This dissertation will examine the legality of assisted dying procedures performed in the Republic of South Africa. This is due to the rising awareness about terminal patients’ dignity and autonomy at the end of their life. The physician’s liability, who assists such a patient to end their life, will be examined and whether there is any legal recourse available will be explored. Comparisons will also be made between other legal systems, including Canada, the Netherlands, Oregon of the United States of America and England and Wales. These jurisdictions have been chosen to provide a wide variety of perspectives and possible alternatives that South Africa should take into consideration should parliament or the courts decide to argue the matter. Other sources are also considered, such as the influence of the history and development of the common law crime of murder, as well as the role the Health Professions Council of South Africa will play. Possibly most importantly, the material criminal law of South Africa is thoroughly studied with all forms of assisted dying in mind. This is to establish what kind of liability, criminal or otherwise, a physician might incur should they decide to assist a patient in these circumstances. Lastly, recommendations are made based on the research done throughout this dissertation, which would ideally assist in any future arguments made on the topic. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-11T18:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Natália Mestrado em Direitos Humanos.pdf: 1015912 bytes, checksum: 1fae82e994f76371ccca30ede97a3630 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T18:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Natália Mestrado em Direitos Humanos.pdf: 1015912 bytes, checksum: 1fae82e994f76371ccca30ede97a3630 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar a atual concepção da morte digna e sua repercussão no panorama jurídico brasileiro, abordando – inicialmente –as diferenciações médicas-jurídicas dos institutos que estudam a terminalidade da vida. Morte e morrer possuem conotações diversas e o comportamento humano na opção por uma morte digna perpassa contextos educacionais, filosóficos, jurídicos, psicológico. A inexistência expressa da garantia à morte digna no ordenamento legal brasileiro causa desamparos legais e inobservância dos princípios bioéticos, fazendo-se necessárias a regulamentação jurídica com relação ao tema, respeitando a vontade dos pacientes e retirando – quando for o caso – a possibilidade de aplicações civis, administrativas e penais aos profissionais de saúde que praticarem ou induzirem a morte de pacientes em estágio terminal da vida, explicitando os posicionamentos majoritários e as correntes doutrinárias que enfatizam a necessidade de normatização da morte digna como questão de direitos humanos. O princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, neste cenário, constitui fundamento ao direito de morrer com dignidade, visto que é o epicentro da ordem jurídica brasileira, correlacionado com a autonomia e a justificativa para o consentimento informado dos pacientes terminais, especialmente nos casos de ortotanásia. Com isso, visamos proporcionar a compreensão do conceito humanista sobre a morte digna e as bases para a regulamentação jurídica do instituto na forma da ortotanásia. / The present dissertation has the intention to demonstrate the current conception of dignified death and its repercussion in the Brazilian juridical panorama, approaching – at first – the medical-juridical differentiation of the institutes that study life's terminality. Death and dying have diverse connotations and human behaviour in choosing dignified death permeates contexts which are educational, philosophical, juridical, psychological among others. The express nonexistence dignified death's guarantee in the Brazilian legal system causes lawful abandonment and nonobservance of bioethical principles, juridical regulation becoming necessary pertaining to the matter, respecting the patient's will and withdrawing – when necessary – the possibility of civil, administrative or penal sanctions to the health care professionals who practice or induce the death of terminal patients, explaining the major understanding and the doctrinaire lines which emphasize the necessity of dignified death's standardization as a matter of human rights. The principle of the dignity of the human person, in this scenario, constitutes foundation to the right of dying with dignity, seeing that it is the epicenter of the Brazilian legal order, correlated with the autonomy and the justification to informed consent of terminal patients, especially in cases of ortothanasia. Thereat, providing the comprehension of the humanist concept about dignified death and the foundations to the juridical standardization of the insitute, in the form of ortothanasia, was aimed.

