Due to the recent production and popularity of the textile fabric rayon from bamboo, relatively little information is available regarding related performance characteristics. This thesis serves to evaluate the performance of rayon from bamboo in the bed sheet application. Three tests were conducted to determine dimensional stability, fabric hand, and weight, thickness, and density of the rayon from bamboo throughout twelve laundering cycles. Results indicate a lack of dimensional stability, superior hand, and acceptable changes in weight, thickness, and density.

A hygroexpansimeter, cockling tester and a novel x-ray microtomography technique were employed to characterize hygroexpansivity as well as macro- and micro-scale cockling of wood-free paper sheets containing varying amounts of aspen high yield pulp (HYP) in order to validate its potential applicability in inkjet printing. Results from the hygroexpansimeter confirm previous findings that substitution levels of 30% and above lead to a slight deterioration of hygroexpansivity; however, contrary to the expected outcome, aspen HYP did not necessarily result in a higher tendency to form cockles. In fact, a comparison of the cockling behaviour between various paper samples and commercial paper substantiates that up to 40% of aspen HYP can replace hardwood bleached Kraft pulp. The preservation of out-of-plane dimensional stability in non-coated samples is most likely due to the increase in bending stiffness of the paper as it became bulkier with more aspen HYP.

A hygroexpansimeter, cockling tester and a novel x-ray microtomography technique were employed to characterize hygroexpansivity as well as macro- and micro-scale cockling of wood-free paper sheets containing varying amounts of aspen high yield pulp (HYP) in order to validate its potential applicability in inkjet printing. Results from the hygroexpansimeter confirm previous findings that substitution levels of 30% and above lead to a slight deterioration of hygroexpansivity; however, contrary to the expected outcome, aspen HYP did not necessarily result in a higher tendency to form cockles. In fact, a comparison of the cockling behaviour between various paper samples and commercial paper substantiates that up to 40% of aspen HYP can replace hardwood bleached Kraft pulp. The preservation of out-of-plane dimensional stability in non-coated samples is most likely due to the increase in bending stiffness of the paper as it became bulkier with more aspen HYP.

Wood is used for many applications because of its excellent mechanical properties, relative abundance and as it is a renewable resource. However, its wider utilization as an engineering material is limited because it swells and shrinks upon moisture changes and is susceptible to degradation by microorganisms and/or insects. Chemical modifications of wood have been shown to improve dimensional stability, water repellence and/or durability, thus increasing potential service-life of wood materials. However current treatments are limited because it is difficult to introduce and fix such modifications deep inside the tissue and cell wall. Within the scope of this thesis, novel chemical modification methods of wood cell walls were developed to improve both dimensional stability and water repellence of wood material. These methods were partly inspired by the heartwood formation in living trees, a process, that for some species results in an insertion of hydrophobic chemical substances into the cell walls of already dead wood cells, In the first part of this thesis a chemistry to modify wood cell walls was used, which was inspired by the natural process of heartwood formation. Commercially available hydrophobic flavonoid molecules were effectively inserted in the cell walls of spruce, a softwood species with low natural durability, after a tosylation treatment to obtain “artificial heartwood”. Flavonoid inserted cell walls show a reduced moisture absorption, resulting in better dimensional stability, water repellency and increased hardness. This approach was quite different compared to established modifications which mainly address hydroxyl groups of cell wall polymers with hydrophilic substances. In the second part of the work in-situ styrene polymerization inside the tosylated cell walls was studied. It is known that there is a weak adhesion between hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic cell wall components. The hydrophobic styrene monomers were inserted into the tosylated wood cell walls for further polymerization to form polystyrene in the cell walls, which increased the dimensional stability of the bulk wood material and reduced water uptake of the cell walls considerably when compared to controls. In the third part of the work, grafting of another hydrophobic and also biodegradable polymer, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in the wood cell walls by ring opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone was studied at mild temperatures. Results indicated that polycaprolactone attached into the cell walls, caused permanent swelling of the cell walls up to 5%. Dimensional stability of the bulk wood material increased 40% and water absorption reduced more than 35%. A fully biodegradable and hydrophobized wood material was obtained with this method which reduces disposal problem of the modified wood materials and has improved properties to extend the material’s service-life. Starting from a bio-inspired approach which showed great promise as an alternative to standard cell wall modifications we showed the possibility of inserting hydrophobic molecules in the cell walls and supported this fact with in-situ styrene and ɛ-caprolactone polymerization into the cell walls. It was shown in this thesis that despite the extensive knowledge and long history of using wood as a material there is still room for novel chemical modifications which could have a high impact on improving wood properties. / Der nachwachsende Rohstoff Holz wird aufgrund seiner guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und der leichten Verfügbarkeit für viele Anwendungszwecke genutzt. Quellen und Schrumpfen bei Feuchtigkeitsänderungen des hygroskopischen Werkstoffs Holz limitieren jedoch die Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Ein weiteres Problem stellt der mitunter leichte Abbau – u.a. bei feuchtem Holz - durch Mikroorganismen und/oder Insekten dar. Durch chemische Modifizierungen können die Dimensionsstabilität, die Hydrophobizität und die Dauerhaftigkeit verbessert und damit die potentielle Lebensdauer des Werkstoffes erhöht werden. Dabei ist die dauerhafte Modifikation der Zellwand nur äußerst schwer realisierbar. Inspiriert von der Kernholzbildung in lebenden Bäumen, ein zellwandverändernder Prozess, der Jahre nach der Holzbildung erfolgt, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Ansätze zur chemischen Modifizierung der Zellwände entwickelt, um die Dimensionsstabilität und Hydrophobizität zu erhöhen. Der erste Teil der Arbeit ist stark vom Prozess der Kernholzbildung inspiriert, eine abgeleitete Chemie wurde verwendet, um die Zellwände von Fichte, einem Nadelholz von geringer natürlicher Dauerhaftigkeit, zu modifizieren. Kommerziell verfügbare hydrophobe Flavonoide wurden nach einem Tosylierungsschritt erfolgreich in die Zellwand eingebracht, um so „artifizielles Kernholz“ zu erzeugen. Die modifizierten Holzproben zeigten eine verringerte Wasseraufnahme, die zu erhöhter Dimensionsstabilität und Härte führte. Dieser Ansatz unterscheidet sich grundlegend von bereits etablierten Modifikationen, die hauptsächlich hypdrophile Substanzen an die Hydroxylgruppen der Zellwand anlagern. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Polymerisation von Styren in tosylierten Zellwänden. Es ist bekannt, dass es nur eine schwache Adhäsion zwischen den hydrophoben Polymeren und den hydrophilen Zellwandkomponenten gibt. Die hydrophoben Styren-Monomere wurden in die tosylierte Zellwand eingebracht und zu Polystyren polymerisiert. Wie bei der Modifikation mit Flavonoiden konnte eine erhöhte Dimensionsstabilität und reduzierte Wasseraufnahme der Zellwände beobachtet werden. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurde das biologisch abbaubare, hydrophobe poly(ɛ-caprolacton) in der Zellwand aufpolymerisiert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Polycaprolacton in der Zellwand gebunden ist und zu einer permanenten Quellung führt (bis zu 5 %). Die Dimensionsstabilität nahm um 40 % zu und die Wasseraufnahmerate konnte um mehr als 35 % reduziert werden. Mit dieser Methode kann nicht nur dimensionsstabileres Holz realisiert werden, auch biologische Abbaubarkeit und damit eine einfache Entsorgung sind gewährleistest.

