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In chemical analyses, it is crucial to distinguish between chemical species. This is often accomplished via chromatographic separations. These separations are often pushed to their limits in terms of the number of analytes that can be sufficiently resolved from one another, particularly when a quantitative analysis of these compounds is needed. Very often, complicated methods or new technology is required to provide adequate separation of samples arising from a variety of fields such as metabolomics, environmental science, food analysis, etc. An often overlooked means for improving analysis is the use of chemometric data analysis techniques. Particularly, the use of chemometric curve resolution techniques can mathematically resolve analyte signals that may be overlapped in the instrumental data. The use of chemometric techniques facilitates quantitation, pattern recognition, or any other desired analyses. Unfortunately, these methods have seen little use outside of traditionally chemometrics focused research groups. In this dissertation, we attempt to show the utility of one of these methods, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), to liquid chromatography as well as its application to more advanced separation techniques. First, a general characterization of the performance of MCR-ALS for the analysis of liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) data is accomplished. It is shown that under a wide range of conditions (low chromatographic resolution, low signal-to-noise, and high similarity between analyte spectra), MCR-ALS is able to increase the number of quantitatively analyzable peaks. This increase is up to five-fold in many cases. Second, a novel methodology for MCR-ALS analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) is described. This method, called two dimensional assisted liquid chromatography (2DALC), aims to improve quantitation in LC x LC by combining the advantages of both one-dimensional and two dimensional chromatographic data. We show that 2DALC can provide superior quantitation to both LC x LC and one dimensional LC under certain conditions. Finally, we apply MCR-ALS to an LC x LC analysis of fourteen furanocoumarins in three apiaceous vegetables. The optimal implementation of MCR-ALS and subsequent integration was determined. For these data, simply performing MCR-ALS on the two dimensional chromatogram and manually integrating the results proved to be the superior method. These results demonstrate the usefulness of these curve resolution techniques as a compliment to advanced chromatographic techniques.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T13:54:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4535008 bytes, checksum: 35f2a65a445c1e8219acb5615d951d72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T13:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4535008 bytes, checksum: 35f2a65a445c1e8219acb5615d951d72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this work were developed and validated two analytical methodologies using solid phase extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), for identification and quantification of endocrine disruptors in surface water. A methodology was used to analyze four estrogens: 17 β-estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, estrone and estriol, and the other methodology was used to analyze six phytoestrogens: biochanin A, genistin, genistein, daidzin, daidzein and formononetin. In the sample preparation step we developed an extraction method using solid phase extraction (SPE).The used cartridges were effective in the extraction for both estrogens and phytoestrogens using 1000 ml of river sample, and reached a pre-concentration factor of 2,857 times and recoveries above 90%. The proposed method uses fluorescence detector for estrogens, while the one for the phytoestrogens uses diode array detector. On methods validation were evaluated analytical performances for both methods. The selectivity shows that there was no presence of interfering peaks in both evaluated methods. The generated calibration curves presented good linearity and good correlation coefficients (above 0.99) for all studied analytes. The curves linearity was evaluated by an ANOVA and analysis of graphical residue which showed that the model shows no lack of fit. The limit of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ) for estrogens and phytoestrogens determined in this study were similar to the observed values in other studies and therefore were considered appropriate for the evaluated matrix type. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by the repeatability and intermediate precision, which presented CV <13%. The accuracy was assessed using the recovery test, which was in the range of 72.9 -113%). In the evaluated stability, standard solutions of both methods were stable for a period of 30 days under refrigeration. The results showed that the proposed methods are reliable and have been validated successfully. After validated the methods were applied in the analysis of water samples from the Cuiá River, located in João Pessoa, Paraíba (Brazil), on different collection points, and three sampling campaigns. In all campaigns it was observed the presence of the four estrogens and phytoestrogens six in concentrations ranging from 1.40 to 4754 ng L-1 for estrogens and 3.58 to 2210 μg. L-1 to phytoestrogens in the aquatic studied system. / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas e validadas duas metodologias analíticas, utilizando extração em fase sólida e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (do inglês: High Performance Liquid Chromatography – HPLC), para identificação e quantificação de interferentes endócrinos em águas superficiais. Uma metodologia foi utilizada para analisar quatro estrógenos: 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-etinilestradiol, estrona e estriol, e a outra metodologia usada para analisar seis fitoestrógenos: biochanin A, genistina, genisteína, daidizina, daidizeína e formononetina. Na etapa de preparo das amostras foi desenvolvido um método de extração empregando extração em fase sólida (SPE). Os cartuchos utilizados foram eficazes na extração dos analitos, tanto dos estrógenos como dos fitoestrógenos, utilizando 1.000 mL de amostra de rio, sendo atingido um fator de pré-concentração de 2.857 vezes e recuperações acima de 90%. O método para os estrógenos utilizou detector de fluorescência, enquanto o método para os fitoestrógenos utilizou o detector de arranjo de diodos. Na validação dos métodos foram avaliadas as figuras de desempenho analítico para ambos os métodos. A avaliação da seletividade demonstrou que não havia a presença de picos interferentes em ambos os métodos avaliados. As curvas analíticas geradas apresentaram linearidade satisfatória e coeficientes de correlação acima de 0,99, para todos os analitos estudados. A linearidade das curvas foi avaliada com os testes de ANOVA e análise dos gráficos de resíduos os quais demonstraram que os modelos não apresentaram falta de ajuste. Os LD’s e LQ’s estimados para os estrógenos mostraram-se similares aos valores apresentados em outros estudos, enquanto que os LD’s e LQ’s estimados para os fitoestrógenos tiveram valores mais altos. No entanto podem ser considerados satisfatórios para o tipo de matriz avaliada. A precisão dos métodos foi avaliada pela repetitividade e pela precisão intermediária, as quais apresentaram CV < 13 %. A exatidão do método foi avaliada através do teste de recuperação, que esteve na faixa de 72,9 a 113 %. Na avaliação da estabilidade, as soluções padrões de ambos os métodos se mostraram estáveis por um período de até 30 dias sob refrigeração. Os resultados demonstraram que os métodos propostos são confiáveis e que foram validados com sucesso. Depois de validados, os métodos foram aplicados nas análises das amostras de água do Rio Cuiá, situado na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba (Brasil), em diferentes pontos de coleta e, em três campanhas amostrais. Em todas as campanhas observou-se a ocorrência dos quatro estrógenos e dos seis fitoestrógenos, em concentrações que variaram de 1,40 a 4.754 ng L-1 para os estrógenos e de 3,58 a 2.210 μg L-1 para os fitoestrógenos.