Bakgrund: Den palliativa vården innefattar att främja den hälsorelaterade livskvaliteten för patienten samt att stötta de närstående. Syfte: Att beskriva vad närstående upplever är viktigt vid palliativ vård i livetsslutskede. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie med en systematisk ansats. Artikelsökningen utfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Efter kvalitetsgranskning återstod 15 artiklar som gick vidare till innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade att närstående tyckte det var viktigt med en god kommunikation och ett bra bemötande då information och en god personal-patient-närstående relation gynnade välmående. För att de närstående skulle klara av och orka med att följa patienten i den palliativa vården behövde de känna sig trygga genom en god stöttning och lugn omgivning. Genom god symtomlindring samt att personalen såg till en personcentrerad omvårdnad, ansåg de närstående att patienterna fick en god och värdig död. Slutsats: För att främja närståendes hälsa är det viktigt med praktiskt och emotionellt stöd. Sjuksköterskan måste agera professionellt samt besitta goda kunskaper inom palliativ omvårdnad för att vara förmögen att bemöta de närstående i den ofta utsatta och sårbara situationen de befinner sig i.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-04T00:00:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaneForest.pdf: 1311699 bytes, checksum: 98f823f467afa65db09a79b83c9a0b2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-04T00:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaneForest.pdf: 1311699 bytes, checksum: 98f823f467afa65db09a79b83c9a0b2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / As últimas décadas foram marcadas pelo crescente avanço tecnológico em praticamente todos os setores da sociedade, no entanto, no que diz respeito a vida em seu mais amplo conceito, as maiores conquistas podem ser observadas na área médica. A biotecnologia merece especial atenção em razão do poder que exerce sobre a vida humana desde a concepção até o pós-morte. É nesse contexto que as limitações do sistema jurídico despontam, já que o direito não é capaz de responder a avalanche de questões produzidas pela moderna prática médica e seu poder de interferência no decurso natural do processo de vida e de morte. A presente dissertação pretende induzir uma reflexão sobre o direito à vida e o direito à saúde – lidos em sua mais abrangente concepção - bem como situá-los em meio a sociedade contemporânea, traduzida, como uma sociedade biotecnológica e paradoxal, já que ao mesmo tempo em que valora a essência humana, busca na tecnologia preencher as limitações e as imperfeições tipicamente humanas. O estudo objetiva tratar da terminalidade da vida, no tocante a morte digna, fundamentada no princípio da autonomia, nas questões que se referem à terapias de prolongamento da vida, em pacientes fora da expectativa de cura. A base referencial encontra amparo nos Direitos e princípios fundamentais, no entanto, a pesquisa se dará de forma transdisciplinar, utilizando autores que refletem sobre o tema vida e direito na perspectiva da bioética, da sociologia e da filosofia. Importa mencionar que a morte digna aqui tratada se dará tão somente na esfera das questões de prolongamento da vida em enfermos considerados medicamente fora da expectativa de cura, qualquer outra forma de utilização deste instituto, não será objeto do estudo em questão, que também não se enredará pelas discussões de cunho religioso. Embora seja relevante uma análise comparativa sobre a condução do tema em países da América do Norte, Europa e América do Sul, a temática será desenvolvida sob a perspectiva do Direito brasileiro. / The last few decades have been marked by increasing technological advances in virtually all sectors of society, however, with regard to life in its broadest sense, the greatest achievements can be observed in the medical field. Biotechnology deserves special attention because of the power it exerts over human life from conception until after death. In this context, the limitations of the legal system emerge as the law is not able to answer the flood of questions produced by modern medical practice and its power to interfere in the natural course of life and death process. This thesis aims to present a reflection on the right to life and the right to health - read in its broadest conception - and set them in the midst of contemporary society, translated as a biotech company and paradoxical, since while in which values human essence, seeks to fill the technology limitations and typically human imperfections. The study aims to treat the terminally life, touching dignified death, based on the principle of autonomy, in matters which relate to the life-prolonging therapies in patients beyond the expectation of cure. The reference base is confirmed by the fundamental rights and principles, however, the survey will transdisciplinary way, using authors who reflect on the issue of life and law from the perspective of bioethics, sociology and philosophy. Worth mentioning that the dignified death treated herein shall solely in the realm of prolonging life issues in medically ill considered outside the expectation of cure, any other use of the institute, will not be subject of the study in question, which also does not net you the discussions of a religious nature. Although relevant comparative analysis on the conduct of the subject countries in North America, Europe and South America, the theme will be developed from the perspective of Brazilian law.

Bakgrund: Passiv eutanasi innebär ett undanhållande eller tillbakadragande av livsuppehållande behandling och är både lagligt och etiskt godkänt i de flesta länder. Sjuksköterskan spelar en stor och avgörande roll vid passiv eutanasi då hen har en viktig roll gällande vårdandet av personer i livets slutskede och för att ge stöd och tröst åt deras anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att delta vid passiv eutanasi. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats baserad på tio artiklar där en manifest innehållsanalys utfördes. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier; att ta ansvar, innefattar sjuksköterskans ansvar och dess konsekvenser, att vara en del i beslutstagandet innefattar sjuksköterskans behov av att få dela med sig av sin kunskap, att bli emotionellt påverkad beskriver hur vårdandet påverkar sjuksköterskorna och att ge vård vid livets slutskede, ger en bild av hur man ger ett värdigt avslut. I dessa kategorier återfanns även tolv underkategorier. Slutsatser: Den mest centrala delen av passiv eutanasi var att ge ett värdigt avslut. Detta kunde göras genom att få vara en del av beslutstagandet samt att se till de anhöriga och inkludera dem i vården. / Background: The meaning of passive euthanasia is to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment and is generally both legally and ethically approved. The nurse plays an important and decisive role regarding passive euthanasia since he or she has a major role in the care of people in end-of-life as well as the care of their relatives/loved ones. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of participating in passive euthanasia. Method: This study is a literature review with an inductive approach based on ten articles on which a manifest content analysis was conducted. Results: The analysis resulted into four main categories; to take responsibility, contains the nurses’ responsibility and it’s consequences, to take part in the decision making illuminates the nurses’ urge to share one’s knowledge, to be emotionally affected outlines how the care affects the nurses’ and to provide care at the end-of-life stage portrays how to bestow a dignified death. Within these categories twelve subcategories arose. Conclusion: The most paramount aspect of passive euthanasia was providing dignity in dying. This could be done by taking part in the decision making and tending to the relatives/loved ones as well as including them in the care.