A estabilidade dimensional representa uma das mais importantes propriedades do papel, dentre aquelas que governam seu desempenho no uso final. Esta propriedade determina a funcionalidade do papel em processos de impressão, de conversão e, particularmente, na aplicação em máquina copiadoras e impressoras comerciais. O monitoramento da estabilidade dimensional oferece possibilidades de interferência em parâmetros do processo de fabricação, com a finalidade de estabelecer condições de produção de papel mais eficientes e econômicas, promovendo ainda, melhor suporte para atividades de assistência técnica ao usuário final. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia factível para avaliação da estabilidade dimensional de papel reprográfico, por meio da medição do perfil do encolhimento transversal (CD) diferencial, utilizando técnicas de processamento e análise de imagem, a fim de detectar marcas periódicas (da tela formadora) existentes na estrutura do papel. O método apresentado baseia-se em protocolos simplificados de amostragem e medição, que permitem simples implantação nos ambientes industriais das fábricas de papel. A partir da captação de imagens de amostras de papel coletadas na direção transversal de uma bobina jumbo, na saída da enroladeira da máquina de papel e utilização de técnicas de análise de imagem baseadas na transformada bidimensional rápida de Fourier (2D-FFT), obtiveram-se perfis relativos e absolutos do perfil de encolhimento transversal (CD) diferencial do papel, elemento chave para a análise e diagnóstico da estabilidade dimensional, dada a forte correlação encontrada, neste trabalho, entre o encolhimento e a higroexpansibilidade do papel. Para desenvolvimento da presente tese, foram examinadas amostras de papel reprográfico, com gramatura nominal de 75 g.m-², fabricado em máquina industrial com velocidades operacionais de 1256 m.m-¹ e 1362 m.min-¹, com larguras na enroladeira de 5278 mm e 5300 mm, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade da aplicação do método, que se mostrou adequado para implementação em fábricas de papel e vantajoso com relação aos métodos tradicionais de medição, e.g., aqueles utilizados para medição de higroexpansibilidade do papel, dependentes de equipamentos sofisticados e demandantes de longos tempos de execução e retorno de resultados . Este trabalho oferece, adicionalmente, contribuições de diversas naturezas, tanto metodológicas, como o esclarecimento do processo de medição do encolhimento do papel por meio da detecção e medição das marcas de telas formadoras e o desenvolvimento de programa de análise de imagem específico, para automatização da busca de informações de interesse no espectro de freqüências de Fourier, como ainda, para aumentar a base de dados sobre o comportamento higroexpansivo do papel reprográfico fabricado totalmente com pasta branqueada de fibras de eucalipto do Brasil. / Dimensional stability represents on of the most important properties of paper, among the ones that controls its performance in end-use. This property fixes the paper functionality in printing and converting processes and, particularly, in copier machines and commercial printers applications. Dimensional stability monitoring can bring opportunities for interfering in manufacturing process parameters, in order to establish operating conditions suitable for a more efficient and economic production and better support for technical assistance to endusers. The objective of this work is to present a feasible methodology for evaluating the dimensional stability of reprographic paper by measuring the CD differential shrinkage profile of paper using image analysis and digital processing to detect periodic marks (from the forming fabric) in the structure of paper. The method presented is based on simplified sampling and measuring protocols, which allow for its simple introduction in the paper mill industrial environment. From digital images of paper samples acquired along the transverse direction of a jumbo reel at the end of the paper machine and by using image analysis techniques based on two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT), relative and absolute CD differential shrinkage profiles were obtained as the key element for analysis and diagnoses of the paper dimensional stability, given the strong correlation found out in this study, between shrinkage and hygroexpansivity of paper. For development of this thesis, reprographic paper with nominal basis weight of 75 g.m-², manufacture in industrial paper machine at operating speeds of 1256 m.m-¹ and 1362 m.min-¹ and having width of 5278 mm e 5300 mm, respectively, were investigated. The results showed the feasibility of the method, which proved to be suitable for implementation in paper mills and advantageous over traditional measurement methods, e.g., those used for paper hygroexpansivity measurement, which depend on sophisticated equipment and long lead times for getting it executed and having the measurement results. This work offers, in addition, contributions of various natures, such as methodological ones, like to elucidate the paper shrinkage measurement method by means of forming fabrics marks detection and develop of a specific image analysis computer program for automation of data searching in the Fourier frequency spectrum and yet, to improve the database related to higroexpansive behavior of reprographic paper manufactured totally from eucalyptus fiber bleached pulp from Brazil.

