Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_eduardo_sad_costa.pdf: 3568903 bytes, checksum: 4e09f1b15f7714b64ad56708b0bd9974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work involves a qualitative study about whether and how mathematics High-School teachers work with their students the trouble-situations regarding linear Diophantine equations. The study was performed by means of analyzing semi-structured interviews applied on six mathematics teachers from the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, teaching at high-school level. The Numbers Elementary Theory has been treated by several researchers on Mathematical Education, as Campbell e Zazkis (2002), Resende (2007), as an adequate subject for the introduction and development of fundamental Mathematical ideas in High- School. However, the results of such investigation show that, although the interviewed teachers affirmed that they did work with problems of discreet mathematics that can be modeled through linear Diophantine equations, none of them seemed to work with their students using the knowledge of these equations properties in order to decide whether they have solution, and what these solutions would be / Neste trabalho apresento um estudo qualitativo sobre se, e como, professores de Matemática do Ensino Médio trabalham com seus alunos situações-problema que recaem em equações diofantinas lineares. O estudo foi feito por meio da análise de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com seis professores de Matemática dos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais que lecionam no Ensino Médio. A Teoria Elementar dos Números vem sendo tratada por diversos pesquisadores de Educação Matemática, como Campbell & Zazkis (2002), Resende (2007), como assunto propício para a introdução e desenvolvimento de idéias Matemáticas fundamentais no Ensino Básico. No entanto os resultados desta investigação indicam que embora os professores entrevistados afirmassem trabalhar com problemas de matemática discreta modeláveis via equação diofantina linear, nenhum deles deu indícios de trabalhar com seus alunos utilizando conhecimentos das propriedades dessas equações para decidir se as mesmas tem solução e quais seriam essas soluções

La Géométrie Discrète, comme Science de l'Informatique Théorique, étudie notamment les motifs linéaires tels que les primitives discrètes apparaissant dans les images : les droites discrètes, les segments discrets, les plans discrets, les morceaux de plans discrets par exemple. Dans ce travail, je me concentre tout particulièrement sur les diagrammes de Farey qui apparaissent lors de l'étude des primitives discrètes que sont les (m,n)-cubes, autrement dit les morceaux de plans discrets. J’étudie notamment la Combinatoire des droites formant les diagrammes de Farey, en établissant des formules exactes. Je montre alors que certaines méthodes utilisées auparavant ne permettront pas d'optimiser la Combinatoire des (m,n)-cubes. J'obtiens aussi une estimation asymptotique en utilisant la Théorie des Nombres Combinatoire. Puis, concernant les sommets apparaissant dans les diagrammes de Farey, j'obtiens une borne inférieure. J'analyse alors les stratégies déjà mises en place pour l'étude des $(m,n)$-cubes par les seuls diagrammes de Farey en deux dimensions. Afin d'obtenir de nouvelles bornes plus précises pour les $(m,n)$-cubes, une des seules méthodes actuellement existantes, est de proposer une généralisation de la notion de pré image d'un segment discret, à celle de pré image d'un $(m,n)$-cube, avec pour conséquence une nouvelle inégalité combinatoire sur le cardinal des (m,n)-cubes (inégalité qui pourrait même s'avérer être une égalité). Ainsi, nous introduisons la notion de diagramme de Farey en trois dimensions / Discrete Geometry, as Theoretical Computer Science, studies in particular linear patterns such as discrete primitives in images: the discrete lines, discrete segments, the discrete planes, pieces of discrete planes, for example. In this work, I particularly focused on Farey diagrams that appear in the study of the $ (m, n) $ - cubes, ie the pieces of discrete planes. Among others, I study the Combinatorics of the Farey lines forming diagram Farey, establishing exact formulas. I also get an asymptotic estimate using Combinatorial Number Theory. Then, I get a lower bound for the cardinality of the Farey vertices. After that, we analyze the strategies used in the literature for the study of (m, n)- cubes only by Farey diagrams in two dimensions. In order to get new and more accurate bounds for (m, n)- cubes, one of the few available methods, is to propose a generalization for the concept of preimage of a discrete segment for (m, n) - cube, resulting in a new combinatorial inequality. Thus, we introduce the notion Farey diagram in three dimensions