The Thesis deals with two issues closely associated with the end of life. It explores the reasons and attitudes of healthcare workers, legislators and general public who are supporting implementation of euthanasia in the Czech legislation. The key impulse for taking up this issue as the topic of the Thesis was initiation of its discussion by and under the guidance of Zlatuška on the proposal of the "act on dignified death". Additionally, the meeting stirred by Hamerský held in the Parliament on March 8, 2017 became another impetus for the work. As is elucidated further, activities of Hamerský, the assistant to Zlatuška, whose name is mentioned in the Thesis quite often, are closely related to the explored topic. The Thesis tries to unveil the exact reasons of the key actors and supporters for inducing some form of legislatively covered euthanasia, namely whether their effort is based on their true conviction. We will consider possible consequences should the euthanasia be introduced to the Czech legislation and analyse the reasons which lead to final rejection of the proposed act. The closing part of the Thesis will describe qualitative research done as an unstructured interview with two groups of physicians differing in the length of their medical practice by several years. Medical profession has...

Bakgrund Den palliativa vårdens mål är att lindra lidande och främja livskvaliteten för patienter ilivets slutskede. Det finns olika typer av lidande såsom fysiska, psykiska och existentiellavilket betyder att lidandet behöver mötas ur ett multidimensionellt perspektiv. Ensammanställning av palliativa patienters beskrivning av en värdig död kan utökasjukvårdspersonalens kunskap och förståelse om patienternas prioriteringar, behov ochönskningar i livets slutskede. Syfte Syftet var att sammanställa palliativa patienters beskrivning av en värdig död. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt, baserad på 20 kvalitativ och kvantitativavetenskapliga originalartiklar inhämtades från databasen PubMed med hjälp av sökord iolika kombinationer. Artiklarna valitetsgranskning utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolasbedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig kvalitet och klassificering. Resultatetsammanställdes och analyserades sedan med en integrerad dataanalys för att identifieralikheter och skillnader i resultatet. Resultat I sammanställningen av resultatet identifierades tre huvudkategorier: Minskat livslidandegenom ökad autonomi, Minskat sjukdomslidande samt minskat vårdlidande. Resultatetvisade att få dö med minimerat lidande, att få dö med autonomin i behåll, samt att få dö iden miljö och runt de man önskar är de viktigaste aspekterna för en värdig död. Slutsats Då sökningar efter relevanta artiklar gav betydligt fler träffar på artiklar med syfte attbelysa vårdpersonalens eller närståendes perspektiv på vad en värdig död innebär är ämnetpalliativa patienters beskrivning av en värdig död något som det bör forskas vidare på föratt förbättra just deras upplevelse av sin sista tid i livet. / Background The goal of palliative care is to relieve suffering and promote quality of life for patients inthe final stages of life. There are different types of suffering such as physical,psychological and existential, which means that suffering needs to be met from amultidimensional perspective. A compilation of palliative care patients' description of adignified death can increase healthcare professionals' knowledge and understanding ofpatients' priorities, needs and wishes at the end of life. Aim The aim was to compile palliative care patients' description of a dignified death. Method A non-systematic literature review, based on 20 qualitative and quantitative scientificoriginal articles were obtained from the PubMed database using search terms in severalcombinations. The articles have undergone a quality review based on Sophiahemmet University’s assesment documents for scientific quality and classification. Results werecompiled and then analyzed using an integrated data analysis to identify similarities anddifferences in the results. Results In the compilation of the results, three main categories were identified: Reduced sufferingof life through increased autonomy, Reduced suffering from illness and reduced sufferingfrom care. The results showed that being able to die with minimized suffering, being ableto die with autonomy preserved, and being able to die in the environment and around thoseone wishes are the most important aspects for a dignified death. Conclusions As searches for relevant articles gave several hits on articles with the aim of elucidating theview of the healthcare staff or relatives on what a dignified death means, the subject ofpalliative care patients’ view on a dignified death is something that should be furtherresearched in order to improve their experience of their last time in life.

The work deals with the last things of the man from dying, through fear of death, burial and funeral rituals, to the demands that are placed on the funeral service. The work is not focused only on the actual experience of dying and his last period of life, but great attention is paid to survivors, particularly in the context of grieving, coping with loss and consultancy for survivors. In this thesis is provide space for all the various topics that are related to the last things of the man - funeral, cemeteries and funeral services that work closely with the survivors, who come to arrange a funeral. Summarizes the statutory regulations, codexes and regulations, which funeral services must at all times observe. It also mentions the role of undertaker and function of consultancy for survivors.