and scenarios defined by five quintils of dietary energy participation of ultra-processed foods and five quintils of red meats in general. We compared footprints using equalized diets in 2000 kcal and 60 g protein. We compared environmental impacts linked to nutritional quality by different functional units (100g, 100kcal and grams of protein). The highest meat consumption had the highest footprints of all (6.4kgCO2eq and 6293 liters of water). The highest consumption of ultra-processed had footprints (4.2kgCO2eq and 3789 liters of water) comparable to the average consumption. If 200 million Brazilians would adopt the healthy diet, they would reduce emissions in 45 million tons of carbon per year.

As dietas monótonas, com elevado consumo de carnes e alimentos ultraprocessados pioram o quadro de segurança alimentar porque aceleram registros epidemiológicos de doenças crônicas enquanto degradam os ecossistemas. Indicadores ambientais aplicados sistematicamente no campo da alimentação revelam as evidências científicas e as justificativas éticas que suportam a integração de educação nutricional e ambiental nos guias alimentares nacionais. Um grande desafio da atualidade é fortalecer as métricas das dietas saudáveis e sustentáveis, o que inclui desenvolver indicadores ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional dos padrões alimentares. Primeiro, nós fizemos uma avaliação qualitativa de como os guias nacionais inseriram as questões ambientais nas suas recomendações, seguida de estudo quantitativo sobre quanto que a adoção de dietas saudáveis pelos brasileiros reduziria os impactos ambientais. Pela análise de conteúdo, usando técnicas como a triagem de expressões e a categorização temática, nós relacionamos um extenso repertório ambiental aos Limites Planetários dentro dos quais a humanidade pode viver em segurança: uso de água doce, poluição química, integridade da biosfera, mudanças no uso do solo e nos sistemas da Terra, mudanças climáticas e fluxo biogeoquímico. Guias integrados recomendaram escolher alimentos com etiqueta ecológica oriundos da produção local e orgânica, as preparações caseiras compostas principalmente por vegetais frescos e sazonais, e moderadas em carnes, evitando os alimentos ultraprocessados, as embalagens, o consumo excessivo e os desperdícios. Água e alimentos contaminados por patógenos, alimentos vegetais por pesticidas e peixes por mercúrio foram questões apresentadas mesmo por guias com escopo restrito à nutrição. As recomendações conectaram as mudanças climáticas ao consumo de carne, mas também ao uso de energia e ao transporte. Para o estudo quantitativo, nós criamos uma nova base de dados ambientais com pegadas de carbono e hídrica obtidas em publicações internacionais de avaliação de ciclo de vida para todos os itens de consumo presentes na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2008-2009) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. As pegadas dos alimentos e das preparações culinárias consumidos pelos brasileiros estão disponíveis para uso direto como fatores de cálculos integrados à tabela de composição nutricional. Na primeira aplicação da base de dados ambientais, nós calculamos as pegadas de carbono e hídrica do consumo alimentar médio (4,1kgCO2eq e 4120 litros de água), de uma dieta saudável simulada (3,5 kgCO2eq e 3410 litros de água) e de cenários definidos por cinco estratos de participação percentual de energia na dieta provenientes dos alimentos ultraprocessados e cinco estratos das carnes em geral. Fizemos o estudo comparativo das pegadas com as dietas equalizadas em 2000kcal e 60g de proteína. Comparamos os impactos ambientais atrelados à qualidade nutricional por diferentes unidades funcionais (100g, 100kcal e grama de proteína). O maior consumo de carnes apresentou as pegadas mais altas (6,4kgCO2eq e 6293 litros de água). O maior consumo de ultraprocessados (4,2kgCO2eq e 3789 litros de água) apresentou pegadas comparáveis ao consumo médio. Se 200 milhões de brasileiros adotassem a dieta saudável, eles reduziriam as emissões em 45 milhões de toneladas de carbono ao ano. / Monotonous diets with high meat and ultra-processed foods consumption worsen the food security status because they accelerate epidemiological records of chronic diseases while degrading ecosystems. Environmental indicators systematically applied in the field of nutrition reveal scientific evidences and ethical justifications to support nutritional and environmental education integration in national dietary guidelines. A big challenge today is strengthening metrics of healthy and sustainable diets, which includes developing environmental indicators linked to nutritional quality of food patterns. First, we made a qualitative evaluation of how the national guidelines have inserted environmental issues in their recommendations, followed by a quantitative study on how much the healthy diets adoption by Brazilians would reduce environmental impacts. By content analysis, using techniques such as expressions screening and thematic categorization, we linked an extensive environmental repertoire to the Planetary Boundaries within which humanity could live safely: freshwater use, chemical pollution, biosphere integrity, land use and the Earth systems change, climate change and biogeochemical flow. Integrated guidelines recommended choosing eco-labeled food from local and organic production, home made meals mostly composed by fresh and seasonal vegetables, moderate in meat, avoiding ultra-processed foods, packaging, overconsumption and waste. Water and food contaminated by pathogens, plant foods by pesticides and fish by mercury were issues presented even by guidelines with scope restricted to nutrition. Food recommendations connected climate change to meat consumption, but also to energy use and transportation. For the quantitative study, we created a new environmental database with carbon and water footprints obtained from international life cycle assessment publications for all consumption items in the Family Budget Survey (2008-2009) of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. The footprints of foods and culinary preparations consumed by Brazilians are available to direct use as calculations factors integrated to the nutritional composition table. In the very first application of the environmental database, we calculated the carbon and water footprints of average food consumption (4.1 kgCO2eq and 4120 liters of water), a simulated healthy diet (3.5 kgCO2eq and 3410 liters of water) and scenarios defined by five quintils of dietary energy participation of ultra-processed foods and five quintils of red meats in general. We compared footprints using equalized diets in 2000 kcal and 60 g protein. We compared environmental impacts linked to nutritional quality by different functional units (100g, 100kcal and grams of protein). The highest meat consumption had the highest footprints of all (6.4kgCO2eq and 6293 liters of water). The highest consumption of ultra-processed had footprints (4.2kgCO2eq and 3789 liters of water) comparable to the average consumption. If 200 million Brazilians would adopt the healthy diet, they would reduce emissions in 45 million tons of carbon per year.