As pentoses são subprodutos de vários rejeitos agrícolas tais como palha de arroz, palha e sabugo de milho, casca de aveia, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, caroço de algodão, resíduos de madeira e outros, de onde se pode obter, por digestão com ácido forte, o furfural, e dele, por hidrogenação, o álcool furfurílico (FFA). A polimerização do FFA conduzindo a um produto inerte, resistente a corrosão, que tem sido utilizado principalmente como revestimento de mesas e bancadas de laboratório e de tanques industriais, é um produto negro que apresenta estrutura fortemente intercruzada. Porém, seu relativo alto custo tem constituído uma barreira para que suas aplicações se popularizem. Com o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais da produção de etanol, óleo de arroz, algodão, milho, e da indústria madeireira, espera-se a redução de seu custo de produção e, consequentemente, a ampliação de seu campo de aplicações principalmente por tratar-se de um polímero natural não derivado do petróleo. Por outro lado, o país enfrenta sérias dificuldades no campo habitacional, uma delas sendo o elevado custo dos materiais de construção. Viabilizando-se o emprego de madeiras de reflorestamento para emprego em construção civil e industrial, por exemplo, aumentando sua resistência ao ataque de fungos e de insetos, a propagação da chama e a variação dimensional, proporciona-se um número maior de moradias sem, contudo, promover o desmatamento de reservas de madeiras nobres. Neste trabalho tem-se como objetivos a obtenção de compósitos de madeira e polímero que apresentem vantagens sobre a madeira de reflorestamento sem tratamento, e o estudo de um meio de fixar o bom usando o álcool furfurílico para que as propriedades de ambos sejam combinadas e melhoradas. Impregnou-se duas espécies de coníferas muito populares, uma no Brasil e outra no Japão, com álcool furfurílico em combinação com compostos de boro e testou-se algumas de suas propriedades. Espécies de Coníferas \"Japanese cedar\' (Cryptomena japonica D. Don.) - o sugi, e (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) - pinus - foram impregnadas com álcool furfurílico (FFA) pelo processo vácuo-encharcamento seguido da cura do FFA sob aquecimento. Compostos de boro: ácido bórico, borato de amônia e biborato de amônia foram adicionados a solução de impregnação. Espécies impregnadas foram submetidas aos testes de eficiência anti-inchamento, resistência aos térmitas, resistência aos microrganismos, resistência a inflamabilidade e resistência as intempéries. Ao lado destes testes, os resíduos das soluções submetidas aos ciclos de lixiviação de acordo com as normas padrões JIS 9201 (1992) foram analisados através de cromatografia iônica com o objetivo de estudar métodos de fixação do boro na madeira. Os resultados mostraram que a resina de FFA confere a madeira alta estabilidade dimensional. Resultados semelhantes são obtidos quando FFA é combinada com compostos de boro. A mobilidade do bom mostrou diferentes comportamentos em comparação com o tratamento com o ácido bórico, embora o boro ainda seja Iixiviável. A madeira tratada com FFA combinada com compostos de boro apresentou grande resistência a ataques de térmitas e à deterioração biológica quando não submetida a lixiviação. Quando lixiviadas a resistência biológica diminui consideravelmente mas ainda assim é maior que a da madeira sem tratamento ou da tratada somente com ácido bórico. O tratamento mostrou que a combinação aumentou a resistência da madeira contra a queima sem chama. A queima produz pouca fumaça e cinzas. As combinações de tratamento não se mostraram eficazes para fixar a cor durante a exposição as condições climáticas / Pentosans are by-products of many agricultural crops such as rice, com and oat husks, comcobs, sugar cane bagasse, cotton seeds, wood wastes, etc. By digesting these by-products with strong acid furfural can be produced, which, in its turn, can be transformed into furfuryl alcohol through hydrogenation. Polymerization of furfuryl alcohol transforms it into an inert corrosion-resistant product that is used as a coating material for laboratory tables, workbenches and industrial tanks. Its relatively high cost, however, has so far been an obstacle to its widespread application. By taking advantage of industrial waste from ethanol distilleries and from the rice, cotton, com oil and wood industries, it is expected to reduce the cost of furfuryl alcohol production and, thus, to increase its applications. This becomes an increasingly relevant objective when one considers the future scarcity of petroleum. Brazil is also beset by a variety of housing-related problems, one of which is the high cost of construction materials. Increasing the resistance of reforested wood against termite and fungi attacks and enhancing its fireproof and anti-swelling characteristics will enable the country to increase housing and preclude further deforestation of hardwood forests. Present work discusses the work involved in developing a wood-polymer composite with particular characteristics for improving the dimensional stability of wood, increasing its resistance against termite and fungi attacks, decreasing its flammability and enhancing its weathering resistance, for proposing the utilization of furfuryl alcohol as boron fixation agent. Two species of very popular softwoods, one of them in Brazil, pine and the other in Japan, sugi were impregnated with poli-FFA. Sapwood blocks