Fumonisins, carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium species, occur naturally in maize and maize-based food products. They are hazards for animal and human health as they cause cancer in rodents and have been associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans. The most abundant naturally occurring fumonisins analogues in maize are fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3). For analytical determination, they mostly require suitable extraction, clean-up and pre or post-column derivatization together with reversed-phase HPLC separation. o- Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) had been adopted as the most widely used derivatization reagent for fumonisins as they lack useful chromophores or fluorophores. Alternative derivatization reagents, naphthalene-2,3- dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and dansyl chloride (DnS-Cl), were investigated in this study

Fumonisins, carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium species, occur naturally in maize and maize-based food products. They are hazards for animal and human health as they cause cancer in rodents and have been associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans. The most abundant naturally occurring fumonisins analogues in maize are fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3). For analytical determination, they mostly require suitable extraction, clean-up and pre or post-column derivatization together with reversed-phase HPLC separation. o- Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) had been adopted as the most widely used derivatization reagent for fumonisins as they lack useful chromophores or fluorophores. Alternative derivatization reagents, naphthalene-2,3- dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and dansyl chloride (DnS-Cl), were investigated in this study

Masters of Science / Fumonisins, carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium species, occur naturally in maize and maize-based food products. They are hazards for animal and human health as they cause cancer in rodents and have been associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans. The most abundant naturally occurring fumonisins analogues in maize are fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3). For analytical determination, they mostly require suitable extraction, clean-up and pre or post-column derivatization together with reversed-phase HPLC separation. o- Phthaldialdehyde (OPA) had been adopted as the most widely used derivatization reagent for fumonisins as they lack useful chromophores or fluorophores. Alternative derivatization reagents, naphthalene-2,3- dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and dansyl chloride (DnS-Cl), were investigated in this study. / South Africa

This diploma thesis is concerned with determination anthocyanins dyes in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). In theoretical part there is described general characterization of the plant, its chemical composition, short view of elderberry breeding and possibilities of usage in food and medical industry. Bigger attention is paid to anthocyanins dyes. There is described their characterization, occurrence, factors that have an impact on their stability. Biosynhesis of the pigments and metabolism, benefit effects and their usage in food chemistry are then shortly sumarized. Methods of determination of anthocyanins are discused too. Next chapter deals with high performance liquid chromatography. At the end of theoretical part, there is sumarized findings of anthocyan dyes analysis by expert scientists in various matrix. In experimental part, total of 16 species of elderberry were analyzed. These species are from research and breeding institute of pomology in Holovousy. The dyes were identification and quantification by high performace liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. Detection wavelenght was 520 nm. Gradient of mobile phase was optimilized because of shortening analyses time and resolution improvement. Four dyes were identified by HPLC: cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-glukoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglukoside a cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glukoside. Total amount of anthocyanins ranged from 33627167,0 to 5525284,0 mAU•min-1. The most anthocyanins dyes were determined in Mammut species (33627167,0 mAU•min-1), the lowest amount was measured in Aurea species (5525284,0 mAU•min-1). The most abundant anthocyanin in all species of eldeberry fruit except Haschebrg and Aurea species was cyanidin-3-sambubioside. The concentrations of cynidin-3-glucoside in all of the berries were quantified using regression equation of calibration curve. Mammut species had the most amount of this anthocyan (0,486 mg•ml-1) and the lowest amount had Aurea species (0,033 mg•ml-1).