Cette thèse examine quelques approches aux équations diophantiennes, en particulier les connexions entre l’analyse diophantienne et la théorie des corps cyclotomiques.Tout d’abord, nous proposons une introduction très sommaire et rapide aux méthodes d’analyse diophantienne que nous avons utilisées dans notre travail de recherche. Nous rappelons la notion de hauteur et présentons le PGCD logarithmique.Ensuite, nous attaquons une conjecture, formulée par Skolem en 1937, sur une équation diophantienne exponentielle. Pour cette conjecture, soit K un corps de nombres, α1 ,…, αm , λ1 ,…, λm des éléments non-nuls de K, et S un ensemble fini de places de K (qui contient toutes les places infinies), de telle sorte que l’anneau de S-entiers OS = OK,S = {α ∈ K : |α|v ≤ 1 pour les places v ∈/ S}contienne α1 , . . . , αm , λ1 , . . . , λm α1-1 , . . . , αm-1. Pour chaque n ∈ Z, soit A(n)=λ_1 α_1^n+⋯+λ_m α_m^n∈O_S. Skolem a suggéré [SK1] :Conjecture (principe local-global exponentiel). Supposons que pour chaque idéal non-nul a de l’anneau O_S, il existe n ∈ Z tel que A(n) ≡0 mod a. Alors, il existe n ∈ Z tel que A(n)=0.Soit Γ le groupe multiplicatif engendré par α1 ,…, αm. Alors Γ est le produit d’un groupe abélien fini et d’un groupe libre de rang fini. Nous démontrons que cette conjecture est vraie lorsque le rang de Γ est un.Après cela, nous généralisons un résultat précédent de Mourad Abouzaid ([A]). Soit F (X,Y) ∈ Q[X,Y] un Q-polynôme irréductible. En 2008, Mourad Abouzaid [A] a démontré le théorème suivant:Théorème (Abouzaid). Supposons que (0,0) soit un point non-singulier de la courbe plane F(X,Y) = 0. Soit m = degX F, n = degY F, M = max{m, n}. Soit ε tel que 0 < ε < 1. Alors, pour toute solution (α, β) ∈ Q ̅2 de F(X,Y) = 0, nous avons soit max{h(α), h(β)} ≤ 56M8ε−2hp(F) + 420M10ε−2 log(4M),soitmax{|h(α) − nlgcd(α, β)|,|h(β) − mlgcd(α, β)|} ≤ εmax{h(α), h(β)}++ 742M7ε−1hp(F) + 5762M9ε−1log(2m + 2n)Cependant, il a imposé la condition que (0,0) soit un point non-singulier de la courbe plane F(X,Y) = 0. En utilisant des versions quelque peu différentes du lemme “absolu” de Siegel et du lemme d’Eisenstein, nous avons pu lever la condition et démontrer le théorème de façon générale. Nous démontrons le théorème suivant:Théorème. Soit F(X,Y) ∈ Q ̅[X,Y] un polynôme absolument irréductible qui satisfasse F(0,0)=0. Soit m=degX F, n=degY F et r = min{i+j:(∂^(i+j) F)/(∂^i X∂^j Y)(0,0)≠0}. Soit ε tel que 0 < ε < 1. Alors, pour tout (α, β) ∈ Q ̅2 tel que F(α,β) = 0, nous avons soith(α) ≤ 200ε−2mn6(hp(F) + 5)soit|(lgcd(α,β))/r-h(α)/n|≤1/r (εh(α)+4000ε^(-1) n^4 (h_p (F)+log⁡(mn)+1)+30n^2 m(h_p (F)+log⁡(mn) ))Ensuite, nous donnons un aperçu des outils que nous avons utilisés dans les corps cyclotomiques. Nous tentons de développer une approche systématique pour un certain genre d’équations diophantiennes. Nous proposons quelques résultats sur les corps cyclotomiques, les anneaux de groupe et les sommes de Jacobi, qui nous seront utiles pour ensuite décrire l’approche.Finalement, nous développons une application de l’approche précédemment expliquée. Nous considèrerons l’équation diophantienne(1) Xn − 1 = BZn,où B ∈ Z est un paramètre. Définissons ϕ∗(B) := ϕ(rad (B)), où rad (B) est le radical de B, et supposons que(2) (n, ϕ∗(B)) = 1.Pour B ∈ N_(>1) fixé, soit N(B) = {n ∈ N_(>1) | ∃ k > 0 tel que n|ϕ∗(B)}. Si p est un premier impair, nous appellerons CF les conditions combinéesI La conjecture de Vandiver est vraie pour p, c’est-à-dire que le nombre de classe h+ du sous-corps réel maximal du corps cyclotomique Q[ζp ], n’est pas divisible par p.II Nous avons ir(p) < √p − 1, en d’autre mots, il y a au plus √p − 1 entiers impairs k < p tels que le nombre de Bernouilli Bk ≡ 0 mod p. [...] / This thesis examines some approaches to address Diophantine equations, specifically we focus on the connection between the Diophantine analysis and the theory of cyclotomic fields.First, we propose a quick introduction to the methods of Diophantine approximation we have used in this research work. We remind the notion of height and introduce the logarithmic gcd.Then, we address a conjecture, made by Thoralf Skolem in 1937, on an exponential Diophantine equation. For this conjecture, let K be a number field, α1 ,…, αm , λ1 ,…, λm non-zero elements in K, and S a finite set of places of K (containing all the infinite places) such that the ring of S-integersOS = OK,S = {α ∈ K : |α|v ≤ 1 pour les places v ∈/ S}contains α1 , . . . , αm , λ1 , . . . , λm α1-1 , . . . , αm-1. For each n ∈ Z, let A(n)=λ_1 α_1^n+⋯+λ_m α_m^n∈O_S. Skolem suggested [SK1] :Conjecture (exponential local-global principle). Assume that for every non zero ideal a of the ring O_S, there exists n ∈ Z such that A(n) ≡0 mod a. Then, there exists n ∈ Z such that A(n)=0.Let Γ be the multiplicative group generated by α1 ,…, αm. Then Γ is the product of a finite abelian group and a free abelian group of finite rank. We prove that the conjecture is true when the rank of Γ is one.After that, we generalize a result previously published by Abouzaid ([A]). Let F(X,Y) ∈ Q[X,Y] be an irreducible Q-polynomial. In 2008, Abouzaid [A] proved the following theorem:Theorem (Abouzaid). Assume that (0,0) is a non-singular point of the plane curve F(X,Y) = 0. Let m = degX F, n = degY F, M = max{m, n}. Let ε satisfy 0 < ε < 1. Then for any solution (α,β) ∈ Q ̅2 of F(X,Y) = 0, we have eithermax{h(α), h(β)} ≤ 56M8ε−2hp(F) + 420M10ε−2 log(4M),ormax{|h(α) − nlgcd(α, β)|,|h(β) − mlgcd(α, β)|} ≤ εmax{h(α), h(β)}++ 742M7ε−1hp(F) + 5762M9ε−1log(2m + 2n)However, he imposed the condition that (0, 0) be a non-singular point of the plane curve F(X,Y) = 0. Using a somewhat different version of Siegel’s “absolute” lemma and of Eisenstein’s lemma, we could remove the condition and prove it in full generality. We prove the following theorem:Theorem. Let F(X,Y) ∈ Q ̅[X,Y] be an absolutely irreducible polynomial satisfying F(0,0)=0. Let m=degX F, n=degY F and r = min{i+j:(∂^(i+j) F)/(∂^i X∂^j Y)(0,0)≠0}. Let ε be such that 0 < ε < 1. Then, for all (α, β) ∈ Q ̅2 such that F(α,β) = 0, we have eitherh(α) ≤ 200ε−2mn6(hp(F) + 5)or|(lgcd(α,β))/r-h(α)/n|≤1/r (εh(α)+4000ε^(-1) n^4 (h_p (F)+log⁡(mn)+1)+30n^2 m(h_p (F)+log⁡(mn) ))Then, we give an overview of the tools we have used in cyclotomic fields. We try there to develop a systematic approach to address a certain type of Diophantine equations. We discuss on cyclotomic extensions and give some basic but useful properties, on group-ring properties and on Jacobi sums.Finally, we show a very interesting application of the approach developed in the previous chapter. There, we consider the Diophantine equation(1) Xn − 1 = BZn,where B ∈ Z is understood as a parameter. Define ϕ∗(B) := ϕ(rad (B)), where rad (B) is the radical of B, and assume that (2) (n, ϕ∗(B)) = 1.For a fixed B ∈ N_(>1)we let N(B) = {n ∈ N_(>1) | ∃ k > 0 such that n|ϕ∗(B)}. If p is an odd prime, we shall denote by CF the combined condition requiring thatI The Vandiver Conjecture holds for p, so the class number h+ of the maximal real subfield of the cyclotomic field Q[ζp ] is not divisible by p.II We have ir>(p) < √p − 1, in other words, there is at most √p − 1 odd integers k < p such that the Bernoulli number Bk ≡ 0 mod p. [...]

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_silvio_barbosa_oliveira.pdf: 371682 bytes, checksum: 4f27d9c132d5173732426c8e48699248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-24 / This work involves a qualitative study of how the theme of linear Diophantine equations is approached in mathematics textbooks for high school students. Using the methods associated with content analysis (Bardin, 1977), I search for references, in both explicit and implicit forms, to these equations in two different sets of high school mathematics textbooks, both of which had been approved in the last PNLEM (a national project for the assessment of high school textbooks). Although elementary number theory has been highlighted by researchers in mathematics education, such as Campbell and Zazkis (2002), as a subject apt for the introduction and development of fundamental mathematical ideas in compulsory education, the results of this investigation indicate that it receives little attention in the textbooks analysed / Neste trabalho apresento um estudo qualitativo sobre a abordagem dada pelo livro didático do Ensino Médio ao tema equações diofantinas lineares . Por meio de uma análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin (1977), busquei o assunto em sua forma explícita e implícita em duas coleções de Matemática para o Ensino Médio, aprovadas no último PNLEM. Embora a Teoria Elementar dos Números venha sendo tratada por pesquisadores de Educação Matemática, como Campbell e Zazkis (2002), como assunto propício para a introdução e desenvolvimento de idéias matemáticas fundamentais, no Ensino Básico, os resultados desta investigação indicam a pouca exploração do assunto por parte das coleções analisadas