of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.) and Caribbean pitch pine (Pinus caribaea varohondurensis) were impregnated with furfuryl alcohol (FFA) by a vacuum-impregnation process followed by curing of FFA under heating. Boron compounds: boric acid, ammonium borate and ammonium biborate were mixed in the impregnation solution. Impregnated specimens were submitted to an anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) test, exposed to attack by termites and microorganisms, and subjected to a flame resistance and natural weathering test. Boron leachability was determined, along with ten cycles of weathering, according to JIS 9201 (1992), by ion chromatography (IC). Results indicated that FFA imparted high dimensional stability to wood when mixed with boron compounds. Boron mobility showed differentiated behavior in comparison to treatment with boric acid alone, although boron was still leachable. Wood specimens treated with a FFA-boron compound combination were quite resistant to termite attacks and to biological deterioration when they were not submitted to leaching cycles. When were submitted to leaching cycles, their biological resistance decreased significantly; however, it was still higher than in untreated wood or in wood treated only with boric acid. The treatment proved to be effective as a glowing retardan1.The combustion yields small amount of smoke and ash. Treatments did not prove efficiency to avoid the color changes in outdoor exposure

Orientador: Franco Giuseppe Dedini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-29T03:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanches_ReginaAparecida_M.pdf: 6818269 bytes, checksum: ba3ab41c8428ffcd3340805c0a5b8348 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: A estabilidade dimensional dos tecidos de malha é um problema freqüentemente vivido nas indústrias de vestuário. Neste trabalho pretende-se encontrar a melhor combinação dos parâmetros de regulagem das máquinas circulares para produzir um tecido de malha com boa estabilidade dimensional e elasticidade. Foram utilizados fios de algodão e elastano para a fabricação do tecido e a otimização dos fatores de controle da máquina foi feita com base na metodologia Taguchi. Os experimentos foram realizados em três etapas, na primeira etapa foram feitas análises físicas nos fios de algodão de dois fornecedores. Na segunda etapa foram feitos oito ensaios com regulagens diferentes e uma replicação para cada ensaio. Nos tecidos produzidos foram feitas as análises da elasticidade e estabilidade dimensional, para determinar os efeitos e as interações que são realmente significativos. Na terceira etapa foram realizados vinte e sete ensaios onde se determinou a melhor regulagem da máquina para fabricar o tecido de malha com as características desejadas / Abstract: Dimensional stability knitted fabrics is a usual problem in apparel industry. In this work, the aim was to find the best set-up of machine in order to achieve a good dimensional stability and elasticity. By using cotton and spandex yarns to build the fabric, the optimisation of the machine parameters was done by the Taguchi's method. Three steps were involved in the experiment. The first, dealt with the physical analysis of cotton yarns from samples of two market suppliers. In the second step, eight different set-ups were made on the machine. Elasticity and dimensional stability of fabrics were determined allowing analysing the significant interaction. In the last step, twenty seven trial was made and lead to establish the best set-up to achieve the desired physical proprieties of fabrics / Mestrado / Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Celia Marisa Rizzatti Barbosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T18:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadin_PauloSergio_D.pdf: 3982871 bytes, checksum: 60b40819eee30b6dd20d8ff8604c5f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptação e a alteração na inclinação dental dos primeiros molares de próteses totais superiores em função do método de polimerização, e da sorção de água apresentada pela resina, frente a alterações de pressão e temperatura de armazenagem das amostras. Foram confeccionadas 60 próteses divididas em 4 grupos: (G I) polimerizadas em água 73 :I: 2 °C / 9 horas e armazenadas em água à 37 :I: 2 °C por 30 dias; (G 11) polimerizadas em água 73 :I: 2 °C / 9 horas e armazenadas em água sob temperatura de 60 :I: 2°C, pressão de 40 Lib/PoF por 1 hora; (G lU) polimerizadas por energia de microondas 500W / 3 minutos e armazenadas em água de 37 :I: 2 °C por 30 dias; (G IV) polimerizadas por energia de microondas 500 W / 3 minutos e armazenadas em água sob temperatura de 60 :I: 2°C, pressão de 40 Lib/PoF por 1 hora. Foi feita a análise da inclinação dental nos períodos de enceramento (TO), de polimerização (TI), polimento (T2) e sorção de água (T3). Para o teste de adaptação, a base foi analisada na região de primeiros molares, em sete pontos pré-estabelecidos. Estes foram feitos nos períodos de polimento (TO) e após a de sorção de água (TI). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5 % de significância. Estes demonstraram que as alterações mais significativas da inclinação dental ocorreram em todos os grupos após o processamento das amostras (TI), sendo de 2,3 °, 0,85 °, 2,54 °, e 3,47° para os grupos I, 11, 111 e IV respectivamente (p<0.05). Conclui-se que: 1) As maiores alterações na inclinação dos dentes ocorreram entre os períodos de enceramento e polimerização, em média 2,29 graus. 2) As alterações na inclinação dental durante o polimento e após o fenômeno de sorção de água não foram estatisticamente significantes. 3) Não houve diferença significativa na inclinação dos dentes entre os métodos de polimerização por energia de microondas e por banho de água convencional. 4) Os métodos de tratamento utilizados para sorção de água influenciaram igualmente as alterações ocorridas. 5) A melhor adaptação ocorreu na região palatina para o grupo 111 sendo em (TO) 0,142 mm e (TI) 0,134 mm. 6) Na região de tlanco observou-se a menor variação na adaptação entre TI e T2 (0,005 mm). 7) De modo geral após a sorção de água houve melhora na adaptação / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the adaptation and change in dental inclination of the first molars in upper complete dentures in function of the curing method and water sorption shown by the resin, before changes in pressure and temperature of storage of the samples. Sbcty dentures were constructed and divided into 4 groups: (G I) cured in 73° C water/ 9 hours and water sorption of37° C for 30 days; (G 11) cured in 73° C water/ 9 hours and water sorption under a temperature of 60° C, pressure of 40 Libs/inch2 per hour; (G 111) curing by microwave energy 500W/3 minutes and water sorption of 37° C for 30 days; (G IV) cured by microwave energy 500W/ 3 minutes and water sorption under a temperature of 60° C, pressure of 40Libs/inch2 per hour. An analysis was made on the dental inclination in waxing (TO), curing (TI); polishing (T2) and water sorption (T3) periods. For the adaptation test, the base was analyzed in the first molar region, in seven pre-established points. These were made in the polishing period (TO) and after water sorption (TI). The obtained data were submitted to variance analysis and Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. These demonstrated that the most significant changes of dental inclination had occurred in ali groups after the processing of the samples (TI), being of 2,3°, 0,85°, 2,54° and 3,47° for groups I, 11, 111 and IV, respectively (p<0.05). It is concluded that: 1) The biggest changes in dental inclination occurred between the waxing and curing periods, an average of 2,29 degrees. 2) The changes in dental inclination during the polishing and after the phenomenon of water sorption were statistically insignificant. 3) There was no significant difference in tooth inclination between the curing methods by microwave energy and conventional water bath. 4) The methods of treatment used for water sorption influenced equally the occurred changes. 5) The best adaptation occurred in the palatine region for group IH, being in (TO) 0,142 mm and (TI) 0,134 mm. 6) In the flange region, it was observed the least variation in adaptation between TI and T2 (0,005 mm). In a general sense, there was an improvement in adaptation after water sorption / Doutorado / Protese Dental / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

To provide fundamental information for the second generation of cross laminated timber manufacturing, wood sections that glued by different orientations were constructed and tested. To reveal adhesive differences, phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) and polyurethane (PU) adhesive were used and the gluelines were evaluated in accordance with different conditions for shear strength, wood failure, dimensional stability and delamination. A non-destructive testing method was applied to measure the dynamic modulus of elasticity (dMOE) change. The results showed that the radical wood section of lumber produced with the starsawn process had much less deformation and was more suitable for glueline. PRF had better performance than PU in terms of shear strength, dimensional stability, and delamination. Confocal microscopic pictures revealed that the tangential to tangential (TT) glueline showed the tendency of collapse, indicating a poor bond strength and therefore a poor glueline durability of TT glueline, especially when it was subject to wet conditions.

Lack of dimensional stability and susceptibility to the action of xylophagous organisms make wood a challenging material to work with. E-Caprolactam is a water-soluble cyclic amide chemical with low mammalian toxicity, that can be used as a bulking agent to improve the dimensional stability of wood and offers protection against subterranean termites and several wood degradant fungi. E-Caprolactam delivers a similar level of dimensional stability as that provided by PEG-1000, a chemical extensively studied in the past decades and a standard dimensional stabilizer agent for wood. Regarding wood protection, E-Caprolactam exhibits efficacy against wood decay fungi and termites at very low levels compared to PEG-1000. If water leaching can be inhibited for this product, e-Caprolactam can be considered as a strong candidate for the wood decking industry. In addition to the evaluation of E-Caprolactam for wood dimensional stabilization and preservation this dissertation covers the development of an apparatus developed to automate wood sorption and desorption studies, and their influence in the wood dimensional behavior. Product design techniques and prototyping studies were conducted, and calibration procedures were made. This apparatus is still in development, but it shows potential for increasing the accuracy of shrinking and swelling measurements and efficiency for dimensional stabilization studies.