Background: Hispanics are the largest minority group in the U.S. and by the year 2060 the number of Hispanics is projected to double. They are disproportionately affected by obesity and chronic diseases which translate into decreased quality of life, loss of work opportunities and perceptions of injustice for the Hispanic population. The Dietary Guidelines (DG) provide information to help Americans make healthy food and physical activity choices and if followed can be a means of reducing the health disparity gap. However, culturally relevant recommendations specific to Hispanics’ health and nutritional habits are often lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine Hispanics’ knowledge, perceptions, benefits and barriers to the recommendations in the DG for Americans, Choose MyPlate, and the Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines. Methods: A qualitative research design was used. Focus groups were conducted in Spanish and audiotapes were transcribed and then, translated into English. Thematic analysis was used to identify different key concepts subgrouping these topics according to common emergent themes. Results: A total of 24 participants took part in the study. Participants viewed healthy eating in terms of portion sizes. They viewed the DG as helpful but felt they needed more information to follow the guidelines. Several barriers were identified in following the MyPlate: lack of availability of healthy, fresh, inexpensive grocery options in Hispanic neighborhoods. Participants described the benefits of physical activity as related to improved mental health and quality of life such as looking and feeling better. Conclusion and Implications: Promoting nutrition education that is culturally and linguistically appropriate for Hispanics might help facilitate the adoption of the DG and MyPlate recommendations. Also, improving the design of existing low-income neighborhoods is still a challenge to improve participation in physical activity among Hispanics